1. Latitude and elevation: Most vineyards in the world are located between 20-52 degrees north latitude and south latitude.

On the vine (9 pieces)

Between 30 and 45 degrees, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The altitude is generally 400-60 1 m. Most grapes in China vary between 30 and 43 degrees north latitude.

Large, about 200- 1000m, grape distribution height in Huailai, Hebei Province1/000 m, Xu Da, Shanxi Province 1200m, Shannan, Tibet 1500m or more. Latitude and altitude are important factors affecting temperature and heat in a large range.

2. Slope direction and gradient: Under the condition of similar terrain conditions, the microclimate of different slope directions is obviously different. Usually the slopes facing south (including due south, northwest and southeast) receive more light and heat, and the temperature is higher on weekdays. The warming effect of sloping land is closely related to its slope. Generally, every tilt to the south 1 degree is equivalent to a forward 1 latitude. The hottest tilt angle is about 20-35 degrees (within 40-50 degrees north latitude). Grapes are more resistant to drought and poor soil.

Fine, can develop roots in a relatively small range, so it is more suitable for slope cultivation than other fruit trees. However, the greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion. Therefore, when planting grapes, priority should be given to the land with a slope below 20-25 degrees.

3. Influence of water surface: In large water areas, such as oceans, lakes, rivers and reservoirs, due to absorbing a lot of solar radiation energy, the temperature in daytime and summer is lower than that in land, while the temperature in night and winter is higher than that in inland. Therefore, the coastal climate near the water area is mild and the frost-free period is long. The vineyards near the big water surface reflect a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet light in the deep water, and the berries are colored and of good quality, so when choosing vineyards, try to be close to big lakes, rivers and oceans.

edaphic condition

Grapes can grow in various soils, such as desert, flood plain, saline-alkali land, rocky slope and so on, but different soil conditions have different effects on the growth and fruit of grapes.

1. Soil-forming parent rock core: In the soil formed by limestone or rich in lime soil core, the grape root system is developed, sugar accumulation and aromatic substances are more developed, and calcium in the soil has a good influence on the quality of wine. World-famous winemaking areas are located on this land, such as Champagne and Xia Lang de Konnek. But the soil layer is thin, and there is often a gravel layer under it, which is easy to cause water leakage and fertilizer leakage.

2. Soil layer thickness and mechanical composition: The soil layer thickness of the vineyard is generally 80- 100㎝. Sandy soil has strong permeability, strong radiation in summer, large soil temperature difference, high sugar content and good grape flavor, but the soil is short of organic matter and poor in moisture and fertility. Clay has poor permeability and is easy to harden. Grape has shallow roots, weak yield and poor fruit. Sometimes the output is large, but the quality is poor. Generally speaking, grapes should not be planted on heavy clay. High-quality grapes can be planted on gravelly soil, such as gravelly Gobi soil in Lufan Basin, Xinjiang (gravel and sand are above 80%). After improvement, the grapes grow well.

3. Groundwater level: Grapes grow in moist soil and produce good fruits. Groundwater level has an influence on soil moisture, and the soil with low groundwater level has poor water storage capacity; The soil with high groundwater level and close to the ground is not suitable for growing grapes. The suitable groundwater level should be below1.5-2m. Under the condition of good drainage, grapes can grow and bear fruit well in the soil where the groundwater level is 0.7- 1 m above the ground.

4. Soil chemical composition: It is of great significance to the nutrition of grape plants. Generally speaking, grapes grow well in a slightly acidic environment with a PH of 6-6.5. In the soil with too strong acidity (pH close to 4), the growth is obviously poor, and in the soil with relatively strong alkalinity (pH 8.3-8.7), yellow leaf disease begins to appear. Therefore, the soil with too large or too small acidity needs to be improved before grapes can be planted. In addition, grapes are salt-tolerant plants in fruit trees and can grow well in places where apple, pear and other fruit trees can't grow.

climatic factor

It is one of the main indexes of grape variety zoning. The French believe that only grapes planted in specific soil can produce world famous wines with unique flavor. However, for the vast grape producing areas in the world, this situation of dividing grape regions by soil is not universal and absolute. The factors affecting grape quality and wine quality are comprehensive. Only in most cases, climate often plays a leading role in the growth of grapes and the quality of wine, and climate has become the most important and active factor among many factors. Meteorological conditions such as illumination, measurement and precipitation are all necessary conditions for grape growth and fruiting, especially in summer and autumn.

1. illumination: solar energy is the only energy source for grape photosynthesis. It is the driving force of energy and material circulation of grapes. 90%-95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%. Grapes are light-loving crops. For thousands of years, people have erected and trimmed it in order to get more adequate and reasonable light.

2. Temperature: Temperature (heat) is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruit of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20-5 1℃ north latitude. The northern limit of European grape variety cultivation is the Rhine Valley in Germany, and the southern limit of cultivation extends to India. In the southern hemisphere, grapes are mainly planted at 20-40℃ south latitude. The limiting factors for the expansion of grape planting range in Europe to the equator are high temperature, disease and lack of sufficient low temperature to induce grape dormancy. The main limiting factor for the expansion of European grapes to the poles is that the growing season is short, which is not enough to ensure the maturity of fruits and vines and to resist the low temperature in winter.

3. Precipitation: The quantity and seasonal distribution of precipitation strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning. Due to different climate types in the world, the seasonal variation of precipitation shows significant differences. The seasonal distribution of climate precipitation in the Mediterranean is characterized by drought in summer and autumn and rainy in winter and spring. However, the climate of the main grape growing areas in China is monsoon climate (except Xinjiang), which is hot and rainy in summer and rainy in the south in spring, making it difficult to grow grapes. Except Xinjiang, it is not good for grapes, and the phenomenon of grape water shortage is very obvious.

Biological properties

temperature

Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, the average temperature in early spring is about 10℃, and the soil temperature 30cm underground is 7- 10℃.

Different grapes (16)

At that time, hybrids from Europe, Asia and Europe and America began to sprout; Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate at soil temperature of 5-7℃. With the increase of temperature, the germinated new buds will grow faster, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new buds and the meridional division of flower buds is 25-38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28-32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7- 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25-30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs an effective accumulated temperature of 2 1℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 25℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 33℃ to fully mature.

The ability to tolerate low temperature varies with species and organs, such as Eurasian species and European-American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 to -4℃ when sprouting; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormancy period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of longan, rose fragrance and vineyard queen in Eurasia were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and froze to death for two days at around -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.

illuminate

Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.

moisture

Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die. However, excessive water is harmful to growth, and flooding in flood season generally does not exceed 1 week, and it can still grow as usual after water infiltration; Flooding for more than 10 days will suffocate the roots, and also cause yellowing and shedding of leaves, insufficient new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation and even plant death. Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Early spring germination, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period need sufficient water supply. Generally, it is appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time.

land

Grapes are very adaptable to soil. Except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, all kinds of soil can be cultivated, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2-3 years, the salt content in the soil can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstocks.

other

In grape cultivation, we should not only consider the requirements of grapes for suitable climatic conditions, but also pay attention to avoiding and protecting disastrous climate, such as long drought, flood, severe frost, strong wind and hail. All these may cause great losses to grape production. For example, strong winds in the growing season often break new buds, scrape off fruit ears and even destroy vines. Hail in summer often damages branches and leaves and ears, which seriously affects the yield and quality of grapes. Therefore, the frequency and intensity of a certain disaster factor should be taken into account when building a garden, and the location of the garden should be reasonably selected, the suitable direction should be determined, the shelterbelt should be built, and other corresponding protective measures should be taken.

cultivation techniques

Seedling raising and planting

Cutting propagation is commonly used to cut off annual branches with vigorous growth and full bud eyes. Cuttings with single or double buds are about 5- 15cm long, and planted in the seedbed with the spacing of 15cm×50cm in February. However, rootstocks with strong adaptability and resistance should be selected in hot areas, and grafted seedlings suitable for local climate conditions should be cultivated through grafting propagation. In the selection of rootstocks, American Riverside grapes are heat-resistant and moisture-resistant; Vitis amurensis from East Asia is highly resistant to fungal diseases. Hot areas can be planted in winter or in Kechun. The row spacing and plant spacing of the grid frame are 3m× 1. 5-2m, 1500-2000 plants/hm ㎡; Or 4 m× 0.5- 1 m, 2250-4500 plants /hm ㎡.

Fertilizer and water management

Grapes need a lot of nutrients, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increase accordingly after entering the fruiting stage. Except organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium need 80- 150kg per hectare, which should be adjusted according to varieties, yield, tree potential and soil fertility. Apply base fertilizer after winter, and apply 30,000 kg of chicken and duck manure, 3,750 kg of cake fertilizer and 3,750 kg of calcium superphosphate per hectare. Topdressing before shading buds and flowering expansion, and spraying Zhuangguodiling in time. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the early stage to promote the growth of branches and flowers, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied in the fruit expansion stage to improve the quality. Topdressing outside the roots, spraying 0. 3% urinary tract and 0. 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can promote fruit expansion and ripening. In order to produce high-quality grapes, irrigation facilities are needed in the garden to avoid drastic changes in soil dryness and wetness.

Grape Group Map (19)

Change. Generally, there is a lot of water demand in germination stage and young fruit growth stage, so irrigation should be done in time in case of drought.

Plastic trimming

In hot areas, small sheds or T-hedges are generally used for single stems and fewer main vines. The frame is higher than the ground, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission and reduces the damage of diseases and ground radiation to leaves and fruits. Pruning is one of the important measures to ensure the output of the year. Winter occurs after defoliation, with 8- 12 nodes for long branches, 5-7 nodes for middle branches and 3- 1 node for short branches. Summer pruning is to remove the redundant buds in the germination stage, and coat a layer of calluses at the pruning mouth. Before flowering, too many inflorescences should be sparse, the big ones should be kept small, and the strong ones should be kept weak. When the branches and vines grow to a certain extent, they should be tied to the surface of the frame, and the tendrils should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. Results 5 ~ 7 leaves were left before the inflorescence to improve the nutritional status. Grape has a high fruit setting rate, so it can be thinned appropriately to make the fruit size uniform, otherwise abnormal fruit and small fruit will appear.

Multiple result branching measure

(1) Use the auxiliary tip to bear fruit many times a year. The tropical climate is warm, the growth period is long, the buds are early, the secondary buds germinate many times, the inflorescence primordium is easy to form, and the grapes can be induced to bear fruit many times a year. Choose suitable varieties, such as Kyoho, white banana and so on. 15- 20 days before flowering, after 4-6 leaves are left on the fruiting vine for coring, 1-2 secondary branches are promoted to germinate at the top, and the rest are erased to form inflorescence primordium; When the secondary tip is 5-6 leaves long, leave 1-2 leaves for forced coring; Secondary buds appear after coring, and when it grows to 3 ~ 4 leaves, leave 1 leaf for coring; The secondary branches are treated three times in the same way, and after many times of coring treatment, the secondary branches can bear fruit many times a year.

(2) Artificial defoliation forces new buds to germinate. After the first fruit picking, in August-September, the leaves are pruned and forcibly picked, or 1.035kg/L stone sulfur mixture is sprayed on the branches and leaves, and 1%-5% sodium pentachlorophenol is added to make the leaves fall off. At this time, the temperature is very high, which can make the new buds sprout, blossom and bear fruit that year and mature in the first half of June. Because twice a year, fertilizer and water management should keep up in time.

Spraying Guoxing plant nutrients can further improve the yield and quality of grapes. According to the biological and physiological characteristics of grapes, it is the best economic benefit to use it five times in vineyards with good management level in normal years, and the five-time use period is:

The first time: in the growth period of new shoots, supplement nutrition, promote the full development of flower organs, reduce residual flowers, overcome the problem that flowers fail to bear fruit or fall off seriously due to insufficient nutrition and poor development, and lay a good foundation for improving fruit setting rate.

The second time: flowering, which can enhance the pollination and fertilization ability and significantly improve the fruit setting rate. Especially for varieties with slow pollen tube elongation such as Kyoho, the effect is more obvious. However, attention should be paid to thinning out too many fruit grains in time to make the whole ear fruit grains even and tidy.

The third and fourth times: the growing period of berries is the key period for the formation of yield and quality. It can improve the physiological function of leaves, speed up the light and speed, promote the accumulation and transformation of photosynthetic products of fruit grains, and promote the early expansion, early coloring and early maturity of fruit grains, thus achieving the goals of high yield, early maturity and high quality.

The fifth time: berry ripening, used when grapes are to be picked, can delay leaf senescence, maintain its high physiological function, delay defoliation, make branches fully mature and restore tree vigor. This is especially important for high-yield orchards and weak-tree orchards.

soilless culture

Now I will provide you with the technical points of soilless cultivation of grapes in protected areas, hoping to help you. Culture form and matrix formula

The formula of grape soilless culture substrate must be a mixed substrate with organic substrate as the main substrate. The substrates used are peat, organic fertilizer and plant straw, each accounting for 1/3, and 5% river sand and 5% vermiculite are added. The cultivation form is geosyncline. First, dig a planting ditch with a depth of 60cm and a width of 100m, and lay stones at the bottom of 10cm for underground drainage, which is connected with one end of the ditch and the waist ditch. The upper part of 50cm is a substrate layer. Peat, organic fertilizer and river sand are mixed in the substrate layer, and plant straws and vermiculite are spread on it. The substrate is rinsed with pouring water, and then grape seedlings are planted.

Management technology

The fertilization method is mainly solid inorganic fertilizer. According to the needs of grape growth and development, topdressing urea three times (twice less than soil culture) in the first year of planting, with 50 grams per plant each time; The ternary compound fertilizer is applied twice, each time100g/plant, and 9 kg of urea and 12 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu throughout the year, which are 1/5 and 1/4 of the top dressing amount per mu of soil cultivation respectively. Supplementing trace elements by foliar spraying, combined with spraying for 2-3 times throughout the year.

Because of the vigorous growth and huge root system of grapes cultivated in substrate, the ability to resist pests and diseases is greatly improved. The drug was used 3~4 times in the first year of planting, and as a result, it was used less than 5 times in the growing season that year.

The trellis for soilless cultivation of grapes is better than the hedge trellis. Because the hedge frame is short and the grapes grow vigorously, the fruit is not as good as the trellis. From the test results, it is easy to produce high yield and improve quality in the early stage by using flat shed small X plastic surgery.

Output and quality

Because the vines cultivated in soilless substrate grow vigorously (its growth is 2~3 times that of soil culture), the crown forms quickly and the second yield is high (but the yield should be controlled). When the yield is equivalent to that of soil culture, the glucose level is higher than that of soil culture 1~2 degrees (soluble solids). If Odia is seedless, soil culture is generally 15~ 16 degrees, soilless culture is 18~ 19 degrees, and Kyoho is also 18~ 19 degrees. In order to ensure the quality of grapes, the yield of grape soilless substrate cultivation should be strictly controlled. The young trees planted in 2004 were preserved by varieties until 2005-750 kg/mu for early-maturing varieties (August and Audiat seedless) and 0/000 kg/mu for middle-maturing varieties (Jufeng and Rizamat).