1. culture environment

① Selection of culture environment

Terrain selection: the slope of hills, mountains and semi-mountainous areas is below 25.

Soil selection: acidic indicator plants, such as rhododendron, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Pinus massoniana, Camellia oleifera, etc. The soil state is 4.0-6.0, the thickness of soil layer is more than l m, and the groundwater level is below 1 m.

② Improvement and maintenance of culture environment.

Establishing drainage and water storage system: setting isolation ditches around the tea garden, with a depth of 80- 100 cm and a width of 50-100 cm; Horizontal ditches are set in the park every 40-50 meters (the slopes are built at the same height), with a depth of 60-70 cm and a width of 50-60 cm; A longitudinal ditch with a depth of 70-80 cm and a width of 60-70 cm is set beside the road; The horizontal ditch is connected with the vertical ditch, and a grit chamber is arranged at the joint.

Greening beside the garden: if possible, plant street trees to improve the ecological environment and ice soil conservation of tea gardens.

Terrain adjustment: If the ground slope is within 10, only dig high and fill low, and adjust the terrain appropriately to facilitate the layout of tea shops. When the ground slope is above 10, a cascade tea garden should be built, and the height of the ladder wall should be controlled within1.5m. ..

2. Fertilization in tea garden

① Tea garden base fertilizer

Apply base fertilizer every 65,438 years before planting and 0-2 years after planting. After closing the garden in autumn, furrows should be placed in the middle of the row as soon as possible, with a depth of 30-40 cm and a farm organic fertilizer of 5- 10 ton (65,438+000-2000) per mu. 50 kg of special compound fertilizer or phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for tea trees. After fertilizer and soil are mixed, the soil can be reclaimed and leveled, or it can be combined with intertillage.

② Top dressing in tea garden

Top dressing is applied three times a year, from the middle of March and the end of April to the beginning of May and the middle of July. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly available, and the types of fertilizers are compound fertilizer for tea trees, urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate and so on. Fertilization site is determined according to yield, and young tea garden is determined according to tree age. Furrow application, furrow depth 10- 13 cm, sowing, ploughing and burying immediately after application.

③ Top dressing outside tea roots

According to the growth needs of tea trees, soluble nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, rare earth, trace elements and growth regulators can be sprayed outside the roots. However, it is necessary to strictly control the concentration and dosage of ambassadors and make use of the weather and time to improve the effectiveness of ambassadors.

3. Tea garden soil management.

(1) plough and hoe

Shallow tillage weeding: the depth is 5- 10 cm, and the number of times depends on the occurrence of weeds. 3-4 times a year, or combined with forced fertilization.

Deep ploughing in tea garden: suitable for gardens. The general tillage depth is 15-20cm. Once a year or every other year, it should be done as soon as possible after the park is closed in autumn.

Deep ploughing and soil improvement: If the young tea garden is deeply ploughed by drilling before the garden is built, the soil between rows should be deeply ploughed as soon as possible, with a depth of 60 cm. If the mature tea garden does not apply base fertilizer for many years, it is necessary to dig deep into the soil to improve the soil, with a depth of 60 cm. Apply more than 0/0 ton of agricultural organic fertilizer/kloc-per mu, and 50- 100 kg of special fertilizer for tea trees or phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Deep tillage: the soil should be carried out after the autumn tea garden is closed and before the severe cold comes.

② Intercropping and mulching

Intercropping green manure 2-3 years before the young tea garden.

Don't plant crops when you grow up. Strengthen water saving, water storage and drainage in tea gardens. Conditional tea garden irrigation:

5. Tea tree pruning

According to the different tree age stages of tea garden, crown cultivation, tree decoration and rejuvenation were carried out by means of plastic pruning, plastic pruning, light pruning, deep pruning and renewal pruning. Pruning can be carried out in two periods of the year, that is, before spring tea (late February to early March) and after spring tea (early and middle May). Setting and pruning should be done before spring tea. If the plant fails to meet the standard, the setting and pruning of 1-2 can be postponed until after spring tea.

6. Tea tree protection

Actively carry out comprehensive prevention and control techniques and do a good job in the inspection of tea plant diseases and insect pests.

Step 7 pick tea

(1) timely prevention and control of picking standards

Black tea and green tea are two or three leaves, just as tender; Black tea is divided into shades, generally one bud, four or five leaves and one new bud; Old green tea is mainly formed by red feet and new buds.

② Manual picking

Red and green tea leaves are picked in batches for many times, including 4-6 batches of spring tea, 6-8 batches of summer and autumn tea and 4-5 batches of autumn tea. The standard new mining is slightly up to 20-30%.

③ mechanical picking

Picking 4-6 batches throughout the year, the new standard of spring tea reaches 80%, and the new standard of summer and autumn tea reaches 60%. Two flat tea pickers are used for young tea gardens with flat and gentle slopes, and arc tea pickers are used for mature tea gardens. Single tea pickers choose mountain and narrow ladder tea gardens.

④ fresh leaf management

Pick fresh leaves to prevent sun exposure, heavy pressure and rain, and send them to the tea factory for processing and picking fresh leaves in time. Ventilation should be used for packaging, so be careful.

2. The use of highly toxic and residual pesticides such as methamidophos, 1605, 1059, bhc, chlordimeform and triadimefon (alcohol) is prohibited in tea gardens.

2. Key points of cultivation techniques for newly planted tea garden (from garden establishment to 6-foot age)

1. Basic requirements: strive for early gardening, lay a solid foundation for high and stable yield and high quality, fully implement various gardening measures, and strengthen cultivation management.

2. Garden construction

① Reclamation

Site cleaning: clean up all roots, miscellaneous trees and stone fields in the proposed tea garden.

Initial reclamation: 60 cm deep reclamation should be carried out in summer and autumn when there is high temperature and little rain.

Reclamation: Initial reclamation will be carried out in about one month, with a depth of about 30 cm. Weeds, sundries, etc. Will be demolished and the ground will be leveled to facilitate the layout of the tea shop.

(2) the form of landscape architecture

Tea Garden on Gentle Slope: On the flat and gentle slope below 10, on the basis of comprehensive reclamation, tea shops will be arranged with large bends and small bends.

Cascade tea garden: on the hillside above 10, build terraces with local materials. The basic requirements are: the step surface is high outside and low inside (the reverse slope of 1-2), and the steps at the same level are the same height, and the steps are connected by roads, tunnels and ditches. The width of the step is convenient for the layout of the tea shop and does not waste land. The height of the ladder wall is within1.5m. The slope of the earth ladder wall is about 70; The slope of the terrace wall made of turf bricks is 70-75: the tea shop in the cascade tea garden is to set the first tea shop from the outside of the terrace, that is, 0.6-0.7 meters away from the terrace, and then set other tea trees inward according to the established track arrangement.

Step 3 plant

(1) Garden seedling preparation

Variety: Tea with neat leaves or better varieties, Baihaozao, Fuyun No.6 or better varieties should be selected for black tea. Green tea should use Fuding Dabai.

Tea seedlings: robust tea seedlings with a height of 25 cm and a thickness of more than 3 mm: It is advisable to advocate the use of all asexual tea seedlings to build gardens.

(2) Planting specification and density: single row with two plants in a strip: row spacing 1.5m, hole spacing of 30-35cm, and two tea seedlings per hole. Double row and double plant strip planting: row spacing 1.530-40 cm, two tea seedlings per hole.

(3) Before planting, apply base fertilizer with small row spacing of 30-40 cm, ditch depth of 60 cm and width of 50-60 cm, apply agricultural organic fertilizer 100-200 tons per mu, and 50 kg of special compound fertilizer or phosphorus-potassium fertilizer for tea trees. After the fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed, re-cultivate the soil to level the ground.

④ Planting

Planting tea seedlings should start from 10 in early March. The sooner the water source conditions, the better. The burial depth is 5- 10 cm above the rhizome. In order to preserve water and improve the survival rate, tie the soil near the tea pot tightly and pour enough water.

4. Post-planting management

(1) make up the gap between seedlings.

After planting a growing period, in late autumn, early winter or the first seedling, the strength should remain weak, and tea seedlings of the same age or older should be used to make up for the deficiency.

② Soil management of young tea garden

The basic content is the same as 1.3. Intercropping green manure, such as broad beans, Chinese milk vetch and garden flowers, is suitable in winter, but not in summer. Intercropping in tea gardens should not hinder the growth of tea trees. Young gardens should pay special attention to timely intertillage weeding.

③ Tree management in young tea gardens.

Setting pruning: when the height of 2-year-old seedlings is more than 30 cm and the trunk is more than 3 mm thick, the first setting pruning will be carried out, and the upper section of the main branch will be cut off at the place where the main branch is off the ground 12- 15 cm, but the branches with F will not be cut off at the cutting opening of the main branch. 3. After the second plastic trimming at noon, the incision was higher than the first one 15-20cm, and after the third plastic trimming at 4 years old, the incision was higher than the second one 15-20cm. Pay attention to weaken the pressure in the first two times, restrain the middle and promote the edge, and flatten it in the third time.

Integer pruning: after the plastic pruning is completed, integer pruning will be carried out once a year. The crown is formed into a flat shape before sealing, and then transitions to an arc shape after sealing. Trimming shall be carried out by edger, flat edger shall be used before sealing and arc edger shall be used after sealing. Finally, the tree height is controlled at 70-90cm. The coverage rate is over 80%.

Topping and canopy cultivation: harvesting is prohibited before the third instar or within 2 years after transplanting, and pruning can be carried out later. Topping and canopy cultivation can be carried out 2-4 times a year, that is, 65,438+0-3 leaves are left when new buds are formed, topping is removed to promote branching, and the principles of high harvest and low retention, topping and edge protection are strictly controlled. After the 5th instar, depending on the growth potential, new leaves can be kept or picked in combination with fish leaves.

④ Fertilization amount of young tea garden

⑤ Seedling protection measures

After transplanting 1 year, the stress resistance of tea plants is weak, and a large number of seedlings often die because of unsuitable external conditions. Therefore, we must do a good job in drought resistance, heat resistance and cold resistance to ensure the whole seedling. The main measures for young trees to resist drought and heat are promoting early seedling raising, watering, weeding, shading and covering grass on the ground. The main measures for preventing cold and freezing are cultivating strong seedlings in autumn, watering overwintering water, spreading grass, raising soil in tea pots and covering with plastic film. The concentration should be strictly controlled to prevent pesticide damage in kindergarten.

Three, Zhuang tea garden (7-20 years) cultivation techniques

1. Basic requirements

Focus on fertilizer cultivation, aim at high quality, high yield and low consumption, and fully implement various cultivation management measures according to the local conditions.

2. Application amount of topdressing

In general, 2.5-3 kg of pure nitrogen should be topdressing every 100 kg of fresh leaves, which is equivalent to the standard amount of nitrogen fertilizer for young tea trees in the standard fertilizer table 12.

3. Pruning technology

Strong tea trees should be cut once a year or every other young age (when picked by hand, the tree potential is poor), and once every 5-6 years.

(1) Trim lightly.

Machine-picked tea gardens should be carried out before spring tea, and the pruning degree should be 3-5 cm away from the picking surface or only the branches protruding from the crown. At the same time, the operation gap of 20-30 cm should be cut off between rows. Hand-picked tea gardens can be lightly pruned with pruning machinery or hedge scissors.

② Deep pruning

Before or after spring tea, the pruning degree is 15- 20 cm away from picking, that is, all chicken and melon branches are cut off. Deep pruning can be done with trimmers or hedge shears. The pruning effect can last for 5-6 years.

8 Trim the shape:

Pruning shape of mature tea trees: arc and flat are two better picking areas, especially arc.

4. Soil management

Combined with topdressing three times a year? Weed lightly for 4 times, and plough deeply in late autumn. Tea trees with a large coverage area do not need to be deeply ploughed every year.

Four, the old tea garden (more than 20 years) cultivation techniques.

1. Basic requirements

In order to improve trees and soil, restore the vitality of trees and prolong the effective economic life, corresponding cultivation measures should be implemented in rural areas.

2. Canopy transformation

① Heavy pruning

The upper branches and leaves drop, and the tea trees with strong main branches are pruned 30-35 cm from the ground. Re-pruning can be done by re-pruning machine, knife scissors or pruning. Make sure that the cut is smooth and the pile of branches is not cracked. Before spring tea or early autumn. The update effect can last for 10 years.

② mowing grass

When the trees are decaying, mow the surface with tea trees that cannot be rejuvenated after heavy pruning at a distance of 6- 10 cm from the ground. This table can be cut with a knife. Ensure that the cutting opening is smooth and the pile does not crack. Before early autumn or spring tea. The renewal effect can last for more than 10 years.

3. Update pruning tree management.

① Tree management after heavy pruning: in late autumn and early winter of the current year or early spring of the following year, the specific pruning height will be increased by 10- 15cm, and pruning can be carried out for 3-4 times in the second year of heavy pruning, and then increased by 10- 15cm in the early spring of the third year. Once shaping, strictly leave new leaves for picking, and then the normal shaping and pruning system and picking system can be implemented.

(2) Tree body management after table mowing: The table mowing can be properly topped and picked once in the autumn of that year, and the first pruning is carried out at a height of 2 -30 cm above the ground in the early spring of the next year, and the twigs are properly removed, and then the second pruning is carried out. Pay attention to topping and picking for 2 -3 times in the next year. In the third year, strictly pick new leaves, and then carry out normal shaping, pruning and picking.

3. Soil improvement

The old tea garden should be deeply ploughed, fertilized and soil improved in the year of tree transformation. For the method, see the section "Deep tillage and soil improvement". After that, basal fertilizer was applied every 1-2 years.

4. Tea tree protection

(1) Eliminate parasites on branches.

After updating and pruning, we should seize the time to eliminate branch pests, germs and branch parasites such as moss and lichen.

(2) controlling pests of new branches and leaves after regeneration:

Renewing and pruning new branches and leaves are likely to cause concentrated harm to tea leafhopper and other pests, so attention should be paid to observation and timely control.

Replanting

Tea gardens with poor pruning effect or needing replanting should be replanted in time. Methods There are replanting and interplanting, mainly replanting.

① Replanting: Dig up old tea trees, remove residual roots, re-plan the garden and replant improved varieties.

(2) Intercropping and replanting: In order to increase the benefits of replanting, the old and simple methods can be adopted to introduce new plants without adjusting the terrain and the row spacing of old tea trees. The practice is to prune or mow old tea trees in late autumn and early winter, furrow between rows, deeply turn over base fertilizer and transplant tea seedlings. Starting from the second year, the old trees in regrowing or surface felling factories will be forced to cut. Dig out old tea trees in the fourth to fifth years.