Doctors can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, cure too much refers to an official name of cure too much hospital, including hospital envoys, hospital judges, cure too much and official orders from top to bottom. However, in the literature of the Qing Dynasty, we found a broad concept, and the imperial doctor is often a general term. Medical officers at all levels in the Imperial Hospital are called imperial doctors from top to bottom.
In addition, from some examples, it is found that all doctors who serve the queen or are appointed by the emperor to serve patients can be called imperial doctors. In other words, the imperial doctors in Qing dynasty had a wide range. All medical officers in Thai hospitals, famous doctors and people's doctors recruited from all over the country or general practitioners appointed to the palace, some Mongolian doctors, Lama doctors, etc. They all served as imperial doctors, which constituted a diverse group of imperial doctors in the Qing Dynasty.
First of all, doctors in Thai hospitals.
The hospital is the backbone of the imperial doctor, shouldering the heavy responsibility of intrauterine medical treatment. A Manchu inscription 165438 in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi/0/28 shows the duty of the imperial doctor: "As soon as you leave the palace, you must wait on the treatment, be careful day and night, and serve wholeheartedly. This is our duty and we are willing to do so. "
Due to the particularity of clients and activity areas, to a certain extent, the investigation of medical officers in Thai hospitals is actually an exploration of court medical activities. Unfortunately, in the Qing Dynasty, the medical officers in Taiji Hospital were all skilled in medical skills, and most of them did not write books. Moreover, the specific services and medical objects determine that their secrets are confidential and not known to outsiders. So few people leave their names in the medical history.
Although the imperial doctor in TaiYuan is rarely known in the history of Qing Dynasty, his medical skill is beyond doubt. Traditionally, entering a hospital requires strict selection before entering the teaching hall for several years. You should be proficient in Chinese, classics, materia medica, pulse and important local prescriptions. Finally, you can become a doctor by passing the exam.
In fact, not all doctors in Thai hospitals are trained by Thai hospitals, and some doctors are selected from the people. For example, in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi, the Imperial Hospital had 105 doctors and officials, but it needed 1 10 people to rotate in the palace every day. This is the difference between many people and few people.
In view of this situation, Thai Hospital has taken urgent measures to select people with excellent medical skills who are willing to take effect from provincial people's doctors and those who hold titles such as promotion, tribute, health care and supervision, and take them in as appropriate after investigation.
The second is to call famous doctors from all over the country into the palace.
It is the right way to become a doctor in the hospital through the exam and then work in the palace. In addition to the right path, there are other ways, such as being recruited by the Qing court and sponsored by the governor. These doctors called into the palace, or folk famous doctors or general doctors with official positions, have never been to a hospital since they entered Beijing. They only hold so-called doctorates in the palace, and the difference in the cost of staying in Beijing is paid by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
People who practice medicine as their profession still practice medicine after leaving the palace. For example, in the sixth year of Guangxu, Governor Wu of Jiangsu recommended Ma, one of the four famous doctors in Medical College, to see Empress Dowager Cixi. After nine months in Beijing, he returned to his hometown and returned to his old job. If you have an official position, you will continue your career and rise and fall according to the curative effect. For example, Chen Bingjun made outstanding achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of Emperor Guangxu, and was named Dr. Rong Lu of the Ministry of Punishment.
In the Qing Dynasty, as a supplementary way,
From this imperial edict, we can easily find that besides doctors, Taoist priests are also one of the objects of choice, which also reflects that Yong Zhengdi is quite advocating alchemy. In the late Qing Dynasty, it is not uncommon for local governors to sponsor famous folk doctors to treat Empress Dowager Cixi.
Third, appoint famous doctors or doctors to the palace.
This way is quite special. Before entering the palace, the names and medical traces of these people who were about to become imperial doctors were known by the Qing emperor, and they were appointed to the palace because of their great fame. Such examples are also common in the archives of the Qing palace.
On December 8th, 19th year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi "heard that Shen in Jiangxi and Zhu Benzhong in Jiangnan were good at medical skills, so he hired them". This sentence reveals that they were recruited because of their reputation and prestige as doctors.
As far as Shi Qing is concerned, Emperor Kangxi learned about it through Qin Wang and Yue Le. After pacifying San Francisco, Yue Le, the general of Dingyuan, led troops to attack Jiangxi. At that time, many soldiers in the army were ill. In this case, most soldiers recovered after taking Shen's medicine, so they were called good doctors. Zhu Benzhong, a native of Huizhou, is good at internal medicine. He can always cure diseases that other doctors can't. Emperor Kangxi learned his resume through Kao Wenwan, a bachelor of cabinet.
In addition to the above two people, Zhang Wenling is the only famous doctor appointed by Kangxi to the palace. This man was entrusted by Kangxi with the important task of treating Zhao, the governor of Zhili, and became famous in China. Since then, Zhang Wenling, as a doctor, has been by Kangxi's side.
Four. Mongolian doctor
Mongolia is a nation on horseback, and fractures are inevitable in long-term fighting and daily life. Because of this, Mongolian medicine has accumulated rich experience in treating orthopedics, making orthopedics an experienced clinical discipline.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the imperial court set up an organization to gather doctors who were proficient in orthopedics to serve the imperial court. According to the customized "Three Flags Soldiers of Ming Bone-Setting Law", each flag has ten people, which were introduced into the court and called "Mongolian medicine". If the bailiff loses anything, he shall be treated and the date shall be reported. If it expires, he will be punished. "When Mongolian doctors treat bone injuries, they often" sometimes have a very useful secret recipe that Huang Qi's family can't reach. "
Verb Lama doctor
A doctor refers to a Lama who is proficient in medical skills. In the literature, he is called Lama Doctor, Lama Emuqi. They are not full-time doctors under the jurisdiction of Thai hospitals. They go their own way on weekdays and engage in Buddhism.
According to the regulations, all temples in Beijing should inform the court of all medical lamas in the temple in case of emergency. According to incomplete statistics, in the Kangxi period, the examples of Lama doctors practicing medicine are:
On August 29th, 24th year of Kangxi, sourdrang queen suffered a stroke, and the doctor on duty gave him first aid. After dawn, sourdrang queen appointed Nai Hu Ning Tu Tu to the palace to discuss. According to his diagnosis, the stroke was caused by eating unclean food. So 48 lamas in the garden chanted the Mulan Sutra to ward off evil spirits.
In August of the 45th year of Kangxi, Sineitai took care of Mohong's illness, and Emperor Kangxi gave the prescription of Mongolian medicine to the third son of Emperor Yin who stayed in Beijing. Yin Zhijun quickly sent the prescription to Mohong's house and took it to the forehead of Chahan Lama Temple. After reading it, Qi Mu's forehead was full of prescriptions.
Through the textual research on the imperial doctors in Qing Dynasty, we can draw the conclusion that the imperial doctors are the main force. As a supplementary way, the Qing court recruited people into the palace when the hospital was at a loss for incurable diseases. Various channels ensure that doctors with excellent medical skills gather in the palace. Because of the particularity of the clients of doctors, the medical level of doctors was the highest at that time, which is generally indisputable.