1. The equipment for making bone specimens mainly includes syringes, dissecting utensils, rice cookers, water tanks, various types of specimen bottles, household cleaning balls, etc.

2. The main materials used are formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, gasoline, xylene, sodium hypochlorite, carbolic acid 454 glue, 50% sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and adults with good body shape.

Second, making

Before making bone specimens, we should be familiar with the position and shape of this animal's bones to avoid unnecessary losses when making them. Here, taking domestic cats as an example, the production method is introduced.

1, executed

To make bone specimens, adult cats with complete and fresh mouths should be selected. Cats are fierce and difficult to approach. You can put the cat trap in a closed container and anesthetize it with ether or chloroform to death. Cats can also drown with water.

2, peeling

A cat that has just been killed for about 5 minutes will be cut off and bled, then washed with water to remove dirt and blood stains from the cat, and then skinned. Cut the skin from the chest midline, reach the front of the anus, and then cut the oral mucosa. When peeling, peel the skin from the abdomen to the back, peel off the hind limbs, cut off the femoral joint, and cut off the tail at the coccyx. Peel off the forelimb and cut off the shoulder joint. After peeling, cut the body wall along the midline of the abdomen, dig out all the internal organs, and then rinse with water.

Step 3 pick meat

When the weather is hot, if the meat can't be taken on the same day, it needs to be refrigerated. If there is no refrigeration equipment, it is best to start meat removal in the morning, first remove large muscles from the bones, and then immerse them in the prepared 0.4 ~ 0.8% sodium hydroxide solution overnight. Wash away the caustic soda residue the next day, and then chop the meat. Pick the main meat first.

cook

(1) Clean the separated bones, then put them into a rice cooker, add sodium carbonate solution and boil. When the ligament becomes yellow stone, the bone can be fished out and the soft tissue removed.

(2) Repeat this step until the soft tissue is completely removed. The cooking time of sternum and accessory bone should not be too long, and the tissue structure of bone-drinking part should be preserved. After the soft tissue is removed, the bone is dried and drilled with a bone drill.

(3) After drilling, boil with 0. 1% alkaline water to dissolve the bone marrow in the bone. Finally, alkaline water is poured into the borehole, and the bone marrow is washed clean, and then washed with warm water.

5, degreasing and bleaching

(1) Cooking method can't remove the fat in bone marrow cavity, so it needs degreasing step. If degreasing is not carried out, the finished bone specimen will overflow with grease, damage the specimen, and affect the use and beauty.

(2) The steps of degreasing are as follows: soak the cleaned bones in sodium hydroxide solution with the concentration of 1% ~ 1.2% for seven days, then take them out and wash them with clean water; The bone was immersed in xylene for about two days to complete the degreasing step.

(3) During degreasing, the solution should be changed regularly, the old solution should be poured out, and the new solution should be added. In addition, xylene is toxic, so the experimenter must do a good job of protection and degreasing outdoors to prevent poisoning.

(4) After degreasing, bleaching with 10% hydrogen peroxide takes about two days.

6. Put the frame on several main parts of the bone, such as the spine, and put wires on the limbs to fix the shape of the bone.

7. Arrange and coat a layer of liquid paraffin on the bone specimen for protection.

Extended data:

Main classification

Specimens can be roughly divided into: animal specimens, bird specimens, fish specimens, insect specimens, plant specimens, bone specimens, shrimp and crab specimens, fossil specimens and so on. ?

Plant specimens are classified according to the purpose of use.

Full specimen: usually used to identify plants, scientific names and Chinese herbal medicines. This specimen is also used for vegetation investigation in a certain area. For example, investigate the plant resources of a school or a mountain. The vegetative organs such as roots, stems and leaves of higher plants are one of the basis for identifying plants, but they are often different due to different growth environments. Flowers and fruits have relatively stable heritability, which best reflects the inherent characteristics of plants and is an important basis for identifying and distinguishing plants.

When collecting specimens, you must try to collect specimens with roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Herbs also have to dig underground. It can be seen from the root system whether it is annual or perennial. In addition to rhizome, the underground part often contains deformed roots and stems, such as water chestnut, lily, Jerusalem artichoke, cabbage, Polygonatum sibiricum, Fritillaria, seven leaves and one flower.

Woody plants should collect representative branches, preferably with a small piece of bark. The shape and arrangement of sporangium, rhizome, scales and indumentum are important taxonomic characteristics of ferns, which should be paid attention to when collecting. The whole specimen is often made into wax leaf specimen and primary color impregnation specimen.

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