Key points of big cherry cultivation technology: leveling the land before planting. Dig planting ditches or holes. Generally, the width and depth of the groove are 70-80 cm, and the width and depth of the hole are 70-80 cm. Heavy clay requires digging ditches with a width and depth exceeding 80 cm. Fill the bottom of the ditch with 20-30 cm of crop straw, cover it with 20 cm of soil and apply 50 kg of soil and manure/plants on it. The manure should be mixed evenly, and the groundwater should be poured after the ditch is filled. In February of the solar calendar, after the water seeps down, the soil can be planted without sticking. When planting seedlings, the grafted buds are about 5 cm above the ground. After planting, water them to make the roots closely combine with the soil. When the buds begin to germinate, cut off the rootstock with the bud length exceeding 1.5 cm, and wipe off the buds of the rootstock at the same time. In the future, rootstocks are often smeared for germination to ensure the growth advantage of grafted buds. Pay attention to watering and moisturizing after planting to prevent drainage. In May, June, July and August, urea or diammonium phosphate should be applied once every four months, at a rate of 0/.5 kg, 20 kg, 25 kg and 30 kg per mu in shallow furrow, followed by watering. From the end of May to the beginning of June, after the seedlings are planted, the height of the seedlings is 50 ~ 60 cm, and the top is cut 10 cm, which promotes the first branch. 3-4 new techniques are generally developed after the branches of big cherries are pitted and cut. You can choose upright and strong branches as the trunk, and other new branches can make the side branches form an angle of 70-80 degrees with the trunk by gently bending (also called taking branches). From June to July, when the new branch of the lateral branch is 40 cm long and the trunk is 50-60 cm away from the first branch, the second coring can be carried out to form the second branch. The second branch should also pay attention to the opening angle, and the third coring can be carried out in August. The first winter pruning is also carried out 40 cm away from the new shoots. The principle of plastic pruning in the first three years after planting is timely pinching or pruning. Advocate multi-level branching, increase the number of branches, increase the flowering and fruiting parts, and pay attention to the opening angle of branches. In the first three years, on the basis of basic fertilizer application, chemical fertilizer was applied 3 ~ 4 times a year, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The pests and diseases of big cherry are much lighter than those of other fruit trees, but they must be controlled. The main pests are poisonous moth (itchy pepper), pear moth and red spider. These pests can be sprayed 1500 times to kill both the enemy and the enemy. However, the pear fruit borer has been harming the buds. Besides spraying, it can also be trapped and killed by black light. The harm can be controlled by cutting off insect tips and burning them, and attention should also be paid to preventing and controlling the harm of longicorn beetles and cicadas. The most serious disease of big cherry is gummosis. The reason of gummosis is that the wound or incision has not healed well, so we should pay attention to cutting off the stem at the incision. Control longhorn beetles and gibberella to prevent man-made injuries. Prevention and treatment methods: Scrape off the dead tissue of the affected area before germination in early spring, apply Pomei 5 degree stone sulfur mixture or 40% thiram 50 times solution, and then apply white glaze.

Key points of cherry planting

Protect flowers and fruits

"How to protect flowers and fruits", cherry peach growers should pay attention to the following points:

1, pollination varieties configuration Most peach varieties have self-flowering or extremely low self-flowering, so pollination trees must be configured. Pollinated varieties should have good affinity with the main varieties and meet at flowering stage. At the same time, mutual pollination ability and complementary pollination should be considered, and it is advisable to pollinate more than two varieties. The main varieties and pollination trees can be arranged according to 5: 1, which are evenly distributed in points or rows. If the pollinated varieties are not properly configured or the quantity is insufficient, the pollinated varieties can be inserted for grafting.

2. Artificial pollination at the initial flowering stage, collecting bell buds from pollinated varieties to make pollen, and carrying out artificial pollination at the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage respectively. Manual acupuncture, mechanical powder spraying, chicken feather rolling brush and other methods can be used. The best pollination time is from sunny morning 10 to 5 pm.

3. When cherry blossoms 10%, put bees or wallbees in the orchard for pollination.

4. Spraying fertilizer on foliage at flowering stage: spraying 0.3-0.5% borax solution or 0.3% urea +0.3% borax +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at flower bud stage and full flowering stage respectively; Spraying 0. 1-2 times of 0. 15% green Wei Fen foliar fertilizer after flowering.

5. Hormones protect flowers and fruits. About 2 weeks after flowering, applying 100- 150 mg/L gibberellin on young fruit stalks can reduce fruit drop.

6. In areas where early spring flowering is prone to low temperature, irrigation before flowering can delay flowering for 3-5 days and make the low temperature weather wrong; Or spraying water during flowering can also reduce the influence of low temperature on flowering and fruit setting.

High yield and high quality

To improve the yield and quality of cherry, we can adjust the yield and quality by pruning, thinning flowers and fruits.

1. Cyclobalanopsis is the main tree shape for shaping and pruning, with a stem height of 0.4-0.5m and a tree height of 2.5-3.5m. On the central trunk, there are 15-25 main branches with uniaxial extension and nearly horizontal angle. Except for the lower three main branches, 2-3 lateral branches can be directly planted on other main branches, and no lateral branches can be cultivated. This tree shape can make the number of branches of the tree increase rapidly, and the tree has strong fruit-bearing ability and high group benefit. Pruning and coring in summer promote flower bud differentiation of young trees: light coring (about 5 cm from the top): it can produce 1-2 new shoots, and then leave 15 cm for new shoots to form fruiting branches after continuous coring; Moderate coring (about15 cm from the top when the new shoot grows to 40 cm): 3-4 branches can germinate to form fruiting branches; Severe coring (when the new shoot grows to more than 40 cm, leave about 15 cm to remove the top): it can promote germination and branching, and also make the lower part form short branches or foliage branches to form fruit-saving branches. Twisting branches and taking branches: Twisting branches refers to 180 degree twisting of the overgrowth of long and competitive branches during semi-lignification, which weakens their growth, promotes flower bud differentiation and transforms them into fruiting branches; Taking branches is to move thick and long branches upward from the base by hand, so that the injured xylem is not broken, which inhibits growth, changes the angle and promotes the formation of flower buds. Cultivation of fruiting seedlings: carefully twist the seedlings or remove the seeds during the growing season, and then slowly release them, so as to cultivate compact small fruiting seedlings; Small uniaxial fruiting branches can be cultivated by light coring and light cutting. Medium and short cuttings in winter and moderate coring in summer can be cultivated into large and medium-sized fruiting branches. In addition, spraying paclobutrazol on leaves in June and July can also inhibit the vigorous growth of branches and promote flower bud differentiation.

2, thinning flowers combined with winter pruning, cutting off drooping branches, thinning branches and fruiting branches that bear fruit for many years; Cut off too many underdeveloped weak flower buds, weak flower buds and abnormal flower buds in bud stage; After flowering, the abnormal flowers and weak perianth with two chambers are thinned out. Each inflorescence can retain 1-2 flowers.

3. Fruit thinning is carried out on the basis of flower thinning, and the time is generally carried out after physiological fruit dropping. Principle of fruit thinning: strong trees have many strong branches and weak trees have few weak branches; Fruit thinning order: first inside and then outside, first up and then down. Fruit thinning targets are weak fruits, deformed fruits, fruit diseases and insect pests, poor pollination and fertilization, and too many fruits on weak branches.

Cultivation techniques of cherry in greenhouse

Greenhouse structure and variety selection

1. The structure of the solar greenhouse should be sheltered from the wind and sunny, with sufficient water resources and flat terrain, sandy loam or loam, and the solar greenhouse should be built away from pollution sources. The solar greenhouse has a span of 7.5 ~ 9 meters and a ridge height of 2.9 ~ 3.3 meters. Arch beams can be made of bamboo or steel bars. The east and west gables and the back wall are both 50 cm thick double-layer hollow brick walls. The back wall is 180 cm high and the greenhouse is 50 ~ 80 meters long. Its lighting, heat preservation, compression resistance and other properties are very good. Bamboo structure is low in cost and steel structure is high in cost, but it is firm and its service life is over 10 years, which is the future development direction.

Second, the choice of cherry varieties. Early-maturing varieties are more suitable for cultivating cherries in solar greenhouse, which makes them early-maturing and improves economic benefits. The varieties with better cultivation performance are Hongguang and Italian Zaohong.

Plastic trimming

First, plastic surgery (a) naturally happy appearance. The trunk is 20 ~ 40cm high and there is no central trunk. The whole tree has 2 ~ 4 main branches with an opening angle of about 40 degrees. There are 2 ~ 3 layers of lateral branches on each main branch, each layer is 30cm apart, and there are various types of fruiting branches on the lateral branches. (2) natural spindle shape. The stem is 40 ~ 60 cm high, and the central stem is equipped with 6 ~ 10 uniaxially elongated main branches, on which a large number of fruiting branches are borne. When pruning, bow your head in time and be willing to control the height of the tree. When shaping, leave 50 cm stems in the same year, and after fixing the stems, choose long branches with strong growth potential and good orientation as the main branches, and pull them into horizontal angles in the growing season. When cutting in the winter of the following year, the extended branches of the central trunk are cut into short sections of 40 ~ 60 cm. When cutting in winter, the competitive branches and back branches should be drained or cut short, and the rest oblique branches and moderate branches can be slowly put or lightly cut. In the third year, 50 cm of the central trunk was reserved for coring, and the angle continued to open in the growing season, and the back branches and long branches in the hole were cored to cultivate fruiting branches.

Second, pruning (1) pruning in the growth period. Mainly in the growth period of new shoots and after fruit harvesting. The former mainly inhibits the growth of new shoots, promotes branching, and can be coring for many times. Pruning after fruit picking is mainly thinning branches. For biennial branches, cut them short at axillary buds and then prune them from the base after fruiting. (2) Pruning during hibernation. Young trees should be properly cut short to promote branching and increase fruiting branches and leaves, and should be properly retracted after fruiting to maintain tree growth and improve fruiting ability.

Eliminate pests and diseases

First, purple-brown spots appeared in the early stage of perforated leaves, and the diseased spots dried up and fell off in the later stage, which led to perforation of leaves, and in severe cases, leaves fell off early. Strengthening fertilizer and water management, strengthening tree vigor, improving disease resistance, cutting off diseased branches and eliminating diseased leaves are the fundamental to prevent and control the disease. Spraying 500-600 times of 65% mancozeb wettable powder solution or 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder solution for 2-3 times, or spraying zinc sulfate lime solution for control. Spraying bordeaux mixture after fruit picking for control.

Second, gummosis mainly occurs in branches, especially in branches. Generally, the disease begins after harvest and gets worse with the increase of rainfall. It is mostly caused by freezing injury, insect pests and mechanical damage. Therefore, the most important thing to prevent and treat this disease is to protect the trees. Paint white on trunks and branches before winter to prevent freezing injury, stem borers and mechanical damage. Cure the branches with gummosis in time and apply smoothing agent to prevent the spread.

Third, the red-necked beetle is an important pest that harms branches. The main control methods are as follows: (1) Capturing adults artificially during the adult occurrence period. (2) Before the adults lay eggs, apply whitening agent (quicklime 10, sulfur 1 0 and water 40) on the trunk and main branches to prevent laying eggs. (three) when scraping the skin, insect holes are found, and the larvae that harm the phloem are pricked or hooked with needles or iron wires. (4) For the larvae injected into xylem, 100 times of dichlorvos liquid medicine can be injected into the wormhole, or 1/4 aluminum phosphide tablets can be stuffed into the wormhole, and then the larvae in the wormhole can be smoked to death with plastic film or soil.

Soil, fertilizer and water management

Cherry is a shallow-rooted tree species with strong root respiration, so it is necessary to meet the requirements of root growth for water, fertilizer, gas and heat as much as possible. Intertillage should be carried out 4 ~ 5 times in each growing season, and the depth of intertillage should be 5 ~ 10 cm. After harvest, shallow turning should be carried out to promote root regeneration and growth. Base fertilizer should be applied in late summer or early autumn, mainly organic fertilizer, with appropriate amount of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer. Topdressing 2 ~ 3 times in the growing season, and topdressing quickly and for a long time before and after flowering, and applying 0.5 kg urea or 0.5 kg ternary compound fertilizer to each plant. After the fruit is harvested, each plant can be applied with 0.5 kg urea or 65438+ 0 kg calcium superphosphate and 50 g borax. Water after application, promote flower bud formation, supplement nutrition, and apply fertilizer to the leaves for 2 ~ 3 times. In addition to applying base fertilizer in autumn, topdressing before and after flowering, and topdressing twice after harvest, 1 double water should also be applied, 1 double water should be applied during fruit expansion, and 1 double frozen water should be applied before freezing.

Temperature and humidity control

1. The temperature control mainly depends on ventilation window's switch, door operation and weeding. Covering the greenhouse with plastic film can increase the ground temperature by 2℃ ~ 3℃. Before film mulching, the temperature was kept at 18℃ ~ 20℃ in the daytime and 2℃ ~ 5℃ at night. From germination to flowering, the temperature is kept at 18℃ ~ 20℃ during the day and 6℃ ~ 7℃ at night. At the peak of flowering, the daytime temperature should be kept at 20℃ ~ 22℃ and should not exceed 25℃; The temperature is kept at 20℃ ~ 22℃ during the day and 7℃ ~ 8℃ at night. During fruit expansion, the temperature was kept at 22℃ ~ 25℃ during the day and 10℃ ~ 12℃ at night. After that, the daytime temperature was kept at 22℃ ~ 25℃, and the nighttime temperature was kept at 12℃ ~ 15℃.

Second, the humidity control from plastic film mulching to germination, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at about 80%. The humidity is too low, the flowering is irregular, and it is easily affected by high temperature; Too high humidity is not good for pollen and germination, and it is easy to get sick. The relative humidity of flowering period is kept at 40% ~ 60%, and the stigma is easy to dry due to low humidity, which affects fruit setting. The humidity during fruit expansion is controlled at 60%. From coloring period to maturity, the humidity is controlled at about 50%. Soil moisture can be adjusted by irrigation, and more water is needed in the fruit expansion period, but it is advisable to irrigate with a small amount of water frequently at this period, with a depth of 10 ~ 15 mm each time. The suitable irrigation amount before fruit ripening is 5 ~ 7 mm deep. (Huang Wei, Ho Lee, Song Yu)

Early high-yield cultivation techniques of big cherry

Big cherry fruit ripens early and has the reputation of "the first fresh fruit in spring". Because of its bright color, excellent quality, rich nutrition and high value, it is favored by consumers. Because of its high economic benefit, short fruit growth period and easy management, it is deeply loved by growers. However, there are some problems in production, such as late economic output and slow effect, which restrict the development of big cherry. Therefore, exploring the early high-yield technology of big cherry is the key to promote the development of big cherry.

Big cherry has strict requirements on soil and climate conditions, and it must have a garden with deep soil layer and good fertilizer and water conditions, which is the basis of normal fruit and high yield. The soil should always be loose. Tillage once a year in spring, summer and autumn, with a depth of about 25 cm, is beneficial to root expansion. Fertilizer management should apply sufficient base fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. Apply base fertilizer from mid-September to 65438+ 10 every year. In order to facilitate the growth of fruit trees next spring. 30-50kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5kg of urea and 0.5kg of 65438+ calcium superphosphate are applied to each plant. At the early growth stage (before May), 0.75 kg urea was applied to the plants to promote the growth of new shoots. After June, each plant was applied with 1.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 1.2 kg of potassium sulfate. Water management should adapt to the characteristics of large cherry that it is neither waterlogging tolerant nor drought tolerant, and the relative humidity of soil should be controlled between 60% and 80%. Among them, from germination to early flowering, water can be poured once according to the soil humidity, so that the soil relative humidity is about 80%, and then the soil relative humidity is controlled between 60% and 70%.

Second, shaping and pruning

Establishing a tree structure that is beneficial to early high yield is the key to early high yield technology.

1, tree culture: Spinning of big cherry is beneficial to early stable production. This kind of tree needs to be planted with strong seedlings over 1.5 meters, with a fixed stem height of 80-90 cm. When the main branch is not cultivated in that year, the branches sprouting on the main branch in winter are extremely heavy and cut short. When the main branch is cultivated in the second year, the level difference between the middle branch and the main branch can be increased, which is beneficial to cultivating the subordinate relationship. This kind of tree generally requires a height of 60-70cm and a height of 3.5-4 m. On the central trunk, plant 12- 15 branches every 20-25 cm, and the included angle of main branches is between 70-80 degrees. Do not cultivate lateral branches, cultivate large, medium and small branches on the main branches.

2. Pruning in summer: During the plastic surgery, the main branch should be pruned at an angle of about 70 degrees. When the extension branch is about 50 cm long, the branch tip is about 65,438+00 cm, and when it is shortened in winter, it is about 40-50 cm, so as to keep the branch axis compact. Prevent back baldness.

Summer pruning is mainly to relax the tree and promote the formation of flower buds. The main measures are as follows:

(1) Branching: Before summer or August-September, in order to avoid crown closure, the main branch opens and the lower branch dies. Branching can improve the germination rate, increase the number of short branches, promote early flowering and fruiting, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, improve the quality of branches, prevent internal baldness, alleviate the outward migration of fruiting parts, increase the effective fruiting amount and improve the yield and quality. Pulling strong branches can alleviate the growth of branches and balance the tree potential. The opening angle of the auxiliary branch should be about 80-90 degrees.

(2) Bud carving: Before germination, cut a knife across the xylem on the buds and branches to promote the germination of new buds. Bud carving can improve the germination quality of lateral buds or foliage branches, increase the proportion of medium and long branches and the total number of branches, which is beneficial to plastic surgery and make up for the vacancy in the crown.

(3) Picking: the strong branches on the tree can be picked continuously. When the length of sprouted long branches and middle branches is 15-20 cm, the middle branches are cultured by coring to increase the effective fruiting parts, promote early fruiting and improve yield. Excavating the core of flourishing branches can promote the growth of branches, increase the number of short branches, slow down the growth of the whole tree and achieve the goal of early fruiting. For vigorous branches, you can pick your heart 2-3 times a year. In order to improve the fruit setting rate, the coring time should be limited to 10- 15 days after flowering. Significantly reduce nutrient consumption, reduce physiological fruit drop, and fruit ripens early. The flowering rate of secondary branches germinated after enucleation is high.

(4) girdling: girdling is an effective measure to control vegetative growth and promote early fruit. The girdling of big cherry is very time-sensitive, usually from flowering to late flowering 10 days, on the trunk or branch. The peeling width is slightly larger than the standard of apple. Because of the bark regenerated by xylem parenchyma cells, the peeling healing speed is faster than that of apple.

(5) Thinning: Thinning over-dense, over-strong, bare and disordered perennial branches is very beneficial to adjust the tree structure, improve the light balance of the tree and promote flower bud differentiation. At the beginning of June, the branches became thinner and the wound healed easily. Strong branches in the crown that seriously affect ventilation and light transmission and have no reservation value can be drained from the base.

Young cherry tree period: mainly to establish a solid tree skeleton. On the basis of plastic surgery, the pruning degree of various branches should be light. In addition to properly thinning some branches that are too dense, crossed and disordered, we should keep as many middle branches and branchlets as possible, and lightly cut the annual branches of/kloc-0 to promote the growth of backbone branches. For 3-4-year-old young trees, the shortening degree of main branch extension branches should be determined according to the growth intensity and branch position. Generally, the extended branches should be cut off by 40-50 cm, and the extended branches should generally leave external buds. Varieties with strong upright branches can also leave inner buds. When cutting in the winter of the following year, we should use external buds as extension branches, which can open corners and inhibit their overgrowth. Branchlets on all branches in the crown are basically motionless. Make it form fruit branches as soon as possible, so as to facilitate early fruiting and high yield.