1 Preparation before blueberry planting
1. 1 soil preparation.
Before planting, soil preparation must be carried out, and the specifications of soil preparation (planting hole) are: 1.0m (length) × 1.0m (width) ×0.5m (depth), and the specifications of planting semi-high-bush blueberries and short-bush blueberries can be appropriately reduced, which can be increased to 330 plants per mu for rabbits. After digging the planting hole, the soil taken out will be mixed with ground pine bark and peat (or humus soil under the pine forest) and then filled into the hole. Backfill soil should be 20 ~ 30cm higher than the ground, and appropriate amount of sulfur powder can be added when soil acidity is insufficient.
1.2 soil improvement.
Blueberries like acidic soil, and the pH value of the soil is required to be 4.3 ~ 4.8 for northern high-bush blueberries and 4.3 ~ 5.3 for rabbit-eye blueberries. If the soil PH value is high, it is necessary to reduce the soil PH value to improve the soil. Peat is widely used for regulation in Northeast China, and the pH value of peat in Wanda Mountain area is mostly above 5.0. Therefore, it is necessary to add 1 kg sulfur powder to each cubic meter of peat in advance to reduce the pH value of peat to below 4.0, and then mix it evenly into the holes when planting. The pH value of soil in Jidong County is between 6.0 and 7.5. It needs to be adjusted with sulfur powder 3 to 4 months before planting. When digging planting holes, acid peat, 20g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 20g soil bactericide and quantitative sulfur powder with equal volume should be added to part of the excavated original soil, which should be backfilled after being evenly stirred. After improvement, blueberry cultivation can be popularized.
Variety selection of 1.3.
Cross pollination is one of the important factors to improve blueberry yield and fruit size. In production, we should consider building a multi-variety garden, in which at least two varieties are configured to pollinate each other to improve yield and quality. In the north, we must choose excellent varieties with strong cold resistance, such as Meideng, Beicun, Hokuriku and Beilan, which can resist the low temperature of MINUS 40℃. Generally, the ratio of pollinated trees is (2 ~ 3): 1, that is, 2 ~ 3 rows of main varieties and/kloc-0 rows of pollinated varieties. [1] If conditions permit, bees can also be released for auxiliary pollination.
Selection of Blueberry Seedling Tree Species
Blueberry varieties are 1, such as rabbit eye blueberry, Sharp, O 'Neill and so on. However, some varieties of blueberries are not self-pollinated, so pollination trees must be fully equipped to bear full fruits. It is not easy to choose this variety for family potted plants, shrubs are only suitable for outdoor planting in the north, and other varieties can be used for family potted plants.
2 Planting techniques
2. 1 colonial time.
Blueberries are planted in three seasons: spring, autumn and winter, but they are usually planted in spring in northern China, and are prone to freezing injury in autumn due to improper management in winter. Spring seeds are usually planted in March-April, before seedlings germinate. Potted seedlings can also be planted after germination, but the roots can not be damaged when planting. Due to the special situation of convenient irrigation and dry autumn in Jidong County, it can also be planted properly in autumn.
Procurement and management of blueberry seedlings
The best planting time of potted blueberry 1 is from autumn to the next spring before germination. The seedlings in this period are easy to transport, and the management and planting are relatively simple. After planting in autumn, a small amount of flowers and fruits can be produced in the second year and normal flowers and fruits can be produced in the third year. After the fifth year, blueberries can be potted at home and managed properly, and the fruiting period can last for 35 years.
2.2 Planting density.
In China, the planting density of blueberries depends on varieties, land conditions, management patterns and climate differences between north and south. In foreign countries, the actual planting density often depends on the degree of mechanization; Generally speaking, (1.0 ~1.5) m× (2.0 ~ 3.0) m is suitable for high bush blueberries; Rabbit eye blueberry is often selected as1.5m× (2 ~ 2.5) m; Select (0.6 ~ 1.2) m× 2m for semi-high cluster blueberry.
2.3 Colonization.
Generally, high-quality seedlings with developed rooting system, strong branches and seedling height of more than 30cm are selected for planting in the north, so the survival rate of such seedlings is high. When raising seedlings, a pit with a depth of 1 5-25cm and an amplitude of 20-30cm should be dug in the planting hole or the planting bed, and some wet acidic peat soil or pre-prepared planting soil should be filled in the pit, then the seedlings should be planted, and the roots should be laid, so that the added mixed peat soil can surround the roots, and the seedlings should be gently lifted up1time to fully combine the roots with the planting soil.
2.4 surface coverage.
After planting, local materials are taken nearby, and the surface of the planting hole is covered with a layer of organic matter such as straw, humus, bark and sawdust. Ground mulching has the functions of regulating ground temperature, preventing evaporation of surface water, maintaining soil moisture and promoting root growth. The covering thickness is about 10cm and should not be less than 5cm.
3 Post-colonial management
3. 1 initial pruning.
Prune immediately after planting. Because the root system was damaged during transplantation. In order to keep the growth balance between the aboveground part and the underground part, it is necessary to inhibit the growth and development of the aboveground part. The pruning amount is 1/3 ~ 1/2 of the original branch, and the annual weak branch with poor development should be cut off from the base. All the buds should be picked.
3.2 fertilization.
Blueberries are sensitive to chemical fertilizers and the demand is very low. When the soil acidity is satisfied, only a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is generally needed, and it can also be applied according to the symptoms of leaf or element deficiency.
1) Fertilization type. The effect of NPK compound fertilizer is better than that of single fertilizer, and the ratio of NPK fertilizer is 1: 1: 1. Blueberry is a tree species that likes ammonium nitrogen. When applying nitrogen fertilizer, it is better to apply ammonium nitrogen fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate, and nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is prohibited. Blueberries are sensitive to chlorine. Do not use chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
2) Fertilization method and period. Sorghum and rabbit eye blueberry can be ditched, and the suitable depth is 10 ~ 15 cm. Loose soil is everywhere; The fertilization depth of relative cohesive soil is10 ~ 20 cm; It can also be used as an auxiliary fertilization method by spraying fertilizers containing certain elements on the leaves. Fertilize three times a year. The application time of 1 is before germination in early spring, and then it is applied every 30~45 days for three times in a row.
3) Fertilization amount. Blueberry is a plant with poor nutrition. Excessive or improper fertilization will damage the root system and lead to plant death. All must be carefully fertilized according to soil fertility and tree nutrition. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied in the first 1 year after sowing is 10g/ plant, and 20-30g/ plant in the second year. 40 ~ 50g/ plant in the third year and 80 ~ 100g/ plant after five years.
3.3 Water management.
Blueberries have shallow roots and like to be wet. The newly-built blueberry orchard should be irrigated in time to improve the survival rate of planting, and irrigation is also one of the important factors to increase production. Pay attention to water source and water quality in blueberry irrigation. Deep well water usually has high PH value and high content of sodium and calcium. Long-term use will affect the growth and yield of blueberries. During irrigation, the PH value can be adjusted to about 4.5~5.5 with dilute sulfuric acid before irrigation, but acidic water should be irrigated every three times. Generally, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are used, which have long water supply time and high water utilization rate, and will not cause drought or excessive water supply.
3.4 Lighting and tending and pruning.
About 1/2 should be cut off from the overground part of high cluster blueberries in the first year of planting, and almost no pruning is needed in the second and third years after planting. In the fourth year after planting, cut off vigorous branches, control tree height, cut off dense fruiting branches, and keep 50% of flower buds of the whole plant to ensure good tree vigor and fruit quality. The first three years of rabbit-eye blueberry are the same as those of high-bush blueberry, but when the tree grows vigorously, the strong branches should be cut short and pruned, not the fruiting branches deliberately, but the dense base branches should be cut off. The period of plastic pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, and the pruning degree is mainly in winter, supplemented by summer.
3.5 bird damage control.
The common pests of blueberry mainly include leaf-eating moth, dry-eating longicorn beetle, beetle larva (grub) and so on. The main diseases are leaf chlorosis, leaf blight, fruit rot, etc., and the onset period mostly begins when the temperature rises in March and April every year; Bird feeding is also very harmful to blueberries. Artificial control includes: 165438+ 10, pruning diseased branches and insect branches in late October, eliminating weeds and overwintering pests and diseases; The best way to prevent birds is to set up a bird net in the mature period of blueberry fruit, and it is best to set up a bird net in the whole garden. In addition, scarecrows, electric bird repellers and firecrackers can also be used to repel birds. Chemical control: Diseases include fungal diseases (stem ulcer and branch blight) and viral diseases (scorch, leaf spot and mosaic). Mancozeb is sprayed at intervals in early spring and before flowering, and the interval between each application is 10 ~ 15 days. Insect pest control can be sprayed with thiophosphate broad-spectrum insecticides in early spring. Blueberries are edible fruit trees, so the dosage of pesticides should be reduced as much as possible, and the selection of biological pesticides and pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue should be advocated, and they should be used alternately scientifically and reasonably. 20 days before fruit ripening to the end of fruit picking.