The management of soil, fertilizer and water in orchard is the basis of increasing fruit production and the center of comprehensive management. During the growth and development of fruit trees, it is necessary to constantly absorb water, nutrients and some air from the soil to ensure the normal growth and development of fruit trees. To build orchards in hilly areas, we must give full play to the favorable conditions of sufficient sunshine, overcome the unfavorable conditions of thin soil, little water and low fertility, and make use of the group advantages of close planting to achieve early fruit, early high yield, high yield, stable yield and high quality. We must strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water.

1, soil management. The general requirement is that the active soil layer of the whole round soil reaches more than 80 cm, and loam is the best soil quality.

(1) When building a circle, when the plant spacing is less than 2.5m, ditching should be done for soil preparation. ..

(2) Deep ploughing should be completed year by year or once, especially in mountain orchards.

(3) Clay ground should be mixed with sand, sand should be mixed with clay, and loam should be achieved as much as possible.

(4) The best time for deep ploughing is autumn and watering after ploughing.

2. Fertilizer management.

(1) Fertilization type and amount.

Fertilization should be based on farmyard manure, especially base manure. The amount of farmyard manure applied to each young tree should be 30-50 kg per year.

Fertilization should be formulated, and the habit of applying only nitrogen fertilizer should be reversed. Only applying nitrogen fertilizer without farm manure makes the fruit trees tend to be biased towards nitrogen, causing serious fruit rot and ring rot, difficult flowering, low fruit setting rate, poor fruit quality, light taste and color difference. The annual fertilization amount is 100 kg, and the apple needs about 3 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied at the same time. The ratio of N, P and K is 2: 65,438+0: 2 (apples, red fruits and pears), and that of peach trees is 3: 65,438+0: 3.

(2) Fertilization time. Farmhouse manure is best after autumn, and it can also be combined with deep ploughing in late autumn and early winter. Chemical fertilizer is easy to be applied twice, once before watering the flowers, once at the flower bud differentiation stage in June, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in June.

(3) Fertilization method. (omitted).

In a word, fruit trees should realize formula fertilization, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, rejuvenate trees, make more flowers into good flowers, control diseases and improve fruit quality.

3. water. Generally, water should be poured about 4 times a year, at least with frozen water and water before flowering. The method of watering should be small bed, one bed for each bed, and the old habit of watering trees should be changed. Plastic pruning of closely planted apples.

Planting density, mountain area, 2×4, 2×5 meters is easy; Plain land, 3×5 meters is better.

Selected varieties. Red Fuji: Guoguang × Marshal; Red star; Wang Lin: Golden Crown × India. Jonah King: Golden Crown × Ruby; Jin Hongguang: the female parent is Jinguan, and the male parent is unknown; Victory: White Dragon × Woking.

About non-toxic seedlings and dwarfing rootstocks. Improved varieties, innocuity, dwarfing and close planting are the general trends of apple production. It is necessary to adapt to new forms and apply new technologies to improve fruit yield and quality.

Key points of free spindle-shaped shaping and pruning techniques for close-planted apples.

(1) Stage pruning of young trees.

A. once a year. The stem height is 80 cm, and the stem height is 40 ~ 60 cm. The height of the tree is less than the row spacing and more than half of the row spacing. The main branch 10 ~ 15, and the included angle is about 80 degrees. There are no side branches on the main branch, and the main branch is directly attached to the branch group without hierarchy. In the improved spindle shape, several larger branches can be planted on several main branches at the base, which can also be called side branches. The distance between the main branches on the same side is more than 50 cm. A few jingles: big branches are bright, and every solitary gang is full of light inside and outside, and there is hope for high yield. The three-dimensional included angle of the auxiliary branch is greater than 90 degrees.

B. pruning of biennial trees. The central stem is short and full of buds, leaving a length of about 50 cm. Sparse two buds. Other branches don't move. That is, cut two scissors (a dozen insect tips to remove the bent parts) every winter.

C. Three-or four-year-old trees can be shaped according to this treatment, with large branches, rapid formation, early flowering and easy fruiting. The center of the young tree's shaping stage is early formation, which increases the amount of branches and leaves.

D. Summer scissors: peel and pull immediately.

Bud carving: March 10 to before germination. The object is to cut off 4 buds, carve one bud every 3 buds, and do not carve it below 40 cm (referring to the current year = new tree planting). The main branch carved all the full buds on both sides and under the back. The auxiliary branches should be fully carved with buds. The method is to cut 1\3 branches with a hacksaw one millimeter in front of the bud and cut them to the xylem.

Girdling: From the end of May to the beginning of June. The object is the central trunk 10 cm or more, and both the main branch and the auxiliary branch can be used. The method is to desquamate for one week, and the index is 1 month, and the width is generally 1 ~ 3 mm, not too wide. According to the local conditions, it is not suitable to peel the overgrown branches twice or even three times.

Raj: It was after beginning of autumn. The objects are the main branch and the auxiliary branch. Methods: The traction was supported by a foot opener. The main branch angle is 70 ~ 80 degrees, and the secondary branch is above 90 degrees. Pay attention to three pulls and three don't pull, that is, the branches that are too weak, the branches of pests and diseases, and the branches that don't see flowers don't pull. Attention: Don't turn around, don't bend over, don't stick to the ground, don't get into the sky, and slide smoothly through a bunch of flowers.

Although branches can be opened in spring, they are easy to run on the shoulders and should be controlled by twisting. Slight twist means that when the branch is about 20 cm to 25 cm, it twists at the semi-lignified place. Core pulling is used for the part that lacks branches. When it is 20 cm new, it will be cut short from 20 cm if it exceeds 20 cm. As long as you pinch it a lot, you can bear fruit.

(2) Pruning fruit trees. Results The tasks in the future are to adjust the number of branches and the projected area of the crown, control the height and continuous expansion of the tree, and adjust the ratio of fruiting branches to vegetative branches, so as to keep the tree robust, ventilated and transparent, and produce more fruits and good fruits.

A. Projected area (i.e. coverage rate): Years of practice have proved that the projected area of tree crown accounts for 70% of the area occupied by fruit trees (only 60% in Japan). If it exceeds 80%, the illumination is poor, which is not conducive to flowering and fruiting, serious pests and diseases, and reduced fruit quality. Therefore, channels should be left between rows to facilitate ventilation, light transmission, pruning and spraying.

B. The light transmittance should be above 30%; below 30%, flowers will not bloom, and 50-60% will bear high-quality fruits.

C. Tree height: The height of the tree should be strictly controlled within the range of more than half of the row spacing and less than the row spacing. If it is close to or greater than the row spacing, it should be lowered in time, otherwise the lighting will be poor.

D number of branches: the number of branches per mu should be controlled within 6,543,800+,and about 20,000 apples can be produced. Take Red Fuji as an example. Three kilograms, the yield per mu can reach more than 6000 kilograms. If the yield per mu is about 3,000 Jin, 60,000 branches will be enough. The number of small fruit branches can be larger, but not more than1.2000 at most. Taking 65438+100000 branches per mu as an example, there are 2222 branches for 45 plants per mu, 1500 branches for 67 plants per mu,11branch for 82 plants per mu, and1branch for 93 plants per mu. A branch is a branch with a growing point. Guo Hua management

Two words: "Be a good matchmaker and do a good job in family planning."

Artificial pollination. Only pollinated apples can be bagged, with positive fruit shape, big head and good coloring. Well-pollinated apples can produce 10 seeds.

Natural pollination often leads to poor pollination, low fruit setting rate and poor fruit quality.

Pollination method. Pollen collection: firstly, collect the flowers in the big bud stage, and the pollen will mature 5-6 hours before flowering. One person in Xishan Farm in Beijing can collect 17 Jin of flowers a day and produce about 10 g of dry pollen. One person can manage 2000 30-year-old trees in one day. Immediately knead the picked flowers by hand, sieve the anthers, dry them in the shade, crush them with a roller or flour stick, add 15% ~ 20% talcum powder to the crushed pollen, and shake them evenly on the flowers with a gauze bag or brush. Note that the maximum temperature of drying in the shade does not exceed 28 degrees, and it can not be directly exposed to the sun. It can also be dried in a drying box and can be dried in one day at room temperature. Acupoints are generally central flowers, especially lateral or dorsal central flowers. Note: Pollen from pollination trees can also be mixed.

blossom and fruit thinning

The thinning of artificial flowers is mainly the result of thinning the side flowers and leaving the central flowers. The empty fruit table with large flowers is 1 \ 2 ~ 1 \ 3, and the ratio of branches to flowers is adjusted to 5∶ 1. Fruit thinning means thinning all small fruits, pests and diseases, and fruit types. Fruit spacing is greater than 15cm. You can also dilute flowers and fruits with chemicals. Use first-degree stone sulfur and chemicals, spray once in full bloom, and you can lose up to 30% weight.

The mechanism of 0 ~ 40% flowers is burning stigma, which has no effect on unopened flowers and pollinated flowers. Fruit thinning can be 800 ~ 1000 times that of trichlorfon, and spraying once every ten days to half a month after flowering can thin the fruit by about 30%. The ultimate goal of flower and fruit management is to adjust the proportion of fruit branches to 4∶ 1 ~ 5∶ 1 to ensure good fruit. Especially the bagged fruit must be thinned. The purpose of thinning flowers and fruits is to bear good fruits and solve the problem of years. Integrated control of apple diseases and insect pests

1, there is a lot of rain in spring and summer, and apple diseases and insect pests occur seriously, and those who are poorly managed even fail to harvest them, so pest control is very important, especially diseases. Apple is particularly resistant to infection in the young fruit stage, but it is latent after infection. The incubation period of ring rot is 80 ~ 150 days, and anthracnose is 40 ~ 65 days. The key to the control of apple diseases is to implement the control scheme with Bordeaux mixture as the main body. Bordeaux mixture has been invented for more than 100 years, and it is still the main drug for disease prevention and treatment. Its advantages are: low price; It can't be fake; Will not produce resistance; Because it will not produce drug resistance, it is still the irreplaceable main drug of other pesticides and the best drug. Its disadvantages are: it can only be prevented but not cured; It is laborious to prepare and use, especially it cannot be mixed with acidic pesticides. At present, Japan sprays drugs to prevent diseases six times a year, two of which are Bordeaux mixture. The proportion in the early stage is:1:1~1.5: 200, and more lime is added in the later stage. The specific prevention and control methods are as follows: the first chemical sterilization drugs, such as Duoxiaoling, Sheng Da M ~ 45, Penke, Guobingling, Compound Carbendazim and other protective drugs or systemic fungicide, were applied once in the middle and late August, respectively, and other chemicals were applied at the same time, and zinc-copper Bordeaux solution was used for varieties sensitive to Bordeaux solution. Attention should be paid to the following problems: Bordeaux mixture should not be used in the flowering and young fruit period, when the dew is still wet in the morning, when the rain is still wet, and when the temperature exceeds 32℃; Don't apply a chemical pesticide for a long time, because it will produce resistance.

2. Prescription for prevention and treatment of apple rough skin disease: After scraping the old skin, apply 5 ~ 10 times thiophanate methyl, and the effect is very good.

3. Marshal Hong's prescription for preventing apples from peeling dead trees.

The cause of death of marshal's cerclage is that the wound bled too much, diluted or washed away the healing cambium parenchyma cells, which led to the failure to heal. After flowering, girdle one knife on15th day and girdle the next knife on15th day, which not only improves the fruit setting rate and increases the secondary girdling of flower buds, but also won't die because the upper girdling has grown healing tissue.