Textual Research on the Inscription of Ceng Bo's Tang and Yue.
The casting age of Ceng Bo cymbals is roughly from the western weekend to the early spring and autumn period, and the inscriptions are distributed on both sides of cymbals, with a total of 18 characters. A textual research article by Mr. Huang Xiquan is attached to the published archaeological excavation report of Zeng Guo cemetery, which is very helpful for us to understand the meaning of the inscription. But the author's point of view is different from that of Mr. Huang, so I reread the inscription as follows:
Zeng Bai cast cymbals for the people (punishment), not for wells (punishment), but for civil affairs.
The inscription "Zeng Bai", that is, Zeng Bo, is the monarch of Zeng Guo. "Money" is Ceng Bo's name. "Qi Yue" is the title of this Yue. July is a kind of month, which is also called "Yanyue" in literature. "Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Fifteen Years" said: "There are two ways to help others, bow with enthusiasm and follow them." Yang Bojun noticed: "Whoever gives it will be killed by the king's order." Yue is a symbol of executive power.
"Use punishment for the people" is the "punishment" for governing the people. The word "punishment" appears twice in this inscription, but the writing is not the same. The sentence "take it as a civil punishment" is written as "",which means adding the word "Ding (Bei)". In ancient Chinese characters, "Bei" and "Ding" are the same pictograph, which has been clarified in Mr. Huang's paper. In particular, Mr. Huang pointed out that the first time I saw the word "punishment" in bronze inscriptions, it might be related to the bronze inscriptions in Dingzhong, which was very insightful.
The most obscure point of this sentence is that you should pretend to be "easy" and learn "yes". The meaning of "Fei" ... Yi ... ""Isn't it ... but ... ". The word "calendar" can be pronounced as "Jun", while "Warring States Policy and Qin Ce" has the meaning of "traversing the world". "Jun calendar" is a conjunction, and its meaning is similar to that of punishment, which means both war and punishment. The whole sentence of "non-calendar well (punishment)" means "not killing people with this hammer, but governing the people with criminal law." The author thinks that Mr. Huang's explanation is circuitous, and the characterization has the meaning of punishment and even law, and it is also a funeral. [4]
The author thinks that "calendar" should mean chaos. In Da Dai Guan, it is said that "tough people are born in prison", while Lu argues that there is a sentence "calendar chaos" in Da Dai Shu Li Shengde, and Kong Guangsen notes "calendar chaos" [5] All the above documents show that calendar is closely related to chaos. "Mao" did not appear much in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. [6] In ancient literature, "Mao" was often used as "Mao" and "Yi". "Yi" means "Yes". However, when the word "Yi" is "Yes" in ancient books, it has two meanings: one is the meaning of the word "Ben" and the other is the meaning of "right and wrong". [7] Mr. Huang takes the second meaning. However, although this makes the form conform to the "non-Iraqi" sentence pattern, the inscription becomes difficult to read. In fact, Mr. Huang's translation can't implement the meaning of each word in order, but change the sentence to guess its meaning. In my opinion, there is absolutely no need to properly apply the sentence pattern of "Fei …………………". "Yi" should be trained as "this", well, it is punishment, referring to the law. "Book of Changes" is the meaning of this punishment and this law. The difference between "well" and "style" is that "well" is the general name of law, and "-"refers to the law cast on the tripod. What needs to be pointed out in particular is that the "well" (punishment) in the Western Zhou Dynasty does not mean punishment, but refers to rules, decrees and norms. [8] "Non-calendar well (punishment)" means not to use this punishment or this law indiscriminately. This punishment and this law refer to the previous inscription.
The sentence "used for civil affairs" is easier to understand. Politics is politics, and civil affairs is civil affairs. The inscription emphasizes that this is a lot of investment in the political affairs of the people. The whole inscription is translated in white as follows:
Zeng Boling cast this cymbal to promote the law of governing the people (the criminal tripod), which should not interfere with the administration of civil affairs.
After clarifying the meaning of the text, the author further states Ding and related issues.
Second, the punishment tripod in ancient Chinese characters
The ancient people's writing of torture in Ding Yi did not begin with the emergence of Zheng in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Ceng Bo's inscription is the only combination of "punishment" and "determination" at present. In fact, the ancient Chinese characters with similar structure and legal significance are only paid little attention by the academic circles. These Chinese characters can help us understand the nature of the word "."For example, the word "Ze" also means law in ancient times. Er Ya Shi says, "Ze, Fa Ye." The word "Ze" is written from tripod to knife. The inscription Duan Gui, which was cast in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, said:
Only in October and January are Ding Mao, Wang Biying, et al. [9] and Zeng (presented) sacrificed. After teaching Zhong's grandson, he was ordered to send a message to Duan and give Wang a chance to rest in peace, so that his grandson could enjoy the Millennium sacrifice. [ 10]
This passage means that on Ding Mao's day in November of the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty, the son of heaven asked about the steaming ceremony. In Chen Wu, send a gift. The son of heaven egged Duan on, thinking that he was the grandson of Bi Zhong, and ordered Xun to give him "rectification". Duan praised the beauty of the son of heaven and made this bamboo pole for future generations to sacrifice. "Dafa" in the inscription means "Dafa". Given by the son of heaven, there are traces of ancient books. In Zhou Li's Big Bo, it is said that "five lives belong to the rule", and Joe Cheng explained that "rule is also the law", [1 1] is very correct. It is inappropriate for Guo Moruo to understand "Ze" as land with Zheng Xuan's instructions. [12] as a legal principle has special significance. "Zuo Zhuan Wen Zhuan Gong Eighteen Years" said:
The former monarchy made the Rites of the Week, saying, "We should abide by morality, regulate our behavior, do good deeds and serve the people." . Swear that sabotage is a thief, bribery is a thief, and stealing weapons is a rape. The name of the Lord's possession, used by traitors, is the virtue of great evil, unchangeable and unforgivable, and I will not forget nine words.
In Zhou Gong's oath, "Ze" is the core content. The act of destroying "Ze" belongs to "thief" and cannot be pardoned. For the relevant provisions, please refer to "Nine Penalties". "Ze" in the quotation refers to the laws and regulations related to the ceremony. The Duke of Zhou vowed to ban "destroying governance" and the Emperor granted Duan "Great Governance", all of which reflected the importance of "governance". Duan is second only to Zhou Gong. In Duan Gui's inscription, Duan claimed to be the grandson of Bi Zhong, who was the son of the Duke of Zhou, ranking in the land of San Gong, and was famous in historical records. The son of heaven asked about the steaming ceremony in Bi Gong's fief, naturally because the Duke of Zhou attached importance to etiquette and rewarded his descendants with certain gifts as encouragement.
It is worth noting that the word "Ze" in Duan Gui is written differently from the word "Ze" in the usual inscriptions, as shown in the following figure:
The usual writing method (recorded from the inscription of Zhao Bo Turtle) is Duan Turtle's writing method.
These two words are written Ding on the left and Dao on the right. The difference is that there is usually a tripod on the left and two tripods on the left of the gauge. Mr. Sun Changxu once wrote a textual research on this phenomenon. Starting with Xu Shen's exposition of "Ze" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Mr. Sun pointed out that the shape of "Ze" in Duan Gui is synonymous with standards or norms because it shows that when casting bronzes, a new vessel is made according to the model mother vessel and the shape of the vessel is carved with a knife. [13] The examples of words cited by Mr. Sun are not convincing, and the author has written a document on this. [14] However, "Ze" is indeed the shape of a tripod carved with a knife, and then the ancient exegesis of "Ze, Fa Ye" is used to examine the glyph, and the conclusion is the performance of carving and casting on the tripod. There is one tripod and two tripods, indicating that there may be several tripods in casting method.
The word "Xing" and the word "Ze" in Ceng Bo's inscriptions are almost identical in configuration, and they also come from the tripod. The difference is that the word "well" is added to determine its meaning. As mentioned above, the word "respect" in the inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty itself is the punishment of later generations, which means law. The combination of punishment and tripod means that the punishment book is cast on the tripod. As a cognitive word, its meaning is clearer than the word "then". The existence of the word "Ze" fully proves that the casting method has a long history in Ding Yi, at least in the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, among the tens of thousands of existing bronzes with inscriptions, why is it difficult to see the original Ding? In fact, utensils such as ding have been handed down from generation to generation, but people have not yet realized their essence.
Third, Dinghe instruments of torture
The so-called "criminal tripod" means casting legal norms on the tripod, but the ancients also cast legal norms on other bronze ritual vessels, and its nature is the same as that of the criminal tripod. In the words of ancient literature, the bronze ritual vessels engraved with the law are "instruments of torture", which contain a tripod. The relationship between them is as follows.
The name of "instruments of torture" is common in Zuo Zhuan. Punishment, law and criminal instruments refer to various ritual instruments related to the promulgation of laws. When the torture book was thrown, Shi said: "Fire throwing device"; The state of Jin cast a tripod, and Confucius denounced it as a "good instrument of torture", all of which are examples. The instruments of torture don't necessarily refer to the tripod, and even the scripts cast by Zi are not necessarily on the tripod. The original text of Zuo Zhuan only said that the book of torture was produced, while Du Zhu said that "the book of torture was cast in the tripod, which is the common law of the country." I don't know why. Uncle Kong said that Zi Chan Punishment Book was "this is also a tripod", which was completely out of speculation. It is said that a fire broke out in the Song Dynasty, which made the instruments of torture "happy". In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuozhuan Justice also made it clear that instruments of torture are not necessarily the tripod:
The book is not a famous vessel, so this sentence must contain utensils. Zheng Zhu's The Book of Punishment was scolded by his uncle, and Zhu Jin's The Ding of Punishment was ridiculed by Zhong Ni. He cast it in a tripod for people to see, so he laughed at it to let people know. This torture device must not be in the tripod, but the book is in the vessel, and the government must take care of it. I don't know where it is. Or the book is in edition, and this edition number is the ear of the punishment device.
The existing typical "instruments of torture" for recording the contents of government decrees are the Xi Jia Pan cast in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. As a ritual vessel, Xi Jia Pan is more similar to the punishment tripod in function. Xi's inscription on a plate says:
Wang's political department became a square product on Thursday, as for Nan Huaiyi. Huaiyi used to be my silk, but I dare not lose my silk and its products. Its entry into the customs, its Jia dare not be the second, that is, the market, dare not die, that is, the well is cut, only my princes and people. Jia dare not be a city, but also a well. Xi Ji Bo's father can cook. His eyebrows have lived for thousands of years, and his children and grandchildren will always use them. [ 15]
Xi Jia Pan, which was cast in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, recorded Xi Jia's instructions to institutions related to Huaiyi South and Zhou people. In the inscription, Jia first expounded the basis of his legislative power. Xi Jia said that the Emperor of Heaven ordered him to take charge of collecting the power of attorney from the governors around Chengzhou (Luoyang). [16] The so-called "quartet" extended to the southern border of Huaiyi, so he had the right to promulgate relevant laws and regulations. Next is the text of the decree. According to the law, the people in southern Huaiyi always belonged to the tribe that paid tribute to the dynasty, so they had to pay textiles and grain. Nanhuaiyi must provide labor for Zhou people and engage in business activities in designated military camps or markets. If you don't obey this order, you will be cut as usual. [17] On Monday, the vassals, institutions, and southern provinces engaged in trade activities must also enter the territory and trade in the designated market, otherwise they will be punished according to the rules.
The casting method is closely related to the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The legitimacy of the written law of the Western Zhou Dynasty is reflected through the procedure of ritual system. "Yi Zhou Shu Chang Mai" records the process of the emperor's revision of the torture book, which exudes a strong ritual atmosphere. Before the revision of the criminal punishment book, Emperor Tiandi gave Taizong a gift of "tasting wheat". When the criminal punishment book was promulgated, various ritual procedures were carried out: "Pretending to be Taizong, being a minority, being a country with a few secrets, one sheep each, and three sheep each". After the criminal punishment book was promulgated, the judge ordered Taizong to "make the weather summer and make the temple hot; Enjoying the wind and rain is the life of the ancestral temple. Finally, "A surname hid in the United House and thought it was an old code. "Strict ritual procedures show the sanctity and inviolability of the Criminal Book. Xi's chuck may be related to the ceremony of the alliance.
Jia, representing the dynasty, issued a decree to the princes as a gift from the guild alliance. Through this ceremony, the pecking order between the dynasty and the princes was determined. In Zuo Gong Thirteen Years, Uncle Xiang, who opposed the execution, specifically stated the role:
It's the system of the Ming king, which allows the governors to hire their ambitions at the age of 20, pay tribute to each other for a while, demonstrate for a while, and then have a meeting to make it clear. Determined to do good, pay attention to etiquette and so on, demonstrate to the public and explain to God that no one has done it since ancient times, and no one has lost it.