Jujube in Taiwan Province Province grows very fast, and its root system is very developed. Whether it is a seedling or a grafted seedling, the root system can grow to 2-3 meters and the crown can grow to 2-3 meters. Drought-resistant, heat-resistant and barren-resistant, it is an excellent tree species for greening barren hills, conserving water and soil and improving the environment.
Taiwan Province jujube is a tropical and subtropical evergreen small arbor fruit tree. The main limiting factor of jujube cultivation is temperature, especially in winter, which is the main limiting factor of jujube in Taiwan Province Province. According to the data of Taiwan Province Province, jujube in Taiwan Province Province has excellent planting performance in tropical and subtropical areas with annual average temperature above 65438 08℃. The optimum growth temperature is 20-35℃, and the growth slows down below 65438 05℃. The lowest temperature in winter is about 0℃, which has no adverse effect on trees, flowers and fruits. However, from the domestic planting practice in recent three years, the tolerance of jujube in Taiwan Province Province to low temperature is stronger than that of varieties introduced from Taiwan Province Province. 1during the freezing injury in south China at the end of 999, the lowest temperature in Guangdong jujube orchard dropped to about -3℃ and lasted for three days. Banana, citrus, longan, litchi and other fruit trees suffered devastating freezing damage and suffered heavy losses, but the jujube orchard in Taiwan Province Province stood out, and the flowers, fruits and trees were not adversely affected. According to experts from South China Agricultural University, when the temperature drops to-10℃ in winter, the above-ground parts of jujube will suffer from freezing injury, but it has no adverse effect on the next annual output.
The results show that Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and Panxi, Sichuan are the most suitable ecological zones for Zizyphus jujuba in Taiwan Province Province (the Yangtze River basin in Sichuan, such as Luzhou, should also be classified as this zone). Chongqing, Sichuan Basin, southern Guizhou, southwestern Jiangxi and southern Hunan are the sub-optimal ecological zones of jujube in Taiwan Province Province. In this area, it is safe to overwinter in winter in general years. In the years with low temperature in winter, it is necessary to properly adjust the flowering period and delivery period and take simple heat preservation measures (such as covering trees with plastic film). Although the fruit quality in this area is not as good as that in the most suitable areas such as South China, the development potential of jujube in Taiwan Province Province is even higher than that in other areas. As for other provinces in the Yangtze River Basin, except some places with good microclimate conditions, it will be very difficult and reluctant to cultivate jujube in Taiwan Province Province in the open field. However, if thermal insulation measures such as greenhouse were taken from June 5438 to February of the following year, the cultivation was successful. This area is vast, and its development potential cannot be underestimated. Because of the cold winter, tropical and subtropical fruits can not be cultivated in the open field in the northern area north of Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River. However, if facilities are used for cultivation, there is great hope for success. For example, a typical tropical fruit, pineapple, was cultivated in greenhouse and has been successfully cultivated in northern provinces such as Beijing, Shandong, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Jilin. The yield per mu is more than 5000 kg, and the shape, color and fragrance of fruits are better than those in tropical areas. Daqingzao has fast growth and large annual growth, which is suitable for large water and fertilizer management.
First, fertilization:
Sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province grows fast, bears many fruits and needs a large amount of fertilizer. If fertilizer is insufficient, it is difficult to achieve high yield and high quality.
1. Base Fertilizer The proportion of base fertilizer applied to sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province accounts for about 50% of the annual fertilization. During construction, newly planted tree-based fertilizer is applied, and decomposed livestock manure is applied to each hole about 10- 15 kg, bran fertilizer 1 kg and phosphate fertilizer 0.5 kg. All kinds of base fertilizers must be backfilled with soil. Two-year-old trees should be fully applied with base fertilizer within 15 days after pruning. The fertilization amount is about 20kg of decomposed manure, 0.5kg of bran fertilizer/kloc-0 and 0.5kg of phosphate fertilizer 1kg. Base fertilizer should be applied around the crown 30-50 cm away from the tree head. With the increase of trees, the amount of base fertilizer should be increased appropriately.
1. Top dressing The root system of sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province is very developed, and most of them are distributed in shallow soil. Topdressing is quick and effective. Topdressing is generally carried out in three times: the first time is after budding (usually in April-May), mainly to promote new shoots, and 0. 1 kg compound fertilizer and 0.05 kg urea are applied to each tree a year; Apply 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer and 0. 1 kg of urea to each biennial tree; In the future, with the growth of tree age, the amount of topdressing should be increased appropriately. The second topdressing is carried out after the first flowering, usually in July-August. The amount of topdressing is different at different ages, and the amount of fertilization is equivalent to that of the first time. The third topdressing is usually in 1 1 month, and the first batch of flowering fruits are applied after they begin to mature, in order to promote the fruit expansion in the middle and late stage, and the fertilization rate is increased by about 30% compared with the first topdressing.
13. Top dressing outside roots (foliar fertilizer) is a "compound nucleotide" developed by Fruit Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences twice every 15, and sprayed 4-5 times. In addition, trace element fertilizers such as borax and magnesium sulfate should be sprayed regularly to prevent the leaves from yellowing due to lack of trace elements. Trace element fertilizers are generally applied 1-2 times a month. Before the fruit is harvested 10- 15 days, the compound nucleotide can also be sprayed once with 0.5 grape liquid to increase the sugar content of the fruit.
4. Fertilization of young trees: Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied at the long shoot stage of seedlings, and the principle of thin application and diligent application is adopted to promote the rapid growth of seedlings and quickly form high-yield crowns. After the seedlings are planted and germinated, they are watered with human excrement once a week 1 time. With the expansion of seedling crown, the concentration can be appropriately increased, and fertilizers such as available nitrogen and phosphorus can be added, and potassium fertilizer can be added at the same time after flowering and fruiting.
5. Fertilization of fruit trees: Generally, fruit trees are fertilized 3 times a year. (1) autumn flower-promoting fertilizer (spring flower and fruit-strengthening fertilizer, applied in June and July): Daqingzao entered its full flowering period in August-65438+1October, which is also the maturity of spring flowers. In order to promote the development and flowering of flower buds and the rapid expansion of spring flowers, a flower-promoting and fruit-strengthening fertilizer should be applied from June to July, which is mainly based on available nitrogen fertilizer and supplemented with phosphorus and potassium. Apply 0.5 kg urea, 0.5 kg calcium superphosphate, 0.2 kg potassium sulfate and 20 kg pig manure water to each plant. ⑵ Fertilizer for autumn flowers and strong fruits: 65438+1late October, with nitrogen and potassium as the main fertilizer, to promote the rapid expansion of autumn fruits and enhance the tree vigor, which is beneficial to the safe overwintering of trees. 20 kg of pig manure water, 0.5 kg of urea, 0.4 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied to each plant. ⑶ Post-harvest fertilizer (flower fertilizer for promoting flowers in spring): after the flowers and fruits are harvested in February and March in autumn, they are pruned by renewal. Organic fertilizer should be applied again from March to May to promote the germination of adventitious buds, update the crown and store nutrition for spring flowers. Each plant can be applied with 40 kg of pig manure water, 0.5 kg of urea and calcium superphosphate 1 kg.
Second, irrigation:
Soil management: Sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province needs a lot of water, and the soil should be kept moist at the initial flowering stage to facilitate the growth of branches. From the 20th day of flowering to the young fruit stage (around July-September), the water demand is relatively reduced, the topsoil is kept dry, and the pits and ditches are kept moist, so it is not suitable for irrigation, which is beneficial to the publicity and finalization of flower buds. After the fruit grows to the size of a finger, always keep the soil moist. During this period, sudden drying and sudden wetting are likely to cause a large number of fruit drops, so special attention should be paid.
In the spring drought and autumn drought in March-May and July-September, irrigation should be strengthened (2-3 times a month) to facilitate flowering and fruit expansion, and orchard drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season in May-July. In the hot and dry months from March to August every year, cover the tree tray with weeds and crop straws to keep moisture. The orchard that has not been improved in the whole garden should be combined with fertilization and hole expansion to improve the soil in June+10/October, 5438, and weeds and orchard plastic film should be pressed in at the same time. Weeds in the orchard are weeded with herbicides 2-3 times a year. Other crops should not be intercropped between rows. 1. flower protection and fruit protection: due to climatic factors, the fruit setting rate of Daqing jujube is often low in some areas in the south. In order to protect flowers and fruits and improve fruit setting rate, besides strengthening fertilizer and water management, some chemical measures can be taken: spraying 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.3% borax +0.3% urea for many times at flowering stage; Xie Huachu sprayed 20 ml/L (20 ppm) 92O; Spraying 1-2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.4% urea at the young fruit stage.
4. Fruit thinning: an inflorescence can grow into 4-5 small fruits. Under normal circumstances, some young fruits can automatically drop fruit, but after natural fruit drop, there are still many fruit sets, which need artificial assistance to achene. Prune slender, tufted branches and branches near the ground in the young fruit stage, and then prune over-dense fruits, tiny fruits and yellow diseased fruits. There should be no more than two fruits per inflorescence, but it is best to leave 1 fruit per inflorescence. Thick branches can leave more fruit, while tender branches should leave less fruit. By June 165438+ 10, if the branches bear too many fruits, the flower heads and young fruits at the tail of the branches can be cut off, combined with topdressing outside the roots (spraying compound nucleotides).
Fruit thinning is often carried out in years with many fruits, which can significantly increase fruits and improve their quality and commodity. Fruit thinning should be carried out in the young fruit period after flowering, such as small fruit, abnormal fruit, diseased fruit and insect fruit with too much fruit thinning.
3. Techniques to improve fruit quality: (1) Strengthen fertilizer and water management and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. ⑵ Foliar fertilization: spraying 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.3 urea or 0.2% chlorfencarb 1 for many times during the young fruit and fruit expansion period. 1. Plastic:
Daqingzao has a large growth, strong regeneration and likes sunshine, so attention should be paid to shaping and pruning to make its branches sparse, so as to achieve high yield every year.
Hedge wall modeling: It is suitable for 2×2 meters spacing, and the trees are well ventilated and light-permeable, resulting in three-dimensional effect. During plastic surgery, first erect a 2m-high cement column (or thick wooden stick) every 2m along the line, and pull a wire or bamboo pole on the column every 50cm as a fence frame. After the seedlings are planted, they will grow new buds. Choose an upright branch as the trunk, and let it take out the lateral branches. Choose two lateral branches as a layer of main branches every 50 cm high, wipe off the rest branches (or pick the heart to promote flowers), and tie two main branches to the cross wire (or bamboo pole) to make them grow horizontally, so that the lateral branches can be taken out to blossom and bear fruit. * * * Choose 3-4 layers, 6-8 main branches, 1-2 years for molding. Heart-shaped: suitable for 2×3 m plant spacing, with good ventilation and light transmission, high yield and easy shaping. When shaping, cut off the trunk of the seedling 20 cm from the ground to promote the development of lateral branches. After the new branches germinate, choose 3-5 strong branches as the main branches in all directions, and cut off all the other branches. The upright branches sprouting on the main side branches are also cut off in time, only the oblique side branches are kept, and then the long branches and weak branches are cut off in May and June. At the same time, bamboo poles or wooden sticks are used to fix the main branches as pillars.
2. Trim:
Because of the large growth and strong regeneration of the shoot tip of Daqing jujube, it needs to be updated and pruned. Daqingzao, which is more than two years old, must be updated 65,438+0 times a year, after the flowers and fruits are harvested in February and March. The main branch is shortened by 0.5- 1 m, and the lateral branches on the main branch become thinner. Then girdling is carried out at the base of about 30 cm to stimulate germination below the peeling mouth, and then selection is carried out. After 3-4 years, it is beneficial to dwarfing culture to cut off the trunk below the plant branches to update the crown.
The branches of jujube trees are mainly inclined sideways. The crown area is large and there are many branches. The formed tree needs reasonable pruning, but it needs ventilation and lighting to reduce pests and diseases.
Prune the trunk of one-year-old young trees, and cut it 30 cm above the trunk joint to induce the growth of lateral branches. Then, choose 3-4 lateral branches (primary branches), which are strong and suitable, and can guide the surroundings as the main branches, and cut off all other redundant branches. Taiwan Province sweet jujube, which is more than two years old, is regenerated (other varieties can also be cut and grafted) after the fruit is harvested (about February-March every year), and 20 cm above the trunk is cut off after grafting. After the new branches grow, leave a suitable and vigorous side branch or two opposite side branches as the new trunk, and cut off all the new branches. When the trunk grows to about 50 cm, cut off the tail to promote the growth of branches. According to the age of the tree, the trunk can retain 3-5 branches.
3. Build a shelf:
The sweet jujube branches in Taiwan Province Province are long and brittle, which are often broken because of too many fruits. Scaffolding is needed to support the fruiting branches. Scaffolding materials can be bamboo poles, battens, iron wires, ropes, etc. The height of scaffolding is generally between 80 cm and 180 cm. According to the age of the tree and the height of the main pole, the scaffold width generally accounts for 80-90% of the crown. Pests and Diseases Control There are fewer pests and diseases of sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province.
The main pests and diseases are powdery mildew, scale insects, caterpillars and fruit ropes. When the climate is dry, powdery mildew is easy to occur and spread quickly, which is harmful to young fruits and leaves. Fungicides such as triamcinolone acetonide can be used to prevent and control powdery mildew. At the beginning of the disease, it should be sprayed all over the park once every 7 days, and then ***2-3 times. Scale insects can be quickly killed, oxidized, destroyed and sprayed; Caterpillar and fruit rope can spray trichlorfon and pyrethrin. Spraying should be stopped before fruit ripens 10 day. It is best to spray medicine in the morning or at night.
1. Disease control: Daqingzao has strong disease resistance and few diseases, mainly powdery mildew and ring rot. Powdery mildew: it harms new buds, leaves, ears and fruits. Young fruit is easy to fall off, and the diseased skin of big fruit turns brown and slightly sunken, losing commercial value. Prevention and control: 400 times of 80% wettable sulfur powder, 800 times of 50% carbendazim powder and 1000 times of 20% powdery calcium rust emulsifiable concentrate can be used every day. Leaf spot: it harms leaves, with small brown spots at first, and then gradually expands into a ring, and leaves fall off in severe cases. Control: 70% thiophanate-methyl 500-800 times solution, 50% polymyxin 1500 times solution, every 7 days/kloc-0 times, 2-3 times in a row.
Insect pests: mainly red spiders, scale insects and poisonous moths. Red spiders harm leaves, causing them to turn yellow and fall off. It can be controlled by 20% acaricidal EC 1000 times and Dawing Guan 1500 times. The scale insects suck new shoots, leaves and juice to deform them, and the larvae can be controlled with 500 times of 40% quick-killing EC or 800 times of 40% omethoate. 20% pyrethroid can spray moths for 2000 times.
Daqingzao in Taiwan Province Province has strong disease resistance and few pests and diseases. The main pests and diseases are powdery mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, ring spot disease, red spider, scale insect, poisonous moth and so on. The harm characteristics and control techniques of main pests and diseases are introduced as follows:
First, the disease.
1. Powdery mildew: harmful to new shoots, leaves, ears and fruits. Young fruit is easy to fall off, and the diseased skin of big fruit turns brown and slightly sunken, losing commercial value.
Prevention and control: at the initial stage of the disease, 50% sulfur suspension can be sprayed 300 times, 50% carbendazim powder 800 times and 20% calcium rust emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times, every 1 0-/kloc-5 days1time, and prevention and control can be carried out for 2-3 times;
2. Anthracnose: It harms leaves and fruits. The damaged fruit first appears light brown and slightly sunken diseased spots. After the diseased fruit is wet, a pink mold layer grows on the spot surface, and the mold layer is mixed with needle-like cinnabar spots or small black spots.
Prevention and control: Tekeduojia Gonggong (1: 1) 1000 times solution or 69% anke manganese zinc plus 75% chlorothalonil (1: 1) 1000 times solution can be sprayed;
3. Epidemic disease: when the fruit is damaged, brown water stains are formed on the surface of the fruit, and there is a white mold layer at the later stage, which leads to fruit drop.
Prevention and control: 69% Anke manganese zinc wettable powder 800 times solution or 6 1% ethyl phosphine can be used. Spraying 400 times of wet powder of manganese and zinc, and controlling it 1-2 times as appropriate.
4, wheel spot disease: the leaves are damaged, small brown spots appear at first, and then gradually expand into wheel stripes, and in severe cases, the leaves fall off.
Control: 70% thiophanate-methyl 500-800 times solution, 50% polymyxin 1500 times solution, every 7 days/kloc-0 times, 2-3 times in a row.
Second, pests.
Mainly red spiders, scale insects and poisonous moths.
1, Red Spider: Red Spider harms leaves, making them yellow and fall off. It can be controlled with 20% acaricide EC 1000 times solution and Dachiguan 1500 times solution.
2. Scale insects: Scale insects suck new buds, leaves and juice to deform them. In the larval stage, 25% Youleshi powder or 48% Leben powder with 1000 times were used for control.
3. Poisonous moths: Poisonous moths eat leaves with larvae, causing nicks and perforations. In severe cases, they will eat up the leaves of the seedlings. You can choose 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos EC, 4000 times of 2.5% Kung Fu EC or 2000 times of 20% pyrethroid EC for spraying. Daqingzao, a tropical fruit tree, originated in India and is frost-proof. Especially when it rains or the weather is bad during flowering, it will cause bad results. If there is frost in winter, plants will stop growing and fruits will fall off easily. In many parts of southern China, there are cold in early spring and frost in winter. Therefore, anti-freezing work should be done well in winter and early spring. The main anti-freezing measures are:
1. Strengthen management, strengthen tree potential, and enhance the frost and cold wave resistance of trees.
2. Cover trees with grass in winter. 1. Materials and production process
⑴ Material: fresh Taiwan Province sweet jujube, auxiliary materials or additives, including calcium chloride, alum, sugar or citric acid, etc.
⑵ Production process: fresh jujube → cleaning → cutting into strips → hardening → blanching → cooling and cleaning → coring → sugar stains → boiling sugar → sun drying or drying → packaging finished products.
4. Main points.
(1) Selection of fresh dates: Fresh dates are required to be light green and mature. At this time, jujube meat is crisp, tender and dense, and yellow meat is loose and poor; There are few pests and diseases, and it is best to have a variety with big kernel and thick meat.
⑵ Wash and cut into strips: after tap water is washed, cut it vertically and horizontally with a stainless steel knife to the seam depth and meat quality, and it is advisable to cut it to the core when cutting in pairs, so that the jujube core can be removed after blanching to form divided meat slices. The cut jujube fruit should be soaked in 0.5% citric acid solution to prevent browning.
⑶ Hardening, blanching and coring: soaking the cut jujube fruit in 0.5% calcium chloride solution for 0.5 hour to about 65438+/-0 hour; When the pulp is hard and rough, pick it up and blanch it in boiling water for about 5 minutes. When the pulp is transparent, pick it up, rinse it with water and let it cool. At the same time, you can squeeze out the jujube pit by hand and cut the jujube meat in half.
⑷ Sugar pickling: the jujube meat is weighed and added with 14% of the pulp weight for sugar pickling. If the jujube meat is big, it should be covered with a layer of jujube meat and a layer of sugar. 5. Sugar boiling concentration: after the sugar crystals are dissolved, you can pick up the jujube meat, boil the sugar solution and concentrate it until the concentration of the sugar solution reaches 50%, then dye the sugar, and so on. Finally, the sugar is boiled again until the sugar solution reaches 60%.
(6) Sun-drying or drying: the pulp after sugar production can be sun-dried, cut into pieces by the way, or dried at 40℃-60℃.
(7) Packaging of finished products: the dried or dried candied dates are packaged, preferably by vacuum packaging, and the shelf life can reach 10 month.
Product quality requirements:
Preserved sweet jujube in Taiwan Province Province is translucent amber, with soft and elastic meat, not sticky, refreshing and appropriate sweetness. Taiwan Province sweet jujube preserves have white sugar coating, which is bright red and not sticky, refreshing and sweet. Both of them have the taste of candied dates. 1. Materials and production process
⑴ Materials: Fresh Taiwan Province sweet dates, sugar, calcium chloride, alum and necessary additives.
⑵ Production process flow
Selecting fresh dates → cleaning → peeling → cutting into strips → hardening → blanching → sugar boiling → sugar pickling → sugar boiling → drying or drying → packaging finished products.
4. Main points.
⑴ Selection of fresh dates: It is best to choose green and ripe Taiwan Province sweet dates. It is required that there are few pests and diseases, the fruit size is appropriate, not too big, and the core is small and the meat is thick.
⑵ Rinsing and peeling: After rinsing with tap water, blanch/kloc in 0.5%NaOH and 90℃ water for 0/5-20 minutes, then rinse with cold water, and forcibly wipe off the peel.
⑶ Hardening and blanching: Soak the pulp in 0.5% calcium chloride solution for about 0.5 hour, pick it up when the pulp is hard and rough, blanch it in boiling water for about 5 minutes, pick it up when the pulp is transparent, rinse it with water, and let it cool to make sugar. (4) Sugar production: quick cooking method or intermittent method can be used. The rapid cooking method is to add sugar several times and cook until the sugar is finished, so that the syrup concentration reaches 70%. Intermittent sugar boiling is to boil sugar for two or three times with sugar stains in the middle, and when the concentration of sugar syrup reaches about 70% for the last time.
(5) air drying or drying: spreading sugar in a bamboo curtain for air drying or putting it into an oven for drying at the temperature of 40-50 DEG C..
(6) packaging of finished products: packaging in vacuum after subpackaging.