human anatomy
First, the definition, division of labor and tasks of human anatomy
Human anatomy is a science that studies the normal human morphological structure and belongs to the morphological category of biological science. In the medical field, it is an important basic course, and its task is to reveal the morphological and structural characteristics of human organs, as well as the adjacency and connection between organs and structures, so as to lay the foundation for further study of basic medical courses and clinical medical courses.
With the progress of human beings and the development of science and culture, human anatomy has different research methods, emphases and purposes because of its different service objects, thus gradually forming many unique boundaries: for example, according to the various systems that make up the human body, the morphology, structure and systematic anatomy of each system organ are studied and described one by one; According to the division of human body and the needs of medical surgery, the local anatomy of the shape, position and adjacent relationship of various structures in each body is studied and discussed. Artistic anatomy meets the requirements of painting and sculpture; Sports anatomy studies the morphological structure and functional relationship of human organs and structures in exercise and training; This paper expounds the basis of applied (surgical) anatomy and various clinical surgical levels. In addition, due to different research methods, there are macroscopic anatomy based on naked eye observation and anatomical operation, as well as microscopic and electron microscopic observation of tissues, that is, microscopic macrovision and ultramicroscopic anatomy. There are also human embryology or human genetics that specialize in the study of individual development and development processes and laws.
In view of the rapid development of neuroscience in recent 20 years and the trend that neuroscience may become the dominant discipline in the next century, and referring to the curriculum of medical colleges in developed countries, our teaching and research department has reformed the two courses of systematic anatomy and local anatomy, and opened two courses of gross anatomy and neuroanatomy, that is, the original central nervous system is set separately to adapt to the development trend of neuroscience in the world and promote the rapid update of teaching content. Most of the remaining knowledge of human body morphology and structure belongs to this course, that is, gross anatomy teaching. The teaching of this course is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the structural knowledge of various systems and organs of the human body is briefly introduced, with lectures as the main part, supplemented by necessary confirmatory exercises. However, the skeletal system that constitutes the human scaffold needs to master all the contents needed at this stage. In the second stage, according to the individual parts of the human body, anatomical observation was carried out one by one. The basic way is that students, prompted by teachers, perform anatomical operations independently according to the contents of teaching materials, acquire knowledge of human body morphology and structure, and gradually cultivate and improve students' observation ability, analytical judgment ability and comprehensive induction ability, as well as certain anatomical operation skills. This stage is interspersed with necessary theoretical lectures, and the main task is to guide students to serialize and theorize the knowledge gained in practice. In addition, teachers in clinical departments are invited to teach the significance of some structural contents in clinical diagnosis and treatment, so as to broaden students' horizons and ideas and increase their interest in learning.
Second, a brief history of the development of human anatomy
Anatomy is a long history science. In Neijing, the first medical work in the Warring States period (500 BC), the cognitive method of "anatomy" and the names of organs that are still in use today have been clearly put forward. In the ancient Greek era of Western Europe (500-300 BC), famous philosophers Hippocrates and Aristotle both conducted on-site animal anatomy and wrote works.
The first relatively complete anatomical work, Medical Classics (Galen, A.D. 130-20 1), gives a detailed and concrete account of blood circulation, nerve distribution and many organs. However, because Western Europe was in the dark period of religious rule at that time, it was forbidden to dissect the human body, and the main materials in this book were all obtained from animal anatomy observation, so there were many mistakes. /kloc-for more than 0/000 years, religious rule has seriously hindered the progress of science and culture, as well as the development of medicine and anatomy.
Renaissance is a great revolution in European history. When capitalism sprouted, the shackles of the dark rule of the church began to be destroyed. "It was a great era that produced knowledge, spirit and character" (Engles). During this period, people's intelligence was fully reflected in the creation of science and art, and Leonardo da Vinci was the representative of this era. He not only handed down his immortal paintings to later generations, but also drew anatomical drawings, which are amazing even today. At this time, a master of anatomy-Vizari (15 14- 1564) appeared. Starting from his student days, he braved the danger of religious persecution, persistently engaged in human anatomy experiments, and finally completed his masterpiece "Human Structure", with a total of seven volumes. At the same time, in Vizari, a group of anatomists and doctors discovered some human structures, such as Eustachius, Sylvius, Varolio, Aranti and Botallo, and the structures named after them are still preserved in anatomy textbooks. Later, British scholar William Harvey (1578- 1657) put forward the concept that the cardiovascular system is a closed pipeline system and established the theory of blood circulation, thus separating physiology from anatomy. Following the invention of microscope, Italian Malcell Malpighi (1628-1694) used it to observe the microstructure of animals and plants, which opened up the field of histology. At the end of 18, embryology began to study individual development. 19th century, Italian scholar camillo golgi (1843- 1926) pioneered the silver-plated impregnation technology of neurons, and Spanish Cagar (1852- 1934) established the silver-plated impregnation method of neurons.
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, due to the influence of idealism and metaphysical thought, human anatomy embarked on a tedious and isolated description of human morphological structure, which made some scholars feel confused and disappointed. They think that anatomy has become a "fossil" and has reached the end of its tether, and there is no prospect for development at all. On the other hand, from the dialectical view of nature, some scholars began to seek a pioneering way from functional anatomy, evolutionary morphology and experimental morphology.
In recent twenty years, with the wave of technological revolution, biomechanics, immunology, histochemistry and molecular biology have penetrated into anatomy. Some new technologies, such as tracer technology, immunohistochemistry technology, cell culture technology and in-situ molecular hybridization technology, have been widely used in morphological research, which has made this ancient discipline glow with youthful brilliance, especially neuroanatomy has been developed by leaps and bounds. Since the founding of New China in China, medical education and anatomy have made unprecedented progress due to the policy of "a hundred schools of thought contend" and prosperous science and technology. During this period, despite the stagnation and retrogression of the Cultural Revolution for ten years, since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the policy of respecting science and talents has been brought out of order, creating a good academic environment, especially the policy of reform and opening up. It creates conditions and possibilities for China anatomists to learn and catch up with the advanced science and technology of developed countries. The equipment is constantly improved and updated, and the conditions are gradually improved and improved. The most gratifying thing is that a large number of young and middle-aged anatomists are thriving and working hard for the great cause of rejuvenating China and building a socialist modern motherland. It can be predicted that in the near future, they will be based on the world anatomy with a brand-new look.
Three, anatomical posture and common orientation terms
In order to correctly describe the shape and position of human structures and their relationship, it is necessary to formulate a recognized unified standard, that is, anatomical posture and orientation terms. Beginners must master these basic knowledge accurately to facilitate learning and communication and avoid misunderstanding.
1. Anatomical posture
In order to clarify the shape, position and relationship of various parts and structures of the human body, we must first establish a standard posture, which will prevail when describing any posture. This standard posture is called anatomical posture. That is, the body stands upright and the eyes look straight ahead; Stand with your feet side by side with your toes facing forward; The upper limbs hang down on both sides of the trunk, and the palms face forward (the thumb is on the outside).
2. Commonly used orientation terms
Up and down: according to the anatomical posture, the head is above and the feet are below. In comparative anatomy or embryology, because of the relationship between animals and embryos, cranium is often used instead; Replace the tail with the tail. Proximal end and distal end are often used to describe the relationship between various parts of limbs, that is, the root near the trunk is proximal end, while the relatively distant or terminal part is distal end.
Front and back: the front side of the body leans against the front, and the back side leans against the back. In comparative anatomy, it is usually called ventral ventral and dorsal dorsal. Palm and back of hand are usually used to describe hands.
Inside and outside inside and outside outside outside inside and outside outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside: inside and outside outside outside inside: inside and outside outside outside inside: inside and outside outside inside. If the thumb of the hand is on the outside and the little finger is on the inside. When describing the structure of the upper limb, the ulna and radius of the forearm are juxtaposed, the ulna is inside and the radius is outside, so the ulna of the ulna can be used instead of the inside and the radius can be used instead of the outside. The leg of the lower limb has a diameter side by side with the fibula, the tibia is on the inside and the fibula is on the outside, so it can also be called tibia and fibula.
Inside and outside: used to indicate the relationship between some structures and cavities, which should be distinguished from inside and outside.
Shallow depth: the part near the body surface is called shallow, and the relatively deep part inside is called deep.
3. Axis and face
(1) Axis: According to the anatomical posture, the human body can set three typical mutually perpendicular axes, that is, the sagittal axis is the horizontal line in the front-back direction; The coronal (frontal) axis 1 is the horizontal line in the left and right direction; The vertical axis 1 is a vertical line perpendicular to the horizontal line. Axis is often used to indicate the axis along which the displacement trajectory of bones moves when joints move.
(2) Plane: According to the axis, the human body or organ can be cut into different sections, and some structures can be observed from different angles. Typical sections are: sagittal plane, which is taken along the sagittal axis and is a longitudinal section that divides the human body into left and right parts. If this section just passes through the midline of the human body, it is called the median sagittal plane; The coronal plane or frontal plane is a section taken along the coronal axis. It is a longitudinal section that divides the human body into two parts, perpendicular to the sagittal plane and the horizontal plane. The horizontal plane or horizontal plane is a horizontal plane along the horizontal line, which divides the human body into upper and lower parts and is perpendicular to the above two longitudinal planes. It should be noted that the cross section of an organ is generally not based on the long axis of the human body, but on its own long axis, that is, the cross section along its long axis is called longitudinal cross section, and the cross section perpendicular to the long axis is called cross section.
Four, the general situation of human body structure:
Cell is the basic structure and functional unit of human body, and there is cytoplasm between cells. Interstitial is a substance produced by cells without cell morphology and structure. It includes fiber, matrix and fluid substances (interstitial fluid, lymph, plasma, etc.). ), which supports, protects, connects and nourishes cells and participates in the formation of the microenvironment for cell survival. Many cells with similar morphology and function are composed of interstitial cells, which are called tissues. There are many types of human tissues, which are traditionally divided into four basic tissues, namely epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. With one organization as the main body, several organizations are organically combined to form organs with certain morphological, structural and functional characteristics. A series of organs that perform the same function are organically linked to form a system with specific functions. The system that constitutes the human body includes the movement system, including bones, joints and muscles, which is the structural basis for people to carry out various activities such as labor, displacement and posture maintenance. The organs of internal organs respectively constitute the digestive system-responsible for the digestion, absorption and residue discharge of ingested food; Respiratory system-gas exchange; Urinary system-the final product produced by excreted tissues and cells; Reproductive system-producing germ cells and forming new individuals to continue the race; And a circulation system which is connected with the system for performing metabolism, provides nutrition for the system and transports metabolites; The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord in the central part, peripheral nerves all over the body, and sensory organs as special sensory devices, which feel various stimuli from the internal and external environment of the human body and produce appropriate responses; In addition, endocrine glands with different functions are scattered in the body. Each system of the human body not only has its own unique shape, structure and function, but also relates, restricts and coordinates with each other under the unified control of the nervous system and the regulation of neurohumors. * * * With the completion of unified overall activities and advanced consciousness activities, it can achieve a high degree of unity with the rapidly changing internal and external environment.
Introduction of Anatomy Course in China Medical University
Course leader
Professor Bai Shuling
First, before the Cultural Revolution, we made great efforts to standardize the construction system of teaching and scientific research disciplines.
The Department of Anatomy of China Medical University was founded in Yan 'an (194 1), moved to Xingshan in the northeast with the army (1948), entered Shenyang on 1949, and merged into the National Shenyang Medical College (formerly known as Manchuria Medical University 19 1-). The first president after liberation was Professor Liu, the former president of Shenyang Medical College.
Before the Cultural Revolution, our teaching and research section resolutely implemented the "three basics and three strictness" requirements of the Ministry of Health for student management, and the Ministry of Health scored the best in the unified examination. Professor Yu Pin and Professor Wang Chongxin introduced the teaching experience of "implementing the three basics and three strictness" to various schools across the country, and won the excellent teaching achievement award of "implementing the three basics and three strictness" issued by the Ministry of Health. Organized the translation of Anatomy of Soviet children as a teaching material, which supplemented the shortcomings of the teaching materials at that time. Scientific research focuses on acupuncture, acupuncture anesthesia and the mechanism of frostbite and burn, and has made important contributions to the study of synaptic structure and cardiovascular morphology.
Second, after the Cultural Revolution, the construction of teaching and scientific research disciplines developed in an all-round way.
After the Cultural Revolution, with the support of school leaders and the hard work of famous anatomists and artists such as Yu Fan, He Weiwei, Gao Shilian, etc., the construction of anatomical teaching materials and auxiliary teaching materials entered a prosperous period, and the national planning textbook Human Anatomy was edited. Participated in the second and third editions of Human Anatomy as the deputy head; Edit the fourth edition of systematic anatomy and other teaching materials. Anatomy teaching wall chart edited by Guo Guangwen, etc. (won the special prize of the State Publishing Administration) "Color Atlas of Human Anatomy" (won the double benefit award of excellent teaching materials of the Ministry of Health); The new atlas of human anatomy edited by Yu Pin and Wang Xu: The Atlas of Human Anatomy edited by Gao Shilian and Yu Pin has been widely promoted and applied in medical colleges and universities all over the country, which has promoted the teaching of anatomy throughout the country. Atlas of Human Anatomy edited by Gao Shilian (divided into two volumes) and Surgical Anatomy edited by He Weiwei and others pay attention to integrating theory with practice and are favored by clinical surgeons. A new breakthrough has been made in the construction of anatomical laboratory, and it has won the title of "Advanced Laboratory Collective of Colleges and Universities of the State Education Commission".
The scientific research results are gratifying. Neuroanatomy: With the establishment of brain research institute and neuroanatomy laboratory, the research on peripheral nerve injury, visceral nerve, cerebrovascular disease and anti-aging has been deepened, and 9 projects have been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation, and the research level has been continuously improved, and breakthroughs have been made in all research directions.
The study of gross anatomy is based on the morphological study and clinical application of skin flap. The forearm flap discovered by Professor Li Ji has become one of the largest organ transplants in the world. Known as "China Skin Flap" by famous American plastic surgeons, it won the third prize of national invention. Twenty-two new donor sites of free flap were found, and the three-dimensional construction characteristics of flap circulation were revealed for the first time at home and abroad, which made the study of free flap in the Department of Anatomy of China Medical University at the forefront in China. More than 200 academic papers were published, and the first author won the prize: Li Ji (1983) third prize for national invention; Li Ji (1983), Gao Shilian (2000), Duan Kunchang (1997) and Bai Shuling (200 1) won the first prize of scientific and technological progress in Liaoning Province respectively. Li Ji (1982, 1984, 1988) and Jiang Shuxue (1985) won the second prize of the Ministry of Health for scientific and technological progress respectively. Bai Shuling (1995) and Fang Xiubin (1989) won the second prize for scientific and technological progress of the Ministry of Education, and more than 20 scientific and technological awards won the third prize at the provincial and ministerial levels.
Tissue engineering organ reconstruction is the highlight of international frontier scientific and technological research at this stage. The Department of Anatomy of China Medical University not only improved the standardized operation mechanism of doctoral teaching in tissue engineering (teaching materials, experimental guidance and CAI courseware), but also opened a new course for domestic undergraduates and graduate students, and made new breakthroughs in organ reconstruction in tissue engineering such as bone and cartilage, blood vessels and skin, and peripheral nerves. With the support of many national natural funds and provincial funds, * * * has published more than 40 papers, forming a profound scientific research foundation and knowledge precipitation.
Discipline construction has advanced by leaps and bounds. When Professor He Wei, the leader of anatomy, served as the vice president and president of China Medical University, China Medical University became the executive director unit of Chinese Anatomy Society and the chairman unit of Liaoning Anatomy Society. Became the first member of the discipline evaluation group of the State Council Degree Committee of China Medical University. His successors, Professor Li Ji, Professor Lu, Professor Fang Xiubin and Professor Bai Shuling, will inherit the post of the Institute. At the same time, the Anatomy Department of China Medical University has become the first batch of authorized units for doctoral, master's (198 1) and postdoctoral mobile stations in China.
Third, at the turn of the century, with the support of CMB project, deepen the teaching reform and build a national excellent course and anatomy education platform.
Since 1990s, the Department of Anatomy of China Medical University has made great progress in the construction of teaching staff and the subjectivity of teaching materials. At present, there are 1 national excellent teachers, 2 provincial excellent teachers and 2 provincial famous teachers. They are the executive director of the Chinese Anatomy Society, the director of the Education Committee, and the chairman and secretary general of the Liaoning Anatomy Society. He is the editor-in-chief of the 5th, 6th and 7th editions of Systematic Anatomy, a five-year undergraduate teaching material of medical colleges in China, and the editor-in-chief of Systematic Anatomy, a seven-year and eight-year planning teaching material, and the editor-in-chief of Human Anatomy (English version) of the 11th Five-Year Plan of the Ministry of Health. The Anatomy Teaching and Research Department of China Medical University has become a national-level excellent course for China people, a key discipline in Liaoning Province and an excellent course in Liaoning Province. Anatomy teaching and research section has become a postdoctoral mobile station, and the tissue engineering research room under it has been approved for doctoral program (2002). There are 6 doctoral supervisors and 7 master supervisors in the Anatomy Teaching and Research Department, and 42 doctoral students and 86 master students have been trained. A number of new anatomy teaching materials and auxiliary teaching materials came into being. Human Morphology, edited by Lu, Higher Education Press, 2002; Human Sectional Anatomy 1.2 Edition, a textbook planned by Jiang Shuxue, People's Health Publishing House1999,2000. Bai Shuling, editor-in-chief, Planning Textbook of Ministry of Health, Case Analysis Series Anatomy, People's Health Publishing House, 2007. Auxiliary teaching materials include CT. Anatomical atlas of MRI images edited by Jiang Shuxue and comparative atlas of sectional anatomy and MRI. CT, all published by Liaoning Science and Technology Press in 2000 1998. Color Atlas of Applied Anatomy, Cao Yuqi Liaoning Science and Technology Press,1996; Gao Shilian and Lu edited Practical Cerebrovascular Atlas Science Press, 2002; Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, edited by Bai Shuling and Duan Kunchang, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2002; Duan Kunchang and Bai Shuling edited Color Atlas of Skin Flap Surgical Approach; Liaoning Science and Technology Press 2003; Duan Kunchang, Wang Zhenyu and Li Qingsheng edited Color Atlas of Applied Anatomy of Eye, Otolaryngology; Duan Kunchang edited Color Atlas of Applied Anatomy of Cranial Head and Neck; The Color Atlas of Maxillofacial and Oral Applied Anatomy edited by Duan Kunchang and Li Qingsheng was published by Liaoning Science and Technology Press in 2006. Lv Liyong, editor-in-chief, Systematic Anatomy Problem Set, People's Medical Publishing House, 2004; Lu, edited by Wang Zhenyu, People's Military Medical Publishing House, 2003; Tong Xiaojie, editor-in-chief of Guide to Review Examination of Human Anatomy, Shenyang Publishing House 1998, etc.
The reform of teaching content, methods and means has been carried out in an all-round way, forming its own characteristics of teaching reform. Anatomy integrated teaching combines systematic anatomy, local anatomy, histology and sectional anatomy, and removes overlapping parts, forming a large-scale pilot work with 120 as the experimental group (4 classes) and 360 as the control group (12 classes). It lasted for 5 years and achieved excellent results. Experts appraised it as the leading level in China and won the first prize of teaching achievement of the Ministry of Education (2006).
Problem-centered (PBL) discussion teaching reform is being carefully operated and carried out in an orderly manner. According to the motor system, viscera and cardiovascular system, students can consult literature, inspire creative thinking and practical ability, and serve the cultivation of excellent medical talents.
Case-centered (CBL) anatomy teaching reform, selecting the morphological structure of brain stem slices, starting from the problem of injury in this part, inspires students' innovative thinking, mobilizes students to integrate theory with practice, and improves their ability to analyze and solve problems. The development of students' return to basics and scientific research probation: the organization of anatomy knowledge competition, TV video teaching and teaching competition and the development of the second classroom activities, the development of CAI courseware and the improvement of multimedia teaching methods have greatly promoted the improvement of anatomy teaching quality.
Fourth, strengthen quality construction and promote the intelligence, informationization and modernization of teaching methods.
The teaching equipment of the Anatomy Teaching and Research Department has gradually developed from the initial anatomical teaching tools with specimens as the main part, supplemented by wall charts and models to the wide application of modern computer multimedia teaching equipment.
In the mid-1980s, the laboratory began to be equipped with closed-circuit television, which filmed the experimental contents demonstrated by the lecturer in advance and then sent them to the laboratory by the control center. With the study of the experimental class, the students responded well.
With the development of teaching reform, modern teaching methods are gradually improving. The anatomy teaching and research room is equipped with computers for teachers to study, prepare lessons and make courseware in each office. Under the care and attention of school leaders, all five laboratories are equipped with multimedia teaching systems with computers as the main body, and the total number of computers used for teaching has reached more than 40. The other two laboratories are equipped with demonstration systems based on VCD and CCTV. At the same time, 9 different series of multimedia courseware developed by ourselves are used in different levels of teaching, which gradually improves the teaching conditions of anatomy teaching and research department. Students have improved their learning quality in good learning conditions and atmosphere.
There are many digital cameras, video cameras and projectors in the Anatomy Teaching and Research Section, which can be used in teaching at any time.
The teaching corpse shall be kept in 3 digits, the reserve and application of teaching wall chart shall be kept 15 sets, the teaching model shall be kept in use for 5 sets, the teaching freezer shall be kept for 2 sets, and the laboratory shall be equipped with 6 sets of air conditioners.
Five, strengthen the management and maintenance of national quality courses, give full play to the leading role of quality courses.
Under the Anatomy Teaching and Research Section, great efforts have been made to continuously improve and update all Chinese videos and bilingual videos. Constantly enrich and prepare new Chinese and English CAI courseware, improve the quality and drive the overall situation. With the improvement of teaching conditions, we continue to implement the concept of building a school with science and technology and connotation, and constantly build a digital teaching system, computer simulation anatomy experiment, teacher-student interaction and micro-operation platform in the course of reform and development.
On the basis of their achievements, all the teachers in Anatomy Teaching and Research Section, guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipate their minds, keep pace with the times, innovate constantly, improve the discipline construction, adopt modern teaching methods, and strive to improve, supplement and update the contents of national top-quality courses to ensure that they become a banner of anatomy.
Introduction to normal human anatomy course
Normal human anatomy is a science to study the morphological structure of normal human body, which belongs to the morphological category in biological science and is an important basic course in medical science. The purpose of studying this course is to enable students to understand and master the normal morphological structure of human organ system and its relationship according to the functional system of human organ system, so as to lay the necessary morphological foundation for learning other basic medicine and clinical medicine courses. Only on the basis of mastering the normal morphological structure of human body can we correctly understand the physiological function and pathological changes of human body, otherwise we can't judge the normal and abnormal state of human body, distinguish the physiological and pathological state, and even more we can't correctly diagnose and treat diseases. The nouns above 1/3 in medicine come from anatomy, and human anatomy is the premise of learning basic medicine and clinical medicine. In the teaching of human anatomy, we should strengthen the cultivation of intelligence and talents, adopt heuristic teaching, step by step, from shallow to deep, and teach both knowledge and methods; Cultivate students' self-study ability and give full play to their initiative and creativity in learning; It is necessary to cultivate students' ability to observe things, find problems, analyze problems and solve problems by listening to lectures, studying textbooks and observing specimens; It is also necessary to properly contact the clinic to improve the enthusiasm and purpose of students' learning. In the teaching of human anatomy, the principle of integrating theory with practice is always implemented. Teachers should not only give good lectures, but also pay attention to strengthening experimental classes. The ratio of lectures to experiments is about 5: 1. In the experimental class, we should emphasize the observation of physical specimens, supplemented by models, wall charts, audio-visual teaching and other modern teaching methods, combined with other forms such as living observation, to enhance students' understanding and memory.