Source of works
"We met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " From the poem Pipa Xing written by Bai Juyi, a poet in Tang Dynasty.
This poem reveals the unreasonable phenomena such as bureaucratic corruption, the decline of people's livelihood and the burying of talents in feudal society by describing the superb playing skills and unfortunate experiences of the pipa girl, expressing the poet's deep sympathy for her and the poet's resentment at her innocent demotion.
original work
(Preface to Poetry) Yuanhe moved to Sima, Jiujiang County for ten years. Next autumn, seeing off guests in Songpukou and listening to those who play the pipa in the middle of the night will have the clank of iron in Kyoto. Asked male, Ben Chang 'an advocates women, learns the pipa from the old and faded Mu and Cao, and devotes himself to being a good girl. Then he ordered wine and asked Aauto Quicker to play some songs. When I was young, I told myself my happiness. Now I am wandering, haggard and wandering between rivers and lakes. After two years as an official, I feel at ease and feel that I have moved towards the future. Because of long sentences and songs, every 616 words are called pipa xing.
In the evening, I bid farewell to a guest on Xunyang River. Maple leaves and mature rushes rustle in autumn.
I, the host, have dismounted, my guest has boarded his boat, and we raise our cups, hoping to drink-but, alas, there is no music.
Although we drank a lot of wine, we were not happy. When we were leaving each other, the river mysteriously widened in the direction of the full moon.
We heard a sudden sound, a guitar crossed the water, the host forgot to go home and the guests left.
We followed the direction of the melody and asked the player's name, and the voice was interrupted ... and then she reluctantly answered.
We moved the boat closer to hers, invited her to join us, and summoned more wine and lanterns to start our party again.
However, before she came to us, we called a thousand times and urged her for a thousand times, but she still hid half of her face behind her guitar from us.
... she turned the tuning pin and tested several strings, and even before she played, we could feel her feelings.
Every string is a kind of meditation, and every note is a kind of deep thinking, as if she were telling us the pain of her life.
She frowned, bent her fingers, and then started her music, letting her heart share everything with us bit by bit.
She brushes the strings, twists them slowly, sweeps them and plucks them, first "Nishang" and then "Six Yao".
Big strings hum like rain, and small strings whisper like secrets.
Humming, whispering-and then mixing together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade.
Between Guan Ying's words, the bottom of the flower is slippery, so you can't swallow the spring scenery and flow under the ice.
The ice spring is cold and astringent, and the strings condense, and the condensation will never stop.
The depth of sadness and the hiding of sadness are more told in silence than in voice.
A silver vase suddenly burst, pouring out a stream of water, jumping out of the conflict and blow between armored horses and weapons.
Before she put down the pick, her stroke was over, and all four strings made a sound, just like tearing silk.
The east ship was silent, and the west ship was silent. We saw the white autumn moon entering the river.
She tied it thoughtfully on the rope, stood up and smoothed her clothes, serious and polite.
Tell us how she spent her girlhood in the capital and lived in her parents' house in Toad Hill.
She mastered the guitar at the age of thirteen, and her name ranked first in the list of musicians.
Her art even attracted the appreciation of experts, and her beauty attracted the envy of all major dancers.
How did the aristocratic youths in Wuling compete generously? Countless red silks were given to a song.
The silver comb inlaid with shells was broken by her rhythm, and the bloody skirt was stained with wine.
Season after season, joy followed, and neither the autumn moon nor the spring breeze attracted her attention.
Until her brother went to war, and then her aunt died, and the night passed, and the night came, and her beauty disappeared.
Lengma was at the door, so at last she gave her wife to a businessman.
Who, first of all, stole money, accidentally left her and went to Fuliang to buy tea a month ago.
She has been taking care of an empty boat in the estuary, with no companions except the bright moon and cold water.
Sometimes in the middle of the night, she dreams of her victory and is awakened from her dream by her hot tears.
Her first guitar note made me sigh. Now, after listening to her story, I feel even sadder.
We were all unhappy until the end of the day, when we met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? !
A year ago, I left the capital and came here. Now I am a sick Jiujiang exile.
Jiujiang is so far away that I haven't heard music, neither strings nor bamboo sounds for a whole year.
My residence is near the town by the river, low and humid, and the house is surrounded by bitter reeds and yellow rushes.
What can you hear here in the morning and evening? ? The cuckoo's bleeding cry, the ape's sobbing.
I often pick up the wine and drink it alone in the morning of spring with flowers and the night of autumn with moonlight shining.
Of course, there are folk songs and bagpipes in the village, but they are rough and harsh, and they are harsh in my ears.
Tonight, when I heard you playing the guitar, I felt that my hearing was illuminated by wonderful music.
Don't leave us. Come, sit down. Play it for us again. I will write a Long song about guitar. ..
... she was moved by my words, stood there for a while, and then sat down to play her strings-they sounded even sadder.
Although the tune was different from what she had played before, all the listeners covered their faces.
But which of them cried the most? ? This Jiujiang official. My blue sleeves are wet.
Translation of works
(Preface) In the tenth year of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong, I was demoted to Sima in Jiujiang County. One day in the autumn of the following year, I was seeing off guests at Songpukou, and at night I heard someone playing the lute on the boat. Listen to that sound, jingle bells, with the popular rhyme of Kyoto. Ask about this person, who turned out to be a singer in Chang 'an, and once studied under two pipa masters, Mu and Cao. Later, she got old, retired and married a businessman. So I ordered someone to set the wine and asked her to play a few songs happily. After she finished playing, she looked a little blue. She talked about the joy of childhood, but now she is wandering, haggard and wandering between rivers and lakes. After leaving Beijing for two years, I had a very relaxed and enjoyable life. Now I am moved by this man's words, and I feel that I was demoted that night. So I wrote a song for her, * * * 6 16, entitled Pipa Trip.
On autumn night, I went to Xunyang Jiangtou to see off a returning guest, and the autumn wind blew the maple leaves and reeds rustling.
My guests and I dismounted from the boat to bid farewell and drank useless music.
If you don't drink well, it will be even sadder. You left, and the river reflected the bright moon at night.
Suddenly I heard the crisp sound of pipa on the river; I forgot to return, and the guests didn't want to leave.
Find the sound source and ask who is playing the pipa. Pipa stopped for a long time but nothing happened.
We brought the boat closer and invited her out to meet; Tell the servant to add more wine, and then set the banquet under the lamp.
It was a long time before she came out slowly, holding the pipa in her arms and covering her face half.
Tighten the piano shaft, pluck the strings and try to play a few times; Form is very affectionate before it becomes a tune.
The sad sound of the strings suggests meditation; It seems to be telling the frustration of her life;
She kept her head down and kept playing; Tell the infinite past in your heart with the sound of the piano.
Close it gently, twist it slowly, wipe it and pick it. Play "Colorful Feather" at the beginning and then "Liuyao".
The big string is long and noisy, like a storm; Xiaoxian is gentle and quiet, as if someone is whispering.
Noise and tangles are played alternately; Like a string of beads falling from a jade plate.
Pipa sounds like a smooth birdsong under a flower for a while, and then it sounds like a difficult, low and intermittent sound of water flowing under the ice.
It seems that the cold and astringent pipa sound of the spring began to condense, and the sound of poor condensation gradually stopped.
Like another kind of sadness and hatred secretly breeds; At this time, it is more touching than the sound.
Suddenly, it seems that the silver bottle broke into the water and splashed; Like armored cavalry fighting with swords and guns.
At the end of the song, she aimed at the center of the strings and parted them; The roar of four strings seems to tear the cloth.
People from the East Ship and the West Ship listened quietly; I saw Bai Yue reflected in the middle of the river.
She thoughtfully put the pick away and inserted it on the strings; Finishing clothes still looks solemn.
She said I was a famous singer in Beijing. My hometown is in Ling Ran, southeast of Chang 'an.
Learn to play pipa at the age of thirteen; My name was included in the first lineup of Jiao Fang Philharmonic Orchestra.
Every song makes the art masters gasp in admiration; Every time I make up Chengdu, I am envied by my fellow geisha.
Rich children in Kyoto compete to offer color; I don't know how much red yarn I collected after playing a song.
The silver grate in the hammer head is often broken when it is struck; I don't regret that the red skirt is stained with wine.
Spent year after year in laughter and farce; Autumn goes and spring comes, and good times are wasted.
My brother joined the army, and my sister died at home, which has been ruined; As time goes by, I get old and my skin color fades.
Cars and horses in front of the door reduce diners; Youth is gone, so I have to marry a businessman.
When businessmen value profits more than feelings, they tend to leave easily; He went to Fuliang to do tea business last month.
He left, leaving me alone at the mouth of the river; The autumn moon accompanied me around the cabin, and the autumn water was cold.
In the middle of the night, I often dream that I had a good time when I was young; I woke up crying in my dream, and my face was stained with tears.
Listening to the cry of pipa, I have shook my head and sighed; It makes me sad to hear her talk again.
We are all sad people who have fallen to the end of the world; Why do you ask if you have seen it before when you meet today?
Since I left the bustling capital Chang 'an last year; He was relegated to Xunyang River and often fell ill.
Xunyang this place is desolate and remote without music; You can't hear orchestral instruments all year round.
Living in a low-lying and humid place on the Ganjiang River; Yellow reeds and bitter bamboo surround the first house.
What can you hear here sooner or later? Full of sad cries of cuckoo apes.
Riverside flowers, as good as Qiu Jiang moonlit night; I can't help it I often drink wine alone.
Are there no folk songs and village flutes here? It's just hoarse and harsh.
Tonight, I listened to you play the pipa and spoke your mind, just like hearing Yue Xian's refreshing.
Please don't refuse to sit down and play another song; I want to write a new poem "Pipa" for you.
Moved by my words, she stood for a long time; Turn around and sit down, then tighten the strings and dial the urgent tone.
Sadness is no longer like the sound just now; People here are hard of hearing, hiding their faces and crying.
Which of you shed the most tears? My tears of Jiangzhou Sima soaked my blue skirt!
Creation background
In June of the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), in the Tang Dynasty, the forces of the buffer region sent assassins to stab the Prime Minister Wu and the imperial minister Pei Du at the head of Chang 'an Street. Therefore, the forces of the buffer region further demanded the removal of Pei Du, so as to stabilize the buffer region's "anti-frontier" heart. Bai Juyi advocated severely punishing the murderer, which was suspected of "exceeding authority"; Moreover, Bai Juyi often wrote allegorical poems, which offended the powerful people in the DPRK, so he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. Sima is the assistant of the secretariat. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the placement of "criminal" officials was a disguised distribution. This incident had a great influence on Bai Juyi and was a turning point in his ideological transformation. Since then, his early fighting spirit has gradually worn away and his negative emotions have increased. In the autumn of the 11th year of Yuanhe (AD 8 16), Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima for two years. He saw off guests in Jiangtou, Xunyang, and met a singer who was abandoned in his youth because of his artistic skills. She was unhappy, and combined with her own travel experience, she wrote this famous Pipa Line (the original Pipa Line Preface) in the form of singing.
works appreciation
As a long narrative poem, this poem is rigorous and meticulous in structure, with twists and turns in plot and ups and downs.
The first part is about seeing Fujian crossing the river and suddenly hearing the sound of pipa, in order to explain it to the pipa girl. From "I saw the guests off on Xunyang River in the dead of night" to "I still hid half my face behind her guitar so that we couldn't see it", I described my regret that there was no music at the farewell party, invited businessmen to play the pipa, described the timbre of the pipa in detail, and tried to shape the image of the pipa girl. The first sentence, "I see a guest off at night in Xunyang River", is only seven words, which roughly introduces the people (host and guests), the place (head of Xunyang River), the event (host sees a guest off) and the time (night); Dye the environment with the phrase "Maple leaves and adult rushes rustle in autumn", and the bleak feeling of farewell to Fujian in autumn night has already spread. But it's bleak and lonely, so it starts from "We raise our glasses and hope to drink-but, alas, there is no music". The word "without orchestral strings" not only echoed the later phrase "without strings or bamboo for a whole year", but also paved the way for the appearance and performance of pipa girls. Because the foreshadowing of "No strings" and "We are unhappy after drinking all, and we are leaving" is very strong, then "When the river mysteriously widens to the full moon" is used as an environment for baking and dyeing, which constitutes a strong sense of depression, and makes "We heard a sudden sound and a guitar crossed the water" have a strong hollow footstep to prepare for the sudden change below. From Autumn's Bleak, No Chord and Farewell at Night to Sudden Smell, Sounding for Sound, Quietly Asking, Moving Boat, to Inviting to See, it can be said to be "yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us". But "inviting to meet" is not so easy. It takes a long-awaited process before she will "come out". It's not that she cares about identity Just like "I" is eager to listen to Yue Xian's pipa, it is "eager to write the hatred of the end of the world", but she is "but we called it a thousand times before she set off for us" because she is full of "the hatred of the end of the world", so it is inconvenient to say it and she doesn't want to see anyone. Because of this, the poet used the voice to cut off the portrait ... Then, she reluctantly answered, still hiding half of her face behind the guitar from us to express her indescribable pain. The description of this pipa girl's appearance is vivid and touching. She didn't see the pipa before she heard it, and her inner pain was slightly revealed before she heard it, which caused many suspense for the development of the next story.
The second part describes the pipa girl and the pipa music she plays, and reveals the inner world of the pipa girl concretely and vividly. Pipa girl is "yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us" because of "frustration in life". Through the description of pipa timbre, she shows her superb playing skills. Tap the string (close) with your fingers, knead the string (twist) with your fingers, dial (wipe) conveniently, and dial back (pick) backhand, which is skillful and natural. Thick strings are heavy and majestic "like showers", thin strings are as thin as whispers, and crisp and round as beads falling on a jade plate, which are also described from the perspective of vision and hearing. During the performance of "Nishang" and "Liu Yao", there are always six sentences of "thinking on each string, thinking on each tone", which are described by "She frowned, stretched out her fingers, and then began to play" and "She brushed the strings, twisted them slowly, swept them and plucked them", and "She seemed to tell us about her life's pain" and ". In the following fourteen sentences, when copying music with the help of the phonology of language, various vivid metaphors are used to enhance its vividness. The big string is like rain, which not only uses the overlapping word "noisy" to describe the sound, but also uses "like a downpour" to visualize it. The same is true of "whispering as a secret". That's not enough. "Humming, whispering-and then mixing together" reproduces the interlaced features of two melodies, such as "like a shower" and "like a whisper". If we use the metaphor of "like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade", the visual image and auditory image will be exposed at the same time, which is dazzling and dazzling. The melody is constantly changing, and there are two artistic conceptions: first "slippery" and then "astringent". "Off-site" sound is light and smooth, which is like "flower bottom", and the beauty of visual image strengthens the beauty of auditory image. The sound of "choking" is sad and choked, which is like "flowing under the ice" The coldness of visual image intensifies the coldness of auditory image. From "indifference" to "silence" is a process of "silence". The poet's quatrains of "going into mourning and hiding deeply, silence is better than sound" describe the artistic realm with lingering sound and endless meaning, which is amazing. At this point, I thought it was over. Who knows that "sadness and dark hatred" has accumulated infinite power in the process of "the voice gradually subsided" and cannot be suppressed. In the end, just like the "silver bottle bursting", the water slurry burst, and like the "iron horse standing out", the sword roared and suddenly pushed the undercurrent of "Ningjue" to a climax. It was only at the climax that I received a painting and came to an abrupt end. Although the song is over, the soul-stirring and soul-stirring musical charm has not disappeared. The poet takes the environmental description of "the east boat is quiet, the west is quiet, and we see the white autumn moon entering the heart of the river" as the side lining, leaving readers with a broad space with lingering charm.
The third part writes the story of pipa girl. From "meditation" to "being awakened from a dream by her hot tears": The poet tells the life story on behalf of the merchant woman, and the experience from the girl to the merchant woman is like the agitation and silence of the pipa. Just like after the invitation, the details of playing the pipa were omitted; After the song, the inquiry about life experience was also omitted, and two sentences describing portraits were used to transition to "soliloquy": the expression of "thoughtful" was obviously related to the inquiry, reflecting the contradiction between her inner desire to talk and rest; A series of actions and expressions such as "letting go", "inserting strings", "tidying clothes", "getting up" and "smoothing her face" show her psychological activities of overcoming contradictions and freeing her mind from her chest. After soliloquy, she wrote a gripping elegy for the pipa girl's half-life experience, which complemented the music "Let her heart share everything with ours bit by bit" and completed the image-building of the heroine. The image of the heroine is extremely vivid and true, and it is very typical. Through this image, the tragic fate of musicians and artists who were insulted and damaged in feudal society was deeply reflected.
The fourth part is the poet's deep affection, from "her first guitar note made me sigh" to "the Jiujiang official" at last. My blue sleeves are wet. "This is the fourth paragraph. After being relegated to Jiujiang, the poet felt lonely, felt his own life experience and expressed sympathy for the pipa girl. Both the poet and the pipa girl have fallen from the prosperous capital to this remote place. The poet's sympathy is full of sighs for his own misfortune, and the pipa sound of "complaining about life and failing to achieve" also tells the poet's grievances. Excited by the fate of the pipa girl, the poet sighed, "We are all unhappy-forever and ever, we meet. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " And expressed the feeling of being in the same boat. Poetry is lively, step by step, dotted everywhere. Strong feelings, tears of the lost through the ages, also triggered an opportunity of love at first sight for the lost through the ages.
This is a famous masterpiece of realism. The full text takes the characters as clues, not only writing the life experience of the pipa girl, but also writing the poet's feelings, and then meeting in the sentence "We are both unhappy-to the end of the day". The tragic experience of the singer is very specific and can be regarded as a bright line; The poet's feelings permeate between the lines, and with the constant changes of the music played by the pipa girl and her life experience, it can be regarded as a dark line. This one is bright and dark, one is real and one is empty, which makes the plot ups and downs. The story it tells is tortuous and touching, and the emotion it expresses can arouse people's voices. The language is beautiful but not flashy, refined but not obscure, the content is close to life and has a wide range of sociality, elegance and popularity.
Brief introduction of the author
Bai Juyi (772-846), also known as Letian, was a layman in Xiangshan and a native of Xiayi. Realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. In Zhenyuan, he was a scholar, awarded the secretary of the provincial school book lang, and later moved to be an old man and a doctor who praised Zuo Shan. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), Prime Minister Wu was assassinated, and Bai Juyi advocated severely punishing the murderer. He was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima for exceeding his authority, and successively served as the secretariat of Hangzhou, the secretariat of Suzhou and the minister of punishments. In the sixth year of Huichang (846), he died and was given the right servant of Shangshu, posthumous title. Bai Juyi is an advocate of the new Yuefu movement. He advocates that "articles should be written in time and poems should be written for things". His poetic language is well known, and he is called "Bai Yuan" with Yuan Zhen and "Bai Liu" with Liu Yuxi. His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Charcoal Man, Pipa Travel and so on. And Bai Changqing's collection has been passed down from generation to generation. Later generations called it "the poet king" and "the poet demon".