The vineyards in coastal saline-alkali land mostly use hedgerows, inland saline-alkali land and scaffolding. The row spacing of grapes planted on the hedge frame is 2.0 ~ 2.2m×2.5m；; Grapes are planted in scaffolding, with row spacing of 6-7 meters and plant spacing of 3-4 meters. When planting, tree holes should be open to foreign soil.
The fence frame of the frame vineyard in coastal saline-alkali land (1) is about 2.0 ~ 2.2 meters high, and the columns are arranged in the grape rows. The distance between the two pillars is 7.0 ~ 8.0 meters, and four lines are drawn. 1 The conductor is 60 cm above the ground, and the above conductors are 45 cm each. Wood columns are not resistant to saline-alkali corrosion, so cement columns are used.
In inland saline-alkali vineyards, use inclined small scaffolding and wooden poles; There are two kinds of racks: unidirectional and bidirectional. One-way stands generally have three fixed columns, near grapes 1 column, with a height of 1.2m, one in the middle, with a height of 1.4m, near the tip 1 column, with a height of1.9m; Each column is about 1.7m apart. After the column is buried, erect a wooden pole at the top of the column vertically and bind it firmly. The distance between the cross bars is about 40cm, and a rectangular grid is formed on the surface of the frame, which is about 6-7m long and inclined.
(2) Rebuilding hedgerow vineyards in coastal saline-alkali land often uses multiple main vines and short shoots instead of fan-shaped pruning (Figure 62). This method of shaping results in a higher position than the ground, which can reduce the adverse effects of low humidity on the ears. The plant spacing is determined according to the growth intensity of varieties, longan is 2.5 meters and rose fragrance is about 2.0 meters. In this shaping method, 4-6 main vines are selected from new buds sprouting on the ground, and each main vine grows vertically or obliquely. The distance between the two main vines is about 50 cm, and they are tied to the surface of the frame. The main vine is about 1.6 meters high. Select 6 fruiting mother vines from each main vine as fruiting parts. In each fruiting part, select 1 middle branch, cut off 6 buds as fruiting mother vines, select 1 short branches, and cut off 2 buds as regeneration branches.
After the seedlings are planted, leave 4 ~ 6 buds at the base to make the new buds become the main vines. If the number of buds is insufficient, buds can be picked when the length of new branches is about 15 cm in early June to promote the growth of secondary branches to supplement the shortage of main vines. By the end of July, when the new shoots grow to 1.0 ~ 1.2 meters, jointing will be carried out to promote the development and enrichment of new shoots; When pruning in winter, four main vines are reserved for general plants, and six main vines are reserved for robust plants, and each main vine leaves about 12 buds.
After sprouting in spring, select 1 strong new shoot at the top of each main vine as the extension branch of the main vine, and remove the core and tie it when it extends to the fourth silk in late July. Secondary branch leaves 1 ~ 2 leaves; When pruning in winter, the vigorous main vines are cut short at the fourth silk; The main vines with moderate growth are cut short at the third silk; The weak main vine is short at 1 or the second line.
Figure 62. Multi-main vines have alternating fan-shaped middle and short tips.
After germination in the third spring, the weak buds are erased and the strong buds are selected. When the new shoots grow to about 45 cm, the buds are picked and the secondary branches are still 1 ~ 2 leaves. For the main vines that did not grow to the predetermined height last year, it is still necessary to select 1 robust new shoots to continue growing at the top. When they reach the fourth thread, they should be cored and knotted. When pruning in winter, 6-8 fruiting female vines are selected for each main vine, and 3-6 buds are left for pruning per/kloc-0; Other new shoots only have 1 ~ 2 buds for pruning and regeneration. By the fourth year, plastic surgery can be completed.
(3) Pruning Pruning In this way, in the process of cultivating the main vine, if the pruning is too long at one time, the base of the main vine may be exposed. In order to avoid this bad phenomenon, we can appropriately slow down the extension speed of the main vine, pick the core several times during the growth process, and cultivate the fruiting parts of each layer year by year.
During pruning, 6-8 fruiting female vines are selected for each main vine, 5-7 knots are reserved for each 1 bearing female vine, and other new branches and vines are pruned with 1 ~ 2 buds. After fruiting, the mother vine will be cut off from the base when pruning in winter. On the regenerated vines left in the previous year, two new vines, the upper 1 as the fruiting mother vine and the lower 1 as the regenerated vine, are pruned every year. Branches used for regeneration should not grow too weak, because it is difficult to grow good new branches after the weak branches are cut short, which affects the yield.
The management of branches and vines in summer mainly includes pinching new shoots, removing secondary shoots, tying new shoots, wiping buds, removing branches and thinning ears.
(1) Generally, the time for coring and picking leaves from the main shoot is before flowering in late May, and 4-5 leaves are left above the inflorescence for coring. After coring the main tip, a large number of secondary tips are produced, and coring is carried out 6 ~ 7 times a year. The new branches produced by the preparatory branches cannot be topped, and as a result, the new branches produced by the mother vines must be topped.
Vineyards in saline-alkali land are often affected by moist soil, lush foliage, closed shelves and poor ventilation and light transmission, which often affect berry coloring and vine maturity. Therefore, the bottom leaves below the ear can be removed from the beginning of June to the coloring stage of berries, and then some over-dense leaves can be removed in combination with the removal of secondary branches, which can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the shelf surface and is beneficial to berry coloring and vine ripening.
(2) When tying branches and vines in spring, after the juice begins to flow, or after the grapes are unearthed in the buried cold-proof area, tie the main vines vertically on the shelf surface with a spacing of about 50 cm. Therefore, the mother vine is tied to the iron wire horizontally or bow-wise, so as to alleviate the top advantage and promote the healthy growth of new buds at the base. The new branches are evenly tied on the frame surface according to the natural extension direction of the new branches.
The advantage of this frame shape is that it can make full use of the space and light on the frame surface, and the branches are evenly distributed, so the number of branches is easy to control and the yield is relatively stable. However, fertile soil and sufficient fertilizer and water conditions are needed, and the number of main vines is fixed. Once damaged, it is difficult to replenish, and the main vines grow vertically, which is not convenient to be buried in the soil for cold protection.
(3) In spring, 2-3 strong buds with inflorescences are selected from the buds sprouting on the fruiting mother vine, and the buds without inflorescences and weak buds are erased; The new branches sprouting at the base of long branches grow well, so attention should be paid to selection and seed retention; Buds germinate on short branches. With or without inflorescences, only two robust buds are selected at the base, and the redundant buds are wiped off. Not only the yield, but also the distribution and position of the fruiting vines should be considered when wiping the buds, and they should be evenly distributed to make full use of the space and not make the fruiting parts move out too fast.
If the new branches that grow from the ground or germinate about 45 cm away from the main vine near the ground are not used for the regeneration of perennial main vines, they should be thinned in time to avoid consuming nutrients. Double branches, multiple branches and weak buds with poor growth should also be erased in time.
In addition to bud smearing and shoot pruning, some inflorescences should be properly thinned according to factors such as fertilizer and water conditions, management level and load, so as to improve the quality of berries and promote the healthy growth of branches and vines.
In some places, in order to be buried underground for cold protection, a semi-fan-shaped pruning method with alternating short tips in multiple main vines is adopted. This pruning method is basically the same as the alternate pruning method of short shoots in multiple main vines, except that three main vines are selected from the ground, all inclined in the same direction and tied to the frame surface at an angle of 80 degrees. The advantage of this shaping method is that the short tips of several main vines are alternately fan-shaped Because the main vine grows obliquely, it is convenient to be buried underground for cold protection.
Some inland saline-alkali vineyards use inclined small shed frames, with single stem and multiple vines pruning long branches. In this plastic method, the trunk of 1 ~ 2 is selected from the ground, and the main vine is divided on the trunk, and the mother vine is divided on the main vine. Results the pruning length of the mother vine was determined according to the fullness of the branches. Generally, 9 ~ 1 1 node is reserved for strong rattan, and 5 ~ 20 nodes are reserved for strong rattan, which makes the over-dense fruiting branches sparse. Excessive branches and tendrils growing near the base and rhizosphere of the trunk should be removed from the base in time if they are not used for regeneration.