Gardenia. Also called gardenia and gardenia. It is an evergreen shrub of Rubiaceae. Mainly produced in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other provinces, Hunan has a large output and Zhejiang has good quality; In addition, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces also produce. Gardenia was cultivated in China very early, as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties (3rd-2nd century BC). The Collection of Agriculture and Mulberry in Yuan Dynasty described in detail the method of breeding gardenia with seeds. Use ripe fruit as medicine. Contains geniposide, geniposide, geniposide, gardenoside, geniposide, crocin, crocetin, deacetylated alfalfa leaf glycoside and its methyl ester, beta-sitosterol, nonacosane, etc. The peel also contains ursolic acid. Pharmacological tests show that this product is beneficial to gallbladder, lowering blood pressure, sedation, analgesia and hemostasis. Geniposide has antidiarrheal effect; Geniposide and crocetin can increase bile secretion; The water extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (1∶3) has inhibitory effect on various skin fungi in test tubes. Bitter taste and cold nature. It has the functions of purging fire, detoxicating, clearing away heat, promoting diuresis, cooling blood and removing blood stasis. Can be used for the treatment of fever, hyperpyrexia, toothache due to excessive fire, sores on mouth and tongue, epistaxis, hematemesis, conjunctivitis, sores and swelling, infectious icteric hepatitis, etc. External application can treat sprain and swelling.

I. Morphological characteristics

The height of this tree can reach 2 meters. Stems are much branched. Leaves opposite or 3 leaves, leathery, elliptic to broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7- 14 cm long, dark green and shiny; Stipules membranous, usually 2 pieces connected into a tube inside petiole, surrounding branchlets. Flowers are large and solitary in branches or leaf axils. Calyx tube is almost as long as lobes. After the corolla is opened, it looks like a tall dish, usually 6 petals, sometimes 5 petals or 7 petals. Cultivators often have double petals, white and fragrant. The fruit is large, fleshy, obovate or oblong, with 5-8 longitudinal wings on the surface, and golden yellow or yellow red when it is ripe. Most seeds are bright yellow (figure 15-65).

Fig.15-65 Morphological diagram of Gardenia.

1. Fruit branch 2. Flower branch 2. biological property

(A) the growth and development characteristics of major organs

1. root system

The growth of root system and its distribution in soil are related to age. Annual plants have obvious taproots and lateral roots tend to extend around the soil at an angle of 45-60 degrees. The lateral roots of three-year-old plants can reach 14, which is more developed than the main roots and distributed in the soil at an angle of 30-40 degrees. The taproot growth of thirteen-year-old plants is not obvious, and the lateral roots are distributed in the soil at an angle of 15-25 degrees. 75% of them are distributed in 40cm surface soil. When the temperature of 10cm soil layer reaches 12℃, the roots begin to grow. The suitable temperature is 20-25℃. When the soil temperature exceeds 365438 0℃, if the soil water content is low, the root activity tends to stop. The growth of roots and branches are staggered. In a year, the growth of root system has three peak periods. The first peak is after the spring shoots stop growing and before the Zhixia buds grow, the number of hairy roots is the largest and the elongation is faster. After the second shoot in summer, the number of hair roots is the second and the elongation is the fastest; After the autumn shoot stopped growing for the third time, the number of hair roots was small and the elongation was slow.

Shooting skill

In the growth cycle of a year, the growth of branches can be divided into three seasons: spring, summer and autumn. Spring shoots germinate mostly from late March to late May, and the population germinates more orderly. From early June to early August, summer shoots germinated at the top of spring shoots, and the population germinated irregularly; Autumn buds appear from August to September, and groups of them germinate neatly, and the branches grow vigorously. Among the branches, summer branch is the main branch to expand the crown, and autumn branch is the main branch to bear fruit. 165438+1After early October, bamboo shoots stopped growing.

3. Leaves and buds

According to the position of buds, there are terminal buds and axillary buds. The terminal buds of spring shoots are leaf buds, and most of them germinate as summer shoots. The terminal buds of autumn shoots often form flower buds. Most axillary buds are hidden buds, and the germination rate is low, but the germination ability of hidden buds at the neck of main roots is strong. Leaves can germinate and develop three times a year, and the leaves are in sync with the growth of new shoots. The leaves on the branches in spring and summer are larger, while those on the branches in autumn are smaller and thicker. There are two defoliation periods in a year. The first time is April-May, new leaves grow in the spring shoots, and the old leaves in the autumn shoots gradually fall off from bottom to top in the second year; The second time was from August to June of 10, and the leaves on the spring and summer shoots fell off by 90%.

4. Flowers and fruits

The flowering period is from May to June, and it takes about 55 days for the population to start flowering and end. Buds are mostly in 18-22. It takes 120- 150 hours for a single flower to spread from petals to wither. The color of the flowers changed from white to yellowish brown. The fruiting period is July-165438+ 10, and the fruit development takes about 150 days from flowering to fruit maturity. According to the state of fruit development, it can be divided into four stages. Namely physiological fruit drop period, fruit expansion period, fruit coloring period and fruit maturity period. Fruit dropping mostly occurred in the young fruit stage after flowering (middle and late June), and the fruit dropping rate was 28.2-4 1.6%. The fruit expansion period is from July to August, during which the fruit expands rapidly and needs sufficient nutrition. Fruit coloring began in early September; From the end of 10 to the beginning of 1 10, the fruit has been completely colored, indicating that the fruit has matured. There are as many as 340 seeds per fruit, and the 1000-seed weight is 3.2g Because the flower buds of Gardenia mostly form at the top of summer shoots and autumn shoots, it is common that the fruiting parts move up year by year.

(b) Requirements of growth and development on environmental conditions

illuminate

The demand for light for the growth and development of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is related to the growth age. Before fruiting, plants need a certain degree of shading and grow well under 30% shading. But after entering the fruiting age (above four years old), I like plenty of light. If shaded, the growth potential is weak, the flower buds decrease, the fruit dropping rate increases, the fruit ripening is delayed, and the yield per plant decreases by 29.6%.

2. Temperature

After picking the gardenia fruit, the seeds matured 60 days later, soaked for 24 hours, germinated at 30-35℃, and radicles appeared 4 days later. Direct seeding seeds germinate at about 16-22℃ and come out for about 15 days. At -20℃, the overground parts of adult plants are damaged, but the underground parts can still remain immortal. In the annual growth cycle, when the average temperature of the day is above 10℃, the aboveground parts begin to germinate and the leaves begin to spread at 14℃. Bud opening is higher than 18℃, lower than 15℃ or higher than 30℃ to promote flower and fruit dropping; 165438+1In mid-October, the temperature dropped below 12℃, and the aboveground part of the plant stopped growing and went into dormancy.

Step 3: Moisture

The humid climate is suitable for growing in places where the annual precipitation is about 1300mm and the precipitation distribution is relatively uniform. Avoid stagnant water and be more drought-tolerant. During the flowering and fruit-setting period from May to July, if there is more rainfall, the flowers and fruits will drop obviously.

4. Land

Gardenia has a wide adaptability to soil, and can grow in purple soil, clay, yellow soil, pebble soil and red soil, but alluvial soil and gravel soil with deep soil layer, loose texture and good drainage and ventilation are the best. Saline-alkali land is not suitable for cultivation, and the optimum pH value of soil is 5. 1-8.3. The terrain requirement is not high, and it can grow on plains and hills below 400m m m.

5. Fertilizer

Gardenia is evergreen all year round in Jiangnan. In the growth cycle of one year, many branches are pulled out, and the flowering and fruiting rate is also high, which requires sufficient nutrition. In addition to applying farmyard manure in autumn and winter, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in time according to gardenia tree potential, branching and flowering and fruiting habits, so as to control and adjust the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

It is best to choose the southeast foothills or semi-sunny slopes as nursery grounds. The soil is loose and fertile sandy loam with good water permeability and air permeability. Before sowing, dig the soil deeply, rake it carefully, and prepare the seedbed, with the width of 1- 1.2m and the height of 17cm.

The planting site should be planted in alluvial loam, purple loam and gravelly soil with deep plough layer, fertile and loose soil and convenient irrigation and drainage. Heavy clay and saline-alkali soil are not suitable for planting. The slope is suitable for gentle slopes or slopes. After selecting the land, dig deep before winter to freeze it. Before planting, holes should be cut at the spacing of 1.3— 1.8m, with the hole diameter and depth of 40cm. If cultivated on flat land, drain a ditch every 2-3 days to prevent water accumulation.

(2) Breeding methods

It can be propagated in three ways: seeds, cuttings and ramets. Among them, because of the large number of seedlings propagated by seeds, they have strong growth potential after becoming adults, which is the main propagation mode in production at present.

1. Seed propagation

Sowing can be done in both spring and autumn, and spring sowing is the best. Spring sowing is mostly from late February to early March, and autumn sowing is from late September to 10. Before sowing, peel off the peel, take out the seeds, soak them in clear water, gently rub the seeds, and then remove the impurities and incomplete seeds floating on the water. Take the seeds that sink to the bottom, soak them in warm water at 45℃ and sow them at 24℃, or mix them with wet fine sand. Before sowing, apply base fertilizer (human excrement and urine) 1500-2000 kg to the seedbed, level it, and then open shallow ditches with a row spacing of 20-25 cm, and then sow evenly in the ditches. After sowing, cover with fire putty or fine soil, about 2 cm thick, slightly compacted, and cover with grass to keep moisture. The amount of seeds used per mu is 2-3 kg. After emergence, the seedbed should be kept moist, and seedlings should be thinned in stages. When transplanting, the spacing between plants should be kept at 5-8 cm. Pay attention to shading, weeding and topdressing. After a year of seedling raising, the height of seedlings can reach about 35cm, and then they can be planted.

2. Cutting

It can be done in both spring and autumn. Spring is mostly in the middle and late February, and autumn is around 10. Cutting should choose 2-year-old branches from healthy plants. When cutting, cut the branches into cuttings with the length of 13- 16 cm. According to different cutting parts, it can be divided into seedbed cutting and field cutting.

(1) Seedbed Cutting

Transplant beds can be prepared according to the method of seed propagation. Then, according to the plant spacing of 7× 16cm, 2/3 of the cuttings are obliquely inserted into the soil, compacted and watered to keep the seedbed moist. After survival, strengthen management. After a year of cultivation, it can be planted.

(2) Cutting in the field

According to the plant spacing of 1.3- 1.5m, open 25cm square holes with a depth of 25-30cm, loosen the soil, apply miscellaneous fertilizer or manure, mix well with the soil, insert 2-3 branches into each hole, fill the soil tightly (insert 1/3 to expose the soil surface), and pour water.

3. ramet propagation

There are many sprouting tillers in the root of Gardenia, so the topsoil can be dug in early spring or autumn, and the sprouting tillers with a height of 16-20 cm around the root of the mother plant are cut and separated from the joints of the mother plant, and then planted according to the row spacing when planting.

(3) Planting

After one year, the seedling height can reach 30-40 cm, and it can be planted in February-March or autumn10-165438+10. Before planting, apply soil fertilizer or manure at the bottom of the pit. When raising seedlings, try to raise seedlings with soil, each hole 1 seedling. After filling the soil, the soil should be a little more stable and watered with root water. After planting, in case of drought, it should be watered in time to improve the survival rate. Seed seedlings bear fruit 3-4 years after planting; Cutting seedlings can bear fruit in 2-3 years.

(4) Site management

1. intertillage weeding

After planting in the field, intertillage and weed in spring, summer and winter every year 1 time. Weeding should be shallow in spring and summer. Weeding in winter should be combined with rhizosphere soil cultivation, which is an effective measure to keep warm and prevent freezing.

fertilize the soil or land

After gardenia enters fruiting age, it is fertilized four times a year. There are three methods: disc, radial and furrow application. The first application of spring fertilizer is usually from the end of March to the beginning of April, and 3-4 kilograms of urea is applied per mu to promote the recovery of tree vigor and leaf bud germination, which is beneficial to the growth of branches and leaves. The second application of strong fruit fertilizer is mostly in late June (after flowering), and 4-6 kg compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and the dosage depends on the tree potential and fruit yield. If the tree is strong and bears little fruit, it should be reduced as appropriate; If the tree is weak and bears many fruits, it should be diversified. For trees with serious flower drop and fruit drop, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be appropriately increased, which has obvious effect on preventing fruit drop. In addition, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled to prevent the excessive eruption of summer shoots from causing the fruiting parts to move up. This kind of fertilization is mainly to improve the fruit setting rate and accelerate the fruit growth. The third time, in mid-August, fertilization "pregnant baby". Mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium. 5-6 kilograms of urea per mu, and 4-5-6 kilograms of foam fertilizer is made from human and animal manure and dead cakes, which promotes fruit development and flower bud differentiation and lays a good foundation for flowering and fruiting in the coming year. The fourth time is from the end of 65438+1October to165438+1October, that is, after fruit picking, winter fertilizer is applied in combination with clearing the garden, with base fertilizer as the main fertilizer, and phosphorus fertilizer is applied at 30kg per mu, which is beneficial to the recovery of tree vigor and the enhancement of cold resistance of plants in winter. According to the experiment, spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% urea solution or 3% calcium superphosphate+urea solution on the leaves at the fruiting stage can obviously promote the fruit development.

3. Drainage and irrigation

In Jiangnan, April-June is the rainy season, so it is necessary to dig ditches and drain water to avoid poor root growth and weak branches and leaves. July-September is the rainy season, which is the peak of new shoot growth, and the fruit expands rapidly. Proper irrigation can promote the growth of branches and the development of fruits.

Step 4 trim and trim

Gardenia plastic surgery is mostly carried out in the year of planting. Commonly used plastic methods of single stem and three branches natural modeling. That is, in the first year after planting, the buds on the stems 25-35 cm above the ground are erased and designated as the main stems. Then three robust branches growing in different directions are selected as main branches for cultivation, and the spacing between main branches is about 10cm. In the proper position of the main branch, the auxiliary main branch and side branch are cultivated again to make the crown open. After planting, if properly managed, some plants will open a small number of flowers in the next year. In order to facilitate the rapid formation of crown, flowers should be removed.

Gardenia pruning, mostly in winter or early spring. It should be cut lightly. When pruning, the sprouting tillers at the root and neck of the trunk and the sprouting tillers on the trunk and main branches should be erased first, and then the branches of diseases and insect pests, dead branches, cross branches and overgrown branches with improper growth positions should be cut off from the base, and the branches with excessively dense or sparse crown growth should be thinned out to make the branches evenly distributed, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission. When pruning in summer, the early sprouted summer shoots (before mid-July) must be cored, which is an effective measure to slow down the upward movement of fruiting parts and promote the germination of autumn shoots. In addition, germination should be done in time to reduce nutrient consumption.

5. Winter cultural management

Gardenia takes a long time to bear fruit after it enters the fruiting period, and consumes a lot of nutrients. After harvesting, winter culture management is an important link to restore tree vigor. Therefore, after clearing the orchard, loosening the soil between rows before winter, combined with fertilization, and cultivating rhizosphere soil are helpful to keep warm and prevent freezing. If it is dry in winter, it should be irrigated properly to increase soil water content.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. brown spot disease

(Pestalotia sp。 )

Harm leaves and young fruits. Most leaf diseases begin at the tips and edges of leaves. In the early stage, young leaves, young branches and young fruits were waterlogged, curled and scorched, and in the middle stage, the leaves and young fruits were gray or halo, and then the diseased spots stopped or expanded to form larger diseased spots. The lesion was yellow-green at first, and then turned brown to dark brown. In the later stage, the central part of the lesion became necrotic and white, and the affected part cracked. After gardenia was damaged, the leaves turned green, yellow and brown, which led to defoliation and early fruit drop, resulting in reduced production. It is easy to get sick at 25-28℃ and wet conditions. The peak period is from late May to June and mid-August. Control method: select disease-free seedlings; Before the onset (mid-May and early August), spray 1000 times of bordeaux solution and 1: 1: 100 times of bordeaux solution for 2-3 consecutive times.

2. Dryopteris Hylas

Also known as the coffee moth. It occurs 4-5 generations a year, and it is harmful from early May to1February. Larvae damage leaves and shoots, and the 4-5 instar larvae are gluttonous. Gardenia died naked after being victimized. Prevention and control methods; After the gardenia is harvested, it is cultivated in winter in combination with field management to kill the overwintering pupa, destroy the pupa room and improve the overwintering mortality. Protect natural enemies and use birds such as turtledove, starling, pheasant and tit to catch adults and larvae; Spraying 90% crystal trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos 1000 times before the third instar.

3. Tortoise and wax scale

(Japanese tortoiseshell is green)

One generation occurs every year, and the female adult overwinters on the gardenia tree. Oviposition began in early May, and the peak period of incubation was from early June to late June. The newly hatched nymphs do harm to the leaves of new shoots, especially on both sides of the main vein at the end of the leaves, absorbing leaf liquid, turning the leaves yellow, causing plant death and inducing soot disease. Prevention and control methods: after pruning and reclamation in winter, spray 15 times of engine oil emulsion or 10 times of turpentine mixture; At the beginning of July, 1.5 times turpentine mixed solution or 40% dimethoate EC mixed with 50% dichlorvos emulsion was sprayed with1:1,000 times solution.

4. gardenia yellow moth

(tropical ancient birds)

There are four generations a year, and larvae feed on the epidermis and mesophyll of young leaves and can synthesize new leaves into bracts. The damage began in mid-May, and it was the most serious from July to September. After the disaster, it seriously affected the emergence of summer and autumn shoots and the formation of flower buds, resulting in the decline of the next annual output. Control method: In late May, spray 90% trichlorfon powder 1000 times or 50% dichlorvos EC 1500 times; In early July, the larvae were sprayed with 90% trichlorfon powder and 40% dimethoate EC 1: 1000 times, or 50% dichlorvos and 40% dimethoate EC1:1000 times.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

10 in the middle and late June, the peel was harvested from green to Huang Shi. When picking, fruits of all sizes should be picked in batches. Don't pick big fruits and leave small ones, otherwise it will affect the branches and yield in the next year. The yield of fresh gardenia is about 800 kilograms per mu. The drying rate was 6∶ 1.

(2) Processing

After picking, remove impurities from the fruit stalks, steam them in a steamer or boil them in alum water, and then take them out to dry or put them in an oven. Fruits can also be directly dried or dried. During the drying process, turn it frequently. If you bake with charcoal fire, the fire power should be large first and then small, so as not to scorch the pulp until it is hard to dry. Thin skin, full skin and red and yellow color are preferred.

Five, seeds.

There are two methods: single fruit selection and single plant selection. Whether it is a single fruit or a single plant, its parents should have the characteristics and excellent characteristics of the variety. Single fruit selection refers to the selection of large and full fruits without diseases and insect pests as seeds when the fruits are ripe. Single plant selection is to select plants with strong growth potential, entering a vigorous fruit-bearing age and free from pests and diseases as seed-keeping mother plants, pay attention to thinning flowers and fruits, and strengthen field management. After the fruit is ripe, the single fruit seed-keeping method should be adopted for selection. Then, dry the fruit until it is half dry, peel the fruit, take out the seeds, gently knead them in water to remove impurities and incomplete seeds floating on the water surface, collect the intact seeds that sink to the bottom of the water, sun them on bamboo mats, dry them in a ventilated place, and put them in a cloth bag for preservation.