The contribution of A Madman's Diary to China's modern literature is mainly reflected in two aspects: thought and art, namely? Deep expression and special format? .
Theme: Diary of a Madman expresses a thorough and uncompromising anti-feudal spirit ideologically. Lu Xun said that A Madman's Diary was influenced by Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's novel of the same name and Nietzsche's thought, but? Deeper than Nikolai Gogol's troubles, not as slim as Nietzsche's superman? . The Diary of a Madman exposes and criticizes the feudal system and ethics step by step on several levels: the first level reveals the universality of cannibalism from the external environment, and then through the association with madmen, the specific physical cannibalism in history and reality is raised to a deeper level of benevolence and morality. The second level, from the perspective of the family, perspective the foundation of feudal ethics-the evil of the family system. ? Big brother? Images are symbols of the family system. ? Big brother? He didn't mean to persecute the madman, but the concept of ethics he followed decided that he had to eliminate the rebellious consciousness of the madman according to the will of social tradition, so he also participated in the ranks of cannibalism. The third level, through the self-reflection of madman, teach feudal law? Eating people? The meaning of "madman" leads to a profound meaning: madman is also poisoned by Confucian orthodoxy and becomes a cannibal. Especially what that madman said? With a 4000-year history of cannibalism? Obviously, I am not only a madman, but also a representative controlled by patriarchal clan system and feudal ethics. China? The work thus completed the most profound exposure and criticism of the cannibalism nature of feudal ethics.
Is Diary of a Madman on? Ethical cannibalism? At the same time, it also shows a strong spirit of rebellion and change. For example, a madman boldly put forward a traditional concept that has been followed for thousands of years? From then on, I began to question Yao, who embodied the spirit of the May 4th Movement and boldly doubted and denied everything. The madman also warned the cannibals face to face: Do you know that there is no room for cannibals in the world in the future? ; Crazy people also long for a higher level of not eating people in the future? Real people? Appear, showing a hazy ideal of changing the old world and creating a new world. Finally, the madman looks to the future and pays attention to the next generation. Hope? There are still children who haven't eaten anyone. , has been released? Save the baby? This is a call against feudalism and shows the world the way to change society.
Diary of a Madman has distinctive modern characteristics, which are embodied in the rational spirit of examining history and reality, the introspection spirit of dissecting the soul, and the sense of urgency of survival and development, far exceeding the self-pity and masturbation of ordinary intellectuals. May 4th Movement? The climax of ideological enlightenment in this period.
Artistic achievements: In art, Lu Xun is a pioneer in creating new forms. The reason why A Madman's Diary is called the first modern vernacular novel lies not only in its ideological contribution, but also in its unique artistic creation, which has a unique structural model, expressive techniques and narrative perspective and successfully shaped it? Crazy? The artistic image of. First of all, in structure, the novel adopts diary style, draws lessons from the cross-sectional structure of the West, and is organized according to the madman's illness and stream of consciousness, which breaks the structural way (linear narrative way) that China's traditional novels pay attention to stories. Secondly, in artistic expression, the combination of realism and symbolism is boldly adopted to form a unique artistic effect, which is mainly realized through the special artistic image of a madman. Realism is used to write characters; Write the meaning in vain, using symbolism. On the one hand, from the surface of the narrative, the madman is indeed a? Persecutor? The writer accurately and carefully wrote a madman's psychopathy by realistic means: confusion of thinking logic, psychopathy and so on. It can even stand the test of mental patients; On the other hand, the author skillfully uses symbols, metaphors and polysemy in Chinese in Crazy Men, which implies the profound meaning of fighting that readers can fully understand. Cleverly blended with the wonderful symbolic depiction in the surrounding environment, atmosphere and character relationship of the madman, the madman felt by readers became a visionary standing at the forefront of the times and an inner spiritual anti-feudal enlightenment fighter. It can be said that the realistic method constitutes the skeleton and flesh of the novel, and the symbolic method constitutes the soul of the novel, and the combination of the two is indispensable. Third, from the narrative point of view, Diary of a Madman? Diary text? Have a plenty of vernacular, the narrator is the first person in vernacular? Me? ,? Foreword? Have a plenty of classical Chinese, and the narrator is the first person in classical Chinese? Yu? So there are two opposing narrators (? Me? With what? Yu? ), forming a dual narrative and a dual perspective. The content of the classical Chinese part and the implication of the vernacular part are opposite, although the vernacular part shows? Crazy? The deformed world, however, is awake in madness and shows resistance to the old order everywhere, which is normal in deformity; In the preface to classical Chinese, after the madman is cured, is there? Went somewhere to stand by? , became an alternate official, although in the traditional sense? Normal people? The world is actually abnormal under normal conditions, which shows that the anti-feudal soldiers have surrendered to the dark reality and become a member of the feudal rulers. In this way, the novel text has a split nature, and the opposing factors ridicule, subvert and dissolve each other, forming an ironic structure, which shows Lu Xun's deep suspicion and extreme despair of reality. Wake up from a dream, there is no way out? Sadness. Fourthly, he successfully created a rich and complex artistic image of a madman. A madman is a suggestive image. He has the spiritual characteristics of rationality, irrationality, enlightenment and non-enlightenment He is the image of a madman, a persecuted person, a witness, a soldier who has been suppressed for a long time. Is it influenced by western culture in modern society? Awakening but no way out? The typical tragedy of intellectuals symbolizes all aspiring pioneers and anti-feudal pioneers in modern society (late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China). The whole plot development of A Madman's Diary is based on the idea that the awakening degree of intellectuals is directly proportional to their social isolation in China at that time, and the more they awaken, the more isolated they become. ? Crazy? The more deeply I feel the cannibalistic nature of feudal ethics, the more strongly I resist it, and the more people around me regard him as a person who is not worthy of understanding and sympathy? Crazy? . ? Crazy? Wang's fate profoundly reflected the sorrow of the awakened intellectuals at that time.
Lu Xun wrote about the madness of a madman. In fact, all the strokes have touched the heartstrings of readers thinking about the true meaning of the times, society and life. A madman is not a typical figure, but a symbol, an artistic symbol of the resentful thoughts of the pioneers of the May 4th Movement. What we feel from Diary of a Madman is a grand and enthusiastic symphony of the times full of criticism and pursuit, deep thinking and fighting. Therefore, once published, it aroused widespread repercussions in the ideological and literary circles, and trendy magazine was well received for its articles? Crazy is our teacher? ,? We took the children and followed the madman-to the light? .
Article 2:
Diary of a Madman is the first truly modern vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China. Surprisingly, this pioneering work in the history of China's modern novels has shown extremely mature characteristics and attracted many researchers later. Besides Lu Xun's profound literary accomplishment, we have to admire Yu Xiansheng's genius.
Below I will personally interpret the diary of a madman, which is naturally biased. However, as a reader, I think I can also have the right to be presumptuous.
What is the first thing that enters the reader's field of vision when opening Diary of a Madman? A world imagined by a madman? . The world imagined by this madman is crossing? Ordinary perspective? Narration: crazy people get sick, others look askance, jujube family delays medical treatment, jujube crazy people recover. The meaning of this layer can be interpreted by all literati, because in the novel? Order? Make it clear:
A gentleman, Kun Zhong, whose real name is Yin Jin, was a good friend in middle school. After years of separation, the news gradually disappeared. I occasionally heard of a serious illness the other day; When you go back to your hometown to visit, you will only meet one person, saying that the brother of the sick person is also. The old gentleman came all the way to see you, but he recovered early and went to a place to stand by and watch. Because I laughed, I published two diaries with the symptoms of the day. I might as well give them to my old friend. After reading it, do you know what disease you have? Persecution maniac? Something like that The language is quite incoherent, with many absurd words; It's not the month and date, but the ink font is different, so it's not a temporary handwriting. There are also some people who have a little contact with each other. Today I will summarize one for doctors to study.
From the perspective of ordinary people, we can reasonably explain other people's views on a madman. Persecution? . For example, in the first part of the novel, the madman remembers:
There is no moonlight today. I know it's not good. When he went out carefully in the morning, Zhao Guiweng's eyes were strange: he seemed afraid of me and wanted to hurt me. There are seven or eight people whispering about me and smiling at me with their mouths open; I was cold from head to toe until they had arranged everything.
Because we learned that the madman was crazy, everyone was a little afraid of him and talked about him. However, in the eyes of the madman, we think that everyone has a plan, which is very important to him.
For another example, the madman's eldest brother invited a doctor to treat the madman, prescribed medicine and told him to give it to the madman quickly. However, in the eyes of a madman, the situation is this:
The old man stepped out of the door and didn't go far, so he whispered to Big Brother. Eat quickly! ? Eldest brother nodded. It's you! This is a great idea. Although it seems to be an accident, I also care: the person who eats me in partnership is my brother!
With these descriptions, we get a complete and logical story: a young man is suspicious because of his brain problem, assuming that everyone is persecuting him and eating people, but not long after, due to the treatment of doctors, the young man's madness is cured and he has re-entered the normal life track (waiting for a position). What do we see? Diary of a madman? It is the record of such a medical case. Because Lu Xun used to study medicine and take care of mentally ill family members, this job? Diary of a madman? The simulation is very real and detailed.
The above is the first interpretation of Diary of a Madman, but most people can easily see Lu Xun's criticism of feudal tradition in the form of symbol through the illusion of the case. Here, I take it as my second interpretation, that is, crazy? Superficial criticism under madness? .
When we use. Madman's perspective When we take care of the world written by the author, we begin to understand the truth of the world in the eyes of the madman: Did the madman suddenly wake up? The traditional crime of killing and eating people can't tolerate sober people around him to persecute him: plus? Crazy? Jujube madman's crime once again succumbed to evil forces, colluding with others (or being eaten).
This was the same result as that interpreted by most commentators after the publication of Diary of a Madman. In this interpretation, an object of criticism of the times has emerged:? Traditional ethics? -This is the object of criticism of the New Culture Movement. As the leader of the New Culture Movement, Lu Xun's first novel, Diary of a Madman, was the focus of his criticism, which was undoubtedly the purpose of Lu Xun's creation at that time. In his works, the confession of a madman also clearly shows this point:
Everything must be studied to understand. I remember eating people in ancient times, but I don't know. I turned over the history and found that this history has no age, and every crooked leaf says? Benevolence and morality? A few words. I can't sleep anyway. I read it carefully in the middle of the night before I saw the words through the gap. Two words are written in the whole book, right? Eating people? !
In addition, Lu Xun also said "Diary of a Madman" in "Preface to the Second Series of Novels of China New Literature Department"? Intended to expose the drawbacks of the family system and ethics? .
It is precisely because of this interpretation of * * * that Diary of a Madman came into being? May 4th Movement? The literary model of the Enlightenment, through which the advocates of the New Culture Movement raised a banner: Save the children? !
But after a text is created, it becomes an independent thing without an author, so different readers will have different interpretations in different times. Just like today at the end of the century, in my eyes, Diary of a Madman can interpret the third meaning: Is this a madman? A profound criticism of mankind? .
Is it still working? The madman's perspective takes care of the truth of the world around you: the madman who dares to think abstractly about the world and life finds that people are wary, fighting and killing each other, which has become a vicious circle that is difficult to stop;
I want to eat people, but I'm afraid of being eaten by others. They all looked at each other with great suspicion.
So the madman called for human beings to live in harmony:
Considering this, walking, eating and sleeping are very comfortable. This is just a threshold, a pass.
However:
They are father, son, brother, husband, wife, friend, teacher, student, enemy and stranger. They all form a group, encouraging each other and pulling each other, and will never cross this step.
In despair, the madman shouted, groaned and uttered? Save the baby? The voice of despair.
Criticizing all mankind may not be Lu Xun's sober intention when he created, but the ordinary world in the eyes of a madman has a wide range of timeliness and cosmopolitanism, so his criticism will never stop at the citizens of China before the May 4th Movement, but can be extended to all mankind. His criticism refers to more than just eliminating the bad habits of human beings? Feudal cultural system? And it can be eradicated-perhaps it is a deep-rooted molecule in human genes, which will never be eliminated and will eventually lead to human self-destruction. We can already see these signs today: nuclear weapons that can destroy the earth thousands of times, the pollution of the earth that everyone participates in, and the incurable century disease that broke out because of the moral decay of mankind? Aids? It is precisely because Lu Xun saw this hard-to-eradicate human nature that he felt deep despair. Save the baby? Have you finished the phone call? Exclamation mark? But? Ellipsis? . In his view, this call seems to awaken those dying people who are locked in unbreakable iron houses and make them feel the pain that cannot be let go.
However, Lu Xun is always a warrior who faces reality. Even though he felt desperate inside, he stood up in despair and resisted. What about this? Do what you know you can't do? Our spirit is not completely extinct today, so we can see some people calling for protecting the earth and building a green home. Use a pen as a guide? Looking for the ultimate value of human beings, although this call is very weak, makes people see the last dawn of the human world.