Cultivation value
Hawthorn, also known as red fruit or hawthorn, is a unique fruit tree in China. Fruits are rich in nutrients, especially minerals such as iron and calcium, and the contents of carotene and vitamin C all exceed or greatly exceed those of large fruits such as apples, pears, peaches and oranges. In addition, the contents of vitamin B 1, B2 and vitamin K are also quite rich. The medicinal value of hawthorn is very extensive. Has the functions of removing blood stasis, promoting digestion, resolving phlegm, detoxicating, stimulating appetite and astringing. Made into hawthorn pill, Jianpi Pill, Baohe Pill, etc. Modern medicine believes that hawthorn also has the functions of lowering blood pressure, strengthening heart, dilating blood vessels and lowering cholesterol. In addition, hawthorn fruit also contains an anticancer drug ingredient vitexin.
Hawthorn fruit is small, sour and not widely sold. But fruit is rich in red pigment and pectin, which is especially suitable for making all kinds of processed products and is an important and excellent raw material in food industry. Common processed products include hawthorn cake, peony bark, hawthorn sauce, candied fruit, fruit tea, hawthorn wine, Sugar-Coated Berry and so on. In recent years, it has also been made into new products such as hawthorn crystal and concentrated hawthorn juice, which has been well received. In addition, hawthorn ketone can be extracted from the branches and leaves of the mountain to make high-grade nutritional and health-care drinks; Hawthorn kernel essence can be extracted from hawthorn kernel and made into plaster, which can be used to treat acute soft tissue injury and chronic strain quickly and efficiently.
In cultivation, hawthorn has the advantages of early fruiting (2 ~ 4 years after planting hawthorn), long economic life (generally up to 56d0 years) and extensive management resistance. Can make full use of deserts and barren hills to develop production.
Main types and varieties
Hawthorn belongs to Crataegus of Rosaceae. There are 2 ~ 3 species cultivated as fruit trees. Among them, hawthorn varieties are the most widely cultivated, that is, the rest are Hubei hawthorn and Yunnan hawthorn. In addition, there are all kinds of wild hawthorn with small fruit shape, which can be used as rootstock.
There are not many varieties of hawthorn, and Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning and other old producing areas are the most abundant in resources, most of which are late-maturing varieties. The main cultivated variety is Dajinxing and Kaikou, and there are many introduced varieties in Huaibei area, which show early fruit, high yield and good storage and transportation resistance. There are many kinds of iron balls in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, which were introduced from Shandong in the early years. The fruit is delicate, waxy and hard, rich in flavor, bright red and storable. It is most suitable for processing hawthorn cakes. In addition, there are excellent local varieties such as Henan Yubei Red and Shanxi Fenkou (Jiangxian Hongguo). Introduction and cultivation should be based on the characteristics and uses of varieties. Jiangnan Yunnan is suitable for planting hawthorn.
Growth and fruiting habits
Hawthorn is a small deciduous tree or shrub, which generally has a small plant shape, but it can grow into a big tree because of its long life. The top of the branch has obvious advantages, the branch is strong, and the branches in the crown are easy to grow densely. Young trees have obvious layering, but the central trunk is easy to deflect or disappear during the growth process, which makes the crown skew, so attention should be paid to adjustment when shaping. After the full fruit period, the branches droop and the trees open, mostly with natural semi-circular or round-headed crowns. Dormant bud is easy to germinate in the later stage, which is beneficial to crown regeneration and prolongs the full fruit period. Hawthorn has a well-developed root system and is easy to tiller, so it should be uprooted except for seedling raising.
As long as the branches entering the fruiting stage grow moderately and fully, the terminal buds and their lower L ~ 4 buds are easy to form flower buds. The flower buds of hawthorn are mixed buds. In the second year, the new shoots were first taken out, and then the inflorescence was taken out from the top and its adjacent leaf axils. As a result, the new buds did not form a fruit platform. On the first fruit trees, the medium-long fruiting mother branches above 5 cm account for the majority, with many fruits and firm fruit. Generally, the short-bearing mother branches below 5cm are the majority of trees in the full fruit stage, and their ability to bear fruit continuously is poor.
Results There are two situations after the new shoots blossom and bear fruit. One is that the lateral buds can still differentiate into flower buds at the same time, and they can bear fruit continuously in the next year, which usually lasts for 2 ~ 5 years, depending on the variety, tree potential and the robustness of the bearing mother branch. On the other hand, after the top blooms and bears fruit, the lower lateral buds only develop into leaf buds, and the branches develop in the second year, and then the flower buds form on the blue branches and sprout in the third year, which is an alternating fruit-bearing phenomenon. There are also two to three years of flower buds, and then the results are taken. In order to obtain high and stable yield, more types of fruiting mother branches that can continuously form flower buds should be cultivated.
Hawthorn has the characteristics of self-pollination, fertilization and parthenocarpy, but cross-pollination can significantly improve the fruit setting rate. Hawthorn is an umbrella inflorescence, and each inflorescence generally has 15 ~ 30 flowers. It often shows that the inflorescence has a high fruit-setting rate and the flower has a low fruit-setting rate. The fruit-setting rate of single flower is about 20%, which varies greatly due to different varieties, tree ages and fruit-setting parts. The periphery of the crown is higher than the lumen. Generally, each inflorescence bears 4 ~ 6 fruits. Hawthorn has a late flowering period and a long fruit growth period, and it takes 140 ~ 160 days for late-maturing varieties.
Characteristics of cultivation techniques
1. grafting method is widely used in mass propagation and planting hawthorn seedlings. Wild hawthorn or cultivated varieties can be used as rootstocks. The seeds in cultivated seeds often degenerate, only 25% ~ 30% of them are serious, so the sowing amount should be increased when raising seedlings. Because of the ossification of the core-shell outside the seed kernel, it is difficult to ventilate and absorb water. The germination rate after sowing by conventional methods is extremely low, and sometimes it takes 2 ~ 3 years after sowing to emerge. Therefore, it is necessary to collect seed stratification in advance when the seed embryo is formed and the core-shell is not hardened. Normally harvested seeds, treated with gibberellin with the concentration of 100 ppm (100Ppm) and then stored in sand, can also greatly improve the germination rate. The sowing amount per thousand square meters is about 18kg for small seeds and 37kg ~ 45kg for large seeds. In addition, when propagating a small number of rootstocks, natural tillering can also be used, or the root section of hawthorn with a thickness of 0.5 cm ~ 1 cm can be directly cut into a length of about 15 cm, and the roots can be cut to raise seedlings in spring, or the varieties can be grafted on the root section to cut seedlings. The specific grafting operation technology is similar to that of apples and pears.
Hawthorn new roots occur earlier in spring, and Huaibei area is suitable for sowing and seedling raising in autumn. The plant spacing is 3 ~ 4m in barren soil, and 4 ~ 5m in fertile soil and flat terrain. When planting, two or three varieties should be planted on the branches to improve the fruit setting rate.
2. Pruning the uncontrolled growth of hawthorn trees often leads to too many branches in the whole tree and dense branches in the crown, which affects the yield and quality. According to the growth characteristics of hawthorn branches, the tree shape of evacuation layered shape, natural round head shape with multiple main branches or natural happy shape can be used for modeling. The tree structure of evacuation battens is the same as that of apples, which can be used for reference. However, hawthorn is weak in dryness and prone to the phenomenon of dryness and crown. In plastic surgery, it can be controlled and adjusted by cutting off the bud cutting direction or replacing the extended branches of the central trunk. When the central trunk is seriously inclined and difficult to cultivate, it can also be removed according to its growth and changed into a natural happy tree. 3 ~ 4 main branches with a base angle of 45 ~ 50 degrees are reserved in the whole tree, and then auxiliary main branches are appropriately cultivated on each main branch to occupy space. When using multi-branch natural round head shaping, according to the natural growth of branches, the main branches can be arranged and spread at an appropriate interval of about 30 cm, and the whole tree can cultivate 6-7 main branches.
Hawthorn trees in full fruit stage mainly retract and rejuvenate the fruiting mother branches that have been bearing fruit for several years, so as to prevent the fruiting parts from moving out, stabilize the yield and maintain good growth. In particular, branches that have been drooping for many years should be retracted on branches that are 3-5 years old. When the phenomenon of big and small years occurs due to too many fruits, the excessive fruiting mother branches should be thinned in the New Year to keep the ratio of mother branches to developing branches at 2: 1 or 1: 1. It is also possible to cut off some sparse inflorescences on weak branches before flowering in bud stage to promote flower bud differentiation. When the canopy is seriously closed, some big branches will flow or retract first, and some developed branches will be pruned at the same time.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management and other basic fertilizers should be applied in early autumn. Topdressing can be carried out according to the specific conditions of germination, leaf spreading, flowering and fruit expansion. Topdressing and foliar spraying boron (with 0.5% boric acid solution) in spring flowering period can significantly improve the fruit setting rate and promote the growth of new shoots. For New Year trees, top dressing should be strengthened in the later period (August-September) to promote flower bud differentiation. In case of fruit drop caused by drought, irrigation or loosening soil and covering grass should be carried out to alleviate the drought.
In production, there will be a serious phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits on hawthorn, which will affect the yield. The reasons include tree fatigue, poor pollination and fertilization, soil drought, insufficient light, etc., and corresponding measures should be taken according to different situations. For fruit drop or delayed flowering caused by poor pollination and fertilization, gibberellin solution with a concentration of 50ppm, especially the cloth flower cluster, can be sprayed from the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage, which can increase the fruit setting rate by more than 2 times1~ and make the fruit color mature ahead of time.
Main pests and diseases and their control
Hawthorn diseases are generally not serious. Sometimes flower rot and powdery mildew occur. Flower rot is harmful to leaves, newly grown flowers and fruits. On the basis of clearing the garden, Bubomei 5 degree stone sulfur mixture can be sprayed before germination, and Bubomei 0.4 degree stone flow mixture or 700 times 50% thiophanate methyl can be sprayed after leaf development to prevent powdery mildew. Insect pests mainly include scarabs and spiny moths that eat leaves or flowers, fruit-eating insects, juice-sucking tetranychus, etc., which can be controlled according to the occurrence law of apples and pears.
(6) harvesting, storage and processing
Hawthorn fruit gains weight quickly in the later stage, so it is not suitable to harvest it too early, so as not to affect the fruit yield, quality and storage. During September ~ 10, the skin color of the fruit is exposed, and it can be harvested when the fruit point is obvious. Spraying 40% ethephon with a concentration of 600 ppm ~ 800 ppm(600 ppm ~ 800 ppm) during the normal harvest period of about one week can promote shedding and improve the harvest efficiency. 4 ~ 5 days after spraying, you can spread cloth under the tree and then shake the branches for harvesting, which has no adverse effect on fruit quality and storage. The concentration of chemicals should not be too high, and the spraying period should not be too early. After the fruit is harvested, it should be stacked in a well-ventilated place for a few days, covered with straw curtains to dissipate heat, and then packaged, stored and transported.
Hawthorn should be selected for storage and harvested at a suitable time. In northern China, the method of cellar storage is often used, and it will enter the cellar after the weather turns cold. When a small amount is stored, people often mix hawthorn with fine sand in containers such as water tanks, and then seal them to maintain a certain humidity. Keep the container in a cool place and keep it low. L ~ 2 inspection was carried out during storage to remove brown and rotten fruits.
There are many processed products of hawthorn. Among them, the production method of hawthorn cake is simple and easy to master. Take fresh hawthorn fruits, remove the stems and sepals, rinse them with clear water, steam them in a pot, remove the seeds, and then mash them to make fruit paste. At the same time, 60% sugar solution is prepared with sugar, clarified, filtered and boiled, then poured into the fruit paste while it is hot, stirred evenly, poured into the prepared plate, cooled and solidified into blocks, which is the hawthorn cake.