Xihe site is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong province. Located about 4 meters northwest of Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, east of Jinan City. The site is a gentle slope-like uplift, and the surrounding area is gradually lower. The west protrudes towards the river, about 5 meters from east to west and 35 meters from north to south, covering an area of about 15, square meters. Cultural accumulation is about 2 ~ 3 meters thick. In the spring of 1987, the Cultural Relics Department of Jinan Cultural Bureau and Zhangqiu County Museum discovered it during the cultural relics survey. The site has been destroyed about 6 square meters due to earth borrowing from the kiln. From July to August, 1991, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a rescue excavation of the site, and found relics such as houses, tombs and ash pits, as well as relics such as pottery, stone tools and bone utensils. The era belongs to Wenhua Li, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and Tang Dynasty after the early Neolithic period. The more important harvest of this excavation is to clean up two houses in HouWenhua Li. In addition, relics from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were collected on the site during the cultural relics survey. ?

Chengziya Site

Chengziya Site is a national key cultural relic protection unit. The representative sites and naming places of Longshan culture have both Yueshi culture and the remains of Zhouzhi Han Dynasty. Located on the platform of Wuyuan River in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, east of Jinan, it is called "Chengziya". It is about 43 meters from east to west and 53 meters from north to south, with a total area of more than 2, square meters. The existing range of the platform is about 2 meters from east to west, 35 meters from north to south, and the cultural accumulation is about 3 meters thick. It is a key protected area. In the spring of 1928, Wu Jinding discovered it during an archaeological investigation in Shandong. In November 193 and October the following year, the Academia Sinica and the Shandong Provincial Government jointly formed the Shandong Antiquities Research Association, which was excavated twice, exposing an area of 15,6 square meters. The upper layer is the remains of several different periods from Zhouzhi to Han Dynasty, and the lower layer is a Neolithic relic with polished black pottery as its main feature. Pottery is called "black pottery culture" because of its high firing temperature, solid embryo and pure color, which is significantly different from the known Yangshao culture characterized by red pottery and painted pottery. Because the site is adjacent to Longshan Town, it was officially named "Longshan Culture". During the excavation, the ruins of the city wall, 39 meters from east to west, 45 meters from north to south and about 1 meters thick at the base of the wall, were also discovered. From 1989 to 199, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted four months of exploration and trial excavation of the site, and found three city sites belonging to Longshan Culture Period, Yueshi Culture Period and Zhou Dynasty. Longshan cultural city site, nearly square in plane, with relatively complete city walls on three sides in the southeast and west, with the north city wall bent and protruding to the north, and the corner of the city wall is arc-shaped. The city is about 43 meters wide from east to west and 53 meters long from north to south, covering an area of about 2, square meters. The remaining city walls are buried 2.5 ~ 5 meters below the surface, with a residual thickness of 8 ~ 13 meters. Most of the city walls are dug with foundation grooves, and some parts are rammed on the soil of the ditch to build walls. There are two kinds of rammed earth structures for city walls, one is rammed with stones, and the other is rammed with a single stick, which reflects the development process of rammed earth technology. Some parts of the city wall were partially destroyed due to the late borrowing of soil to build the city, and the four walls were completely preserved underground. The site of Longshan culture in Chengziya may have gone beyond the scope of simply defending against animal invasion. The site of Yueshi Culture is basically the same as that of Longshan Culture, with an area of about 17, square meters. The city walls on the east, south and west are rammed within the Longshan cultural city wall, and the north is built on the Longshan cultural city wall, which is also divided into morning and evening. The rammed wall is regular, 8 ~ 12m thick, and the rammed soil is hard. It is rammed with bunches of sticks, and the rammed nests are dense and clear. The rammed technology of retaining soil with plywood is no different from that in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The walls of the Zhou Dynasty were built on the inner side of the Yueshi cultural walls or superposed on them, and there are few left. This survey also found the pits of four exploratory trenches excavated in 1931 in the site, and re-excavated No.4 exploratory trench. Excavators believe that the black pottery accumulation of Longshan culture confirmed in that year should be the accumulation of Yueshi culture; The site of Longshan culture should be the site of Yueshi culture, that is, the site of Xia Dynasty. Chengziya site is the first primitive social site discovered and excavated by archaeologists in China. It has a pioneering significance in the history of modern archaeology in China and has played an important role in promoting the understanding and research of Neolithic culture in China. ?

daxinzhuang site

daxinzhuang site is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong province. Sites in the middle and late Shang Dynasty. Located in the southeast of Daxinzhuang, Wangsheren Town, Licheng District, Jinan City. The terrain gradually descends from southwest to northeast, and there is a natural ravine in the middle, commonly known as Scorpion Gully, which divides the site into two parts with a total area of about 3, square meters. The cultural layer is about 2 meters thick and the deepest part is 4 meters. From the discovery of the site in 1935 to the 198s, after many investigations, explorations and trial excavations, 12 houses, 8 wells and 42 tombs were found. More than 7 pieces of pottery, stones, bones, mussels and bronzes have been unearthed. Pottery includes high-crotch, short-legged, low-legged, big-mouthed, fake-bellied beans, etc. Glazed pottery and carved white pottery are also found. Stone tools include axe, spear, knife, sickle, etc. Bone implements include arrowheads, knives, knives, etc. There are also oracle bone and Bujia, but there is no inscription; Bronzes are small objects such as trowels, needles and saws. Some tombs have sacrificial dogs, which is the same as the Shang tombs in Erligang, Zhengzhou and Anyang. The unearthed and collected artifacts are no different from the typical artifacts of the Yin Dynasty in Anyang, and some of them are similar to those unearthed from the upper floor of Erligang in Zhengzhou. This site is the farthest stronghold of the Shang culture in the Central Plains in the middle of Shang Dynasty, which is of great significance to the study of Shang culture and the relationship between foreigners and merchants in Shang Dynasty. ?

xiaotun site

xiaotun site is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong province. Sites of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Located in the east of Xiaotun Village, Guide Town, Changqing County, southwest of Jinan City, and on the riverside highland southwest of Qianping Village. The existing scope of the site is about 15 meters from east to west and 1 meters from north to south in the western highlands; The eastern highland is about 15 meters from east to west and 2 meters from north to south. The total area is about 4, square meters. During the construction of Xiaotun Reservoir in 1957, more than 7 bronzes were found in the eastern highlands. In the winter of 1961, when the reservoir spillway was built, more than 2 bronzes were found at the southern end of the eastern highlands. 99 pieces were found twice. In addition, pottery and stone tools were also found. Except for a few small pieces, they are all common in the tombs of the late Shang Dynasty in Yinxu, Anyang. This site is of great value for studying the history of Shang Dynasty and the history of ancient Shandong. ?

Dongping Mausoleum Old Town

Dongping Mausoleum Old Town Shandong Province Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit. Site of Ji 'nan State, Ji 'nan County and Ping Ling County in Han Dynasty. It is located in the northeast of Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, east of Jinan City, and nearly 2 kilometers away from Chengziya Site in the southwest. The site is about 19 meters long and slightly square, with a total area of more than 3.6 million square meters. Remaining rammed earth city walls can be seen around the city site, with a width of 1 ~ 3m and a height of 1 ~ 4m. The basement of the underground wall is 4m wide, and four city gate remains have been found. The landform in the city is high in the south and low in the north, and bricks, tiles and pottery fragments can be seen everywhere on the ground. A large amount of iron slag, ore, charcoal, refractory materials and burnt earth remained in the range of 3 ~ 4 meters to the west of the central part of the site, which was an iron smelting site at that time. To the south is the pottery kiln group. A large area of rammed earth foundation site and brick and stone pavement were found in the north of the east, which was the ruins of the palace at that time. The relics collected over the years include pottery, iron, copper, stone tools and coins. During the "Cultural Revolution", villagers in Nanwa found an ancient tomb near the East Wall and unearthed five bronzes. ?

Guo Tombstone Temple in Xiaotangshan

Guo Tombstone Temple in Xiaotangshan is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located at the top of Xiaotangshan (formerly known as Wushan) in Xiaoli Town, Changqing County, southwest of Jinan City. Tomb ancestral hall in the Eastern Han Dynasty during the period of Emperor Zhang and Emperor He (76 ~ 15). The old myth is the tomb of Guo Ju, the filial son of the Western Han Dynasty, and the earliest record can be found in the Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The master of the temple is to be tested. This is the earliest existing ground house building in China. The ancestral hall is a stone structure with two rooms hanging from the top of the mountain, facing south, with a width of 4.14 meters, a depth of 2.5 meters and a height of 2.64 meters. Murals inside and outside the ancestral temple have a large number of lettering and calligraphy inscriptions left over from past dynasties. The earliest one is the four-year permanent construction of Shundi in the Eastern Han Dynasty (129). Outside the Western Mountain Wall, there is an inscription "Ode to the East King's Feeling of Filial Piety" in the first year of Wuping in Northern Qi Dynasty (57). There are 36 groups of portraits carved on the east, west and north walls and the partition stone in the temple. The main content is related to the temple owner's experience and life, such as car riding, cooking, hunting, hundred plays and other images. The carving technique is mainly yin line carving, and a few images are also concave, and the lines are washed and refined. The image is simple and vivid, which is a rare boutique in Han portraits. ?

Statue of Huangshiya Grottoes

Statue of Huangshiya Grottoes is a key cultural relic protection unit in Jinan. Located in the southeast of Qianfo Mountain, Lixia District, Jinan City, Luoyuan Temple is at the top of the mountain. This mountain is 35 meters above sea level, and the statues are distributed on the cliff platform 5 meters away from the foot of the mountain. Because the rocks are yellow, it is called the statue of Huangshi Cliff. The sculpture range is 4 meters long and arranged in a straight line. The highest height of the sculpture area is 5 meters and the lowest height is 7 centimeters. It was dug in the fourth year of Zhengguang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (523) to the second year of Xinghe in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (54). All the statues are concentrated in the natural grottoes and the left and right cliffs. There are 32 statues in the cave, 8 standing statues, 17 sitting statues and 7 flying statues. The tallest is 156 cm and the shortest is 11 cm. There are 68 statues outside the cave, including 9 flying. The tallest is 78 cm and the shortest is 7 cm. Statue costumes are put on shoulders and cassock coats, and they stumble. Clothing patterns are mostly carved in a straight and flat step, and the knife method is skillful in washing and training, all of which are high relief. There are still 8 inscriptions from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, 6 inscriptions on statues in the fourth year of Zhengguang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (523), the second year of Xiaochang (526), the third year of Xiaochang (527), the first year of Jianyi (528) and the second year of Yuanxiang in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (539) and the second year of Xinghe (54), and the third year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1121 The statue of Huangshiya is the earliest cave group in Jinan, and it is an important historical material for studying Buddhism in Shandong. Most of the statues have different degrees of damage. ?

Daogui Tomb

Daogui Tomb is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shandong Province. Northern Qi tombs. Located in Majiazhuang South, Lixia District, Jinan City (now under the Metallurgical Hotel in Shandong Province). It was cleared and excavated by Jinan Museum in 1984. Daogui (5 ~ 569), a native of Nanyang, moved to Licheng in Xiaochang period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (525 ~ 527), and in the second year of the Emperor's Construction of the Northern Qi Dynasty (561), he was granted the order of Zhua County (where he is now located in Gucheng Village in the western suburbs of Jinan City) and died in office. The tomb faces south, and it is a single-room tomb for Qingye rock, with a pyramid-shaped mound, a tunnel and a tomb. The plane of the tomb is trapezoidal with rounded corners, 3.4 meters long from north to south, 2.8 meters wide in the north wall, 3.3 meters wide in the south wall and 3.2 meters high. Doors and tombs are whitewashed and painted with murals. The white tiger is drawn with ink lines at the south entrance of the tunnel, and the sky charts such as the sun, the moon, Beidou and Nandou are drawn at the top of the room; Nine screens are painted on the north wall, in which the tomb owner sits on several seats, and there are a clerk, mountains and flowing clouds on the left and right; The south wall is painted with two guards; On the east wall, draw two maps of holding the battle instrument and guarding and preparing for riding; A car was painted on the west wall, with the tomb owner's wife and two maids behind it. Part of the characters are drawn in ochre, and part of them are outlined with a thin stick before the white ash surface is dry, and then outlined with ink lines, and then painted with ochre, Zhu and other colors. There are more than 1 funerary objects such as Tao Pan, porcelain pots and celadon bowls. As soon as the epitaph was combined, it was covered with plain faces. According to local records, the tomb was built in the second year of Wuping, Northern Qi Dynasty (571). ?

Simen Pagoda

Simen Pagoda is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located on the small slope of Qinglong Mountain in Licheng District, Jinan City. Square single-story stone tower. Because it has half circular arches in the east, south, west and north, it is called Simen Pagoda. It is the oldest stone pagoda in China, with a width of 7.4 meters per side and a height of 15.4 meters. The tower walls are all made of large pieces of bluestone carved with shallow mat patterns. The outer eaves of the tower are stacked with stones to form five layers, and the selected stone layers are slightly increased. At the top of the tower, 23 rows of bluestone slabs are folded inward, forming a tapered roof with four corners and a stone pagoda on it. Below the top is a sumeru (also known as the dew plate). At the four corners of sumeru, there are stone seats in the shape of burnt leaves of mountain flowers, and in the middle is a five-fold phase wheel, on which are placed pearls to form the whole pagoda. The center of the inner chamber of the tower is built with a huge square tower core column surrounded by corridors. At the top of the inner chamber of the tower, 16 triangular Liang Shi towers are connected to the tower core column and the outer wall of the tower, and stone arch plates are placed on the triangular Liang Shi to form the tower chamber and support the upper roof. There is a Buddha statue of Amitabha carved with a whole limestone on each side of the tower core column, all of which are in a bun and sit cross-legged. Some put their hands in front of their stomachs in a meditation posture, while others put one hand on their knees and raise the other, as if they were talking. The pattern of clothes is carved with a straight knife to make regular wrinkles, which is finely carved and skilled. There is an inscription on the waist of the Buddha in the south: "In the second year of Dongwuding ... Yang Xianshu made a statue of four bodies ..." The original stone was lost, and the existing inscription is based on the original rubbings. When the tower was overhauled in 1972, the inscription "Great cause was built in seven years" was found on the opposite side of the stone arch plate at the top of the tower. ?

Lingyan Temple

Lingyan Temple is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located in the south-west of Jinan City, at the northern foot of Taishan Mountain, Wande Town, Changqing County, the sun of the Fangshan Mountain in Lingyanyu. There have been Buddhist activities since the Jin Dynasty, and it is said that Monk Lang once built a temple here. In the seventh year (446) of Taiping Zhenjun, the Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism was abolished, and Ming Di, the filial piety, was revived in the light years (52 ~ 525). In the first year of Zhengguang (52), the legal Zen master came here to visit Fangshan, love its spring stones, rebuild the temple and gradually prosper. Since then, the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties have flourished in temples. At its peak, there were more than 5 monks and 5 temples, forming a large-scale ancient architectural complex. Until the 14th year of Qing Qianlong (1749), there were still 36 temples and 18 pavilions. In the Ten Roads Map compiled by Li Jifu in the Tang Dynasty, Lingyan Temple, kokuseiji in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, qixia temple in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and yuquan temple in Jiangling, Hubei Province were regarded as "four wonders in the region". In the Song Dynasty, Jinan Prefecture engaged in Bian Yu's praise: "The flexion index is the best of the four, and it is the most secluded. "This scene is the highest in the world, and it is not unique to Dongzhou." Wang Shizhen, a bachelor of Ming Dynasty, said: "Lingyan is the most secluded place on the back of Mount Tai, so you can't travel without Lingyan." Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty built a palace in Lingyan Temple. When he visited Jiangnan, he stayed in Lingyan eight times to enjoy the scenery of Lingyan. Existing temples, pagodas, tombs, forests and mountain shrines to prove merit. Sitting in the north and south, it is built by the mountain, along the central axis of the mountain gate, followed by the Heavenly King Hall, the Bell and Drum Tower, the Ursa Major Hall, the Wuhua Hall, the Thousand Buddhas Hall, the Prajna Hall, and the Imperial Book Pavilion. Most of the existing temples are in the shape of Ming and Qing Dynasties, but many Song Dynasty components have been preserved. In addition, there are various inscriptions scattered in caves and temples on the mountain, with more than 42 cases (pieces). It contains a book written by Li Yong in the Tang Dynasty, a preface to the ode to Lingyan Temple, relief statues and scriptures, a tablet of Yuantong Jing written by Cai Bian in the Northern Song Dynasty, and inscriptions of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. ?

Xingguo Temple

Xingguo Temple is located at the waist of Qianfo Mountain in the south of Jinan. Facing the cliffs in the south and Quancheng in the north, it is the main building of Qianfo Mountain, covering an area of 3, square meters. Founded in the reign of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (581 ~ 61), it was called "Thousand Buddha Temple". During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (627 ~ 65), it was expanded and renamed as "Xingguo Temple". Ginkgo biloba, red maple, cypress and Toona sinensis are planted in the hospital. Facing west, the temple gate is inscribed with the stone inscription "Xingguo Temple" inscribed by Zhao Puchu, president of the Chinese Buddhist Association and calligrapher. On both sides of the gate, the stone inscription couplet "The dusk drum and the morning bell wake up the world's rich and famous guests, and the sound of the Buddha's name calls back the dream of suffering and charm" is the calligraphy of Yang Zhaoqing, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. On both sides of the door, there are bells and drums on the second floor. The temple is divided into East and West Houses. There are three halls in the north of the West Courtyard and three halls in the east. The Dongshan wall is embedded with the stone carving of "Qilu Qinglai" inscribed by Zhao Puchu. The western mountain wall is embedded with Buddhist scriptures and Zen words; In the middle, the north wall is embedded with Dong Biwu's poem "Thousands of Buddhas in the Ancient Temple" and Guo Moruo's "Overlooking the Nine Points of Qi Zhou Smoke". On the south side is the Thousand Buddha Cliff. Guanyin temple is in the south of the East Courtyard, and Daxiong Hall is in the east. The pavilions and corridors of the whole temple are strewn at random, and the pines and cypresses are flourishing and the cigarettes are lingering. ?

Fang Yanqian's tomb

Fang Yanqian's tomb in Shandong.