Figure 18 Names of parts of apple trees with rootstocks.
1 .trunk 2. Main branch 3. The middle branch 4. Auxiliary branch 5. Expand branch 6. Branches
(2) Name of each part of the tree The tree body of apple can be divided into two parts: aboveground and underground: the underground part includes the whole root system, mainly including standing roots, lateral roots and fibrous roots; The aboveground parts include stems, branches, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits. Understanding the characteristics of apple tree body and organs, especially branches and buds, is to make better use of these characteristics, carry out pruning control, obtain high-quality and high-yield fruits and increase economic benefits.
Roots are an important part of apple trees. The root system not only absorbs and stores nutrients and water, but also has the function of fixing the whole tree. Therefore, the size, growth quality and burial depth of root system directly affect the growth, yield and life span of aboveground organs. Of course, the growth of aboveground parts will also affect the growth, development and absorption of roots.
The big root that grows vertically downward from the trunk is called the main root; Roots derived from main roots are called lateral roots; Roots derived from lateral roots are called fibrous roots. Dense root hairs at the top of fibrous roots. Root hairs have the function of absorbing water and nutrients, so the more root hairs, the stronger the function of absorbing water and nutrients, and vice versa. During the growth of fruit trees, a large number of root hairs can be continuously split from the fibrous roots. The life span of root hair is very short, generally only 15 ~ 20 days. However, due to the continuous elongation of fibrous roots and the formation of root hairs, the aboveground parts can be continuously supplied with water and nutrients during the growth of fruit trees.
(2) The joint between the root neck and the aboveground part, that is, the place where the trunk meets the main root, is called the root neck. The root neck is the most sensitive part of the whole tree, which stops growing in autumn at the latest and breaks dormancy in spring at the earliest. Therefore, in cold areas in winter and spring, root neck is more vulnerable to freezing injury than other parts.
(3) The trunk of an apple tree, from the root neck to the 1 th branch, is called the trunk, that is, the trunk.
In addition to the branches supporting the whole crown, the water and nutrients absorbed by the roots need to be transported to the above-ground organs through the trunk, and the carbohydrates made by the above-ground leaves also need to be transported to the roots through the trunk. Therefore, the trunk is also the traffic artery for the transportation and exchange of nutrients above and below ground. The height of the trunk, whether it is thick and complete, plays an important role in the growth of branches and leaves on the ground and underground roots.
(4) Branches with crowns above the trunk are collectively referred to as crowns. The crown of a tree is made up of many branches. These branches can be divided into central leading branch, main branch, lateral branch, extended branch and auxiliary branch because of their different positions, growth and functions. These branches are divided into vegetative branches and fruiting branches according to whether they bear fruit or not.
The central main branch, also known as the central main branch or central trunk, is the main branch that grows upright or curved upward in the center of the crown. The trunk is located in the center of the whole tree and is the main axis of the tree. Main branches, lateral branches, skirt branches, auxiliary branches and some branches are planted on the middle trunk. The length of the trunk determines the height of the crown. The middle trunk and the main branch both promote and restrict each other.
The main branch is a big branch from the central main branch, which is the main skeleton of the crown. According to the planting position of the main branch on the middle trunk, the main branch closest to the ground is called 1 main branch, and then it is called the second main branch and the third main branch in turn. In production, it is customary to call the 1, 2 and 3 main branches as the first main branches. Because the main branches are located in different places, various trees are formed. Therefore, in the process of pruning, branches with suitable position, distance, angle and orientation should be selected as the main branches according to the predetermined tree shape.
A side branch is a branch from the main branch, and the branch from the side branch is called a secondary side branch. Lateral branches and secondary branches are the parts that enlarge the crown, produce various branches and bear branches. Therefore, in the process of pruning, we should consciously select and cultivate the lateral branches according to the requirements of the tree shape, so that these lateral branches can be evenly planted on the main branches, which is beneficial to the configuration and results of various branches.
The central main branch, main branch and lateral branch are the skeleton of the crown, so these branches are also collectively referred to as main branches. Branches planted on the main branches or between two main branches are temporarily used to supplement the space and assist the growth of the main branches, so they are called auxiliary branches, and some are reserved for long-term fruit bearing to expand the fruit bearing area, which is called fruit bearing branches group. In young apple trees and early fruit trees, it is beneficial to the robust growth of main branches, enhance the tree potential, expand the crown and bear fruit early. Therefore, the auxiliary branch is the main fruit-bearing part of apple at the first fruit-bearing stage. With the expansion of the crown and the increase of fruiting parts, when the crown is closed and the light in the inner room is poor, some auxiliary branches can be thinned, while some auxiliary branches still need to be preserved, but they should be gradually transformed into fruiting branches according to the space size.
⑤ vegetative branches, also called developmental branches, are branches without flower buds and fruits, and are the basis for cultivating backbone branches and fruiting branches at all levels. The developmental branches planted at the tips of branches at all levels can continue to prolong the growth of branches at all levels, so they are called long branches; Developmental branches, also called lateral branches, are planted in the middle and lower parts and can be used to cultivate lateral branches, secondary lateral branches or fruiting branches. According to their length and quality, developing branches can be divided into five types: long branches, middle branches, short branches, leafy branches and virtual branches. Branches with spring and autumn tips over 35 cm in length are long branches; 5. 1 ~ 35 cm is the middle branch; 0.6 ~ 5.0 cm is short branch; Leaves below 0.5 cm are foliage branches; Branches that germinate from cryptogenic buds and adventitious buds and are not fully organized are long branches.
On apple trees, short branches are the main branches that form flower buds, and high-yield trees are mostly strong branches with many short branches and few long branches and weak branches; Before the full fruit period, the long branches of apple trees are generally useless and should be erased from the base as soon as possible to save nutrition; When aging apple trees need to be regenerated by long branches, they should be picked as soon as possible to promote their full production and robustness.
Branches with leaves are called buds. Because the new shoots are formed at different times, they can be divided into spring shoots and autumn shoots. The part that germinates in spring and stops growing in summer is called spring shoot; The part that comes out in autumn is called autumn pat. Spring shoots are rich in tissue, full of buds, thick leaves and high photosynthetic efficiency; Autumn shoot tissue is not full, leaves are small and thin, buds are not full, and it is easy to suffer from freezing injury in winter. At the junction of spring shoots and autumn shoots, there is a part with slow growth, short internodes, small leaves and insufficient buds, which is called "ring mark". When pruning, it is short here, or the branches are weak, or there are no branches at all, so it is also called "blind spot". In pruning, it is called "wearing a hat" pruning, that is, cutting (blind area) here.
Leaves attached to new shoots are the main organs for fruit trees to carry out photosynthesis, produce nutrients and supply them to underground roots and aboveground parts for growth and development, and are an essential part of tree growth and development. Therefore, promoting the healthy growth of new shoots is the basis of high quality and high yield of apples.
Some leafy varieties, or apple orchards with deep soil, fertile soil and abundant water, sometimes sprout new buds in the year when they grow longer and thicker. This new shoot extracted from the branches of the current year is generally called secondary branch or secondary branch.
6. Fruiting branches Any branch with flower buds that can blossom and bear fruit is called a fruiting branch. Different varieties have different parts of flower buds on the fruiting branches. The flower buds of most apple varieties are attached to the top of fruit-bearing branches, so they are called terminal flower buds. Some varieties, such as Fuji, Jinguan and Xiao Ye, can also form flower buds in the axils of new shoots. Because this flower bud is planted in the axils of leaves, it is also called axillary bud.
Causal branches are different in length and can be divided into long fruit branches, middle fruit branches and short fruit branches. Fruit branches with a length less than 5 cm are called short fruit branches; Fruit branches with a length of 5. 1 ~ 15 cm are called intermediate fruit branches; Fruit branches with a length exceeding 15. 1 cm are called long fruit branches.
Different apple varieties, different tree ages, different growth strengths, and different proportions of long, medium and short branches. Apple trees and young trees with rootstocks generally have more long branches; Short-rootstock apples and short-branch varieties have more short branches. The fruiting ability of various fruit branches is also different. Therefore, before pruning, it is necessary to find out the planting situation of different varieties and branches, and take corresponding pruning measures accordingly.
The flowers born in each bud have a certain opening order. The apple tree is the first central flower to blossom. Under normal circumstances, the flowers that bloom first bear the best fruit. Therefore, when thinning flowers and fruits, try to keep the flowers and fruits in the center.
Attachment: Apple Comprehensive Standard
(DB/3700 B3 1007-90)
1 Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the concepts and standardized interpretations of the main terms and terms involved in Apple's comprehensive standards.
This standard is applicable to apple production, scientific research, teaching and reference when formulating individual technical standards.
2 plant terminology
Above the ground 2. 1
2. 1. 1 tree: the general term for the aboveground parts of plants. Comprises a crown and a trunk.
2. 1.2 trunk: the perennial branch between the root neck and 1 main branch.
2. 1.3 dry height: the height from the rhizome to 1 main branch.
2. 1.4 trunk circumference: the circumference of the middle part of the trunk.
2. 1.5 Crown: the general name of all branches and leaves above the trunk.
2. 1.6 Crown diameter: Crown diameter, usually expressed by the average of east-west diameter and north-south diameter.
2. 1.7 Crown height: the vertical height from the top of the trunk to the top of the crown.
2. 1.8 trunk: the central axis of the tree, which consists of trunk and middle trunk.
2. 1.9 Trunk branch: a relatively thick branch that plays a backbone role in the crown. It usually includes trunk, main branch, side branch and auxiliary side branch.
2. 1. 10 trunk: the central axis between the trunk and the top of the tree.
2. 1. 1 1 main branch: the backbone branch planted on the middle trunk.
2. 1. 12 side branch: the backbone branch attached to the main branch.
2. 1. 13 auxiliary branches: thicker branches in the crown except the main branches.
2. 1. 14 fruiting branch group: fruiting units planted on main branches and auxiliary branches at all levels, consisting of fruiting branches and vegetative branches.
2. 1. 15 small branching group: the branching axis is less than 15cm, with 2-4 branches.
2. 1. 16 medium-sized branches: branch axis length 15 ~ 50 cm, with 5 ~ 1 1 branch.
2. 1. 17 Branches: the length of branch axis is 50 ~ 100 cm, and there are more than 12 branches.
2. 1. 18 new shoots: annual leafy branches.
2. 1. 19 annual branches: annual branches after normal defoliation.
2. 1.20 vegetative branches: the branches of the current year with strong growth, full buds and no flower buds.
2. 1.2 1 long branches: vegetative branches with obvious spring shoots and autumn shoots, and the length is more than 50 cm.
2. 1.22 middle branch: a branch that grows once, with full terminal buds and a length of 5-50 cm.
2. 1.23 Short branches: branches with short internodes and no more than 5 cm in length.
2. 1.24 leaf cluster: short branches, no obvious internodes, leaf cluster arrangement.
2. 1.25 fruiting branches: annual branches with flower buds.
2. 1.26 long fruit branches: annual branches with terminal flower buds longer than 15 cm.
2. 1.27 Intermediate branches: annual branches with terminal flower buds of 5 ~ 15 cm.
2. 1.28 Short fruit branches: annual branches with terminal flower buds less than 5cm long.
2. 1.29 extended branches: annual branches extending from the vertices of backbone branches at all levels.
2. 1.30 competitive branch: the branch whose growth potential competes with the extension branch under the cut.
2. 1.3 1 flower bud: flower bud contains flower primordium and can bloom.
2. 1.32 Leaf curtain: the general name of leaf bearing area of crown, which can be expressed by leaf area or leaf bearing curtain thickness.
2. 1.33 Leaf curtain thickness: the vertical average thickness based on the leaf layer in the middle of the main branch.
2. 1.34 Leaf curtain spacing: the average vertical distance between upper and lower adjacent leaf curtains based on the middle of the main branch.
2. 1.35 Leaf area coefficient: the ratio of the total leaf area of the crown to its projected area on the ground.
2.2 Underground part
2.2. 1 root neck: the joint between root and trunk.
2.2.2 Trunk roots: the main roots and large lateral roots that constitute the root skeleton.
2.2.3 Fibrous roots: slender small roots attached to the main roots and lateral roots at all levels.
2.2.4 Absorbing root: white primary root, short life, strong physiological activity, with the function of absorbing water and mineral nutrients.
3 production terms
3. 1 growth and development
3. 1. 1 young tree stage: the period from the beginning of one-year-old seedlings to the initial fruit.
3. 1.2 Initial fruiting period: the period from the beginning of fruiting to a large number of fruiting.
3. 1.3 Full-fruit period: the period with the most fruits and the best quality in the plant life cycle.
3. 1.4 Germination ability (rate): Germination ability of buds on annual branches (percentage).
3. 1.5 branch strength: the ratio of the number of medium and long branches in sprouted branches.
3. 1.6 growth potential: a sign to measure the strength of tree potential, usually expressed by the length of new shoots.
3. 1.7 number of branches: the sum of branches in one year.
3. 1.8 pollination: Pollen spreads to the stigma through insects, wind, artificial and other media.
3. 1.9 fertilization: the process in which the male germ cells combine with the egg cells and polar nuclei after the pollen germinates on the stigma and the pollen diameter enters the embryo sac from the style.
3. Fruit setting rate of inflorescence1.10: the percentage of fruit-setting inflorescence in the total inflorescence.
3. 1. 1 1 Fruit setting rate: the percentage of fruit-setting flowers to the total number of flowers.
3. 1. 12 flower bud differentiation: the process of flower primordia and sexual organs developing in buds.
3. 1. 13 Fruit growth period: the whole period from fruit setting to fruit ripening.
3. 1. 14 fruit maturity: the degree of fruit growth and development after a certain date, showing the inherent appearance characteristics and internal characters of the variety.
3. 1. 15 dormant period: the period when the appearance of the tree is relatively static after natural defoliation in autumn and before germination in the following spring.
3.2 Seedling Breeding
3.2. 1 seedling: seedling cultivated by seeds.
3.2.2 Grafted seedlings: seedlings formed by grafting scions on rootstocks.
3.2.3 Scion: a bud or branch used for grafting.
3.2.4 Rootstock: the part of grafted seedlings that provides root system or middle stem segment.
3.2.5 Seedlings: rootstock seedlings cultivated from seeds.
3.2.6 Self-rooted rootstock: rootstock seedlings cultivated by layering, rameting, cutting or tissue culture.
3.2.7 Rootstock: the part where the double grafted seedlings provide the root system.
3.2.8 Intermediate rootstock: the part that provides intermediate stem segments for double grafted seedlings.
3.2.9 Qiao Hua rootstock: the rootstock that makes the tree grow taller after grafting apple varieties.
3.2. 10 Semi-arbor rootstock: After apple varieties are grafted, the height of the tree is equivalent to 4/5 of that of the arbor rootstock.
3.2. 1 1 semi-dwarf rootstock: after grafting apple varieties, the tree height is equivalent to 3/5 ~ 2/3 of that of arbor rootstock.
3.2. 12 dwarfing rootstock: after apple varieties are grafted, the tree height is equivalent to that of arbor rootstock12 rootstock.
3.2. 13 Grafting affinity: the degree of grafting healing and the ability of grafted plants to grow and bear fruit.
3.3 Establishment of Orchard
3.3. 1 planting: plant the seedlings to the planting point.
3.3.2 Main varieties: The varieties with higher economic value account for more than 30% in an orchard.
3.3.3 Pollinated varieties: varieties that pollinate the main varieties.
3.3.4 Planting density: the number of plants planted per unit area.
3.4 Soil, fertilizer and water management
3.4. 1 soil organic matter: the general term for soil containing carbon organic compounds. It is mainly divided into humic acid, caffeic acid, klinic acid and apocynic acid, which have a decisive influence on soil fertility and physical and chemical properties. Soil organic matter is formed by animal and plant residues and applied organic fertilizer under the action of microorganisms. The content of organic carbon in soil organic matter accounts for about 58%.
3.4.2 Organic fertilizer: a kind of fertilizer with rich organic matter, comprehensive nutrients, slow decomposition, long and stable fertilizer efficiency. Such as manure, compost, green manure, cake manure, fish manure, human manure, human urine and so on.
3.4.3 Fertilizer (chemical fertilizer): Fertilizer made by chemical methods or mechanical processing, with few kinds of nutrients, high concentration and fast fertilizer efficiency, mostly inorganic fertilizer. Such as ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate, phosphoramide, urea, etc.
3.4.4 Compound fertilizer: chemical fertilizer containing two or more nutrients. Compound fertilizer can be a compound or a mixture.
3.4.5 Base fertilizer: Organic fertilizer rich in organic matter is usually used as the main fertilizer, with large dosage and long action time, and it is applied from harvest to dormancy of middle-late maturing varieties.
3.4.6 Topdressing: Fertilizer with less dosage and quick fertilizer effect is mainly used in the growing season.
3.4.7 Top dressing outside the root (foliar topdressing): a kind of top dressing by spraying fertilizer outside the root (mainly on the foliar surface).
3.4.8 Nutrition diagnosis: Using special methods, comprehensively analyze the measured values of nutrient elements in specific organs of fruit trees and the growth results of trees, and draw the conclusion of nutrient abundance and deficiency as the basis for rational fertilization.
3.4.9 Total nitrogen: the total amount of nitrogen in soil, fertilizer or trees.
3.4. 10 available nitrogen: nitrogen in soil that can be directly absorbed and utilized by plants.
3.4. 1 1 total phosphorus: the total amount of phosphorus or phosphoric acid in soil, fertilizer or trees.
3.4. 12 available phosphorus: phosphorus in soil that can be directly absorbed and utilized by plants, including water-soluble phosphate, replaceable phosphate and weakly acidic soluble phosphate.
3.4. 13 total potassium: the total amount of potassium in soil, fertilizer or trees.
3.5 plastic decoration
3.5. 1 shaping: according to the growth and fruiting characteristics of fruit trees, natural environmental conditions and cultivation methods, the tree body is trimmed into a tree shape with a certain structure.
3.5.2 Fixing the stem: according to the requirements of stem height and plastic belt length, carry out the first cutting seedling.
3.5.3 Plastic belt: When the seedlings are fixed, leave 8 ~ 10 full buds above the dry height, and select the first layer of main branches from the branches extracted from these buds, which is called plastic belt.
3.5.4 Inter-layer distance: the distance between the bottom main branch and the top main branch of each layer in a hierarchical tree with a middle trunk.
3.5.5 Layer spacing: the distance between the top main branch of each layer and the planting place of the bottom main branch of the previous layer for layered trees with trunks in the middle.
3.5.6 Opening Angle: the included angle between the branch and the vertical line on the ground.
3.5.7 Foundation angle: the opening angle of the main branch foundation.
3.5.8 Waist angle: the opening angle of the middle part of the main branch.
3.5.9 Sharp angle: the opening angle of the top of the main branch.
3.5. 10 tree structure: the composition of the tree. It usually includes stem height, crown width, crown width, order and number of main branches, arrangement, branch group type, proportion and arrangement, branch composition, leaf curtain structure and so on.
3.5. 1 1 population structure: the total number of individuals, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits in an orchard, their spatial distribution and appearance.
3.5. 12 coverage: the ratio of the projected area of orchard crown to the land area it occupies.
3.5. 13 transmittance: the ratio of the irradiated area of sunlight passing through the canopy to the projected area of the canopy.
3.5. 14 winter pruning: pruning of apple trees from defoliation to germination in the second year.
3.5. 15 Summer pruning (growing season pruning): growing season pruning.
3.5. 16 Pruning amount: the sum of branches cut by various pruning methods of an apple tree.
3.6 harvesting, packaging and storage
3.6. 1 Fruit quality: used to identify all characteristics and characters of fruit quality, including appearance quality and internal quality.
3.6.2 Appearance quality: used to identify the appearance characteristics and characters of fruit quality, mainly including fruit size, fruit shape, color and defects.
3.6.3 Internal quality: used to identify the internal characteristics of fruit quality, mainly including meat quality, flavor, juice, nutrients and so on.
3.6.4 Coloring index: the index of fruit surface coloring degree. The calculation formula is:
3.6.5 Hardness of pulp: the ability of pulp to withstand external pressure. It is usually measured by a hardness tester and expressed in kilograms per square centimeter or pounds per square centimeter (1 pound = 0.453592 kilograms).
3.6.6 Pre-cooling of fruits: natural cooling or artificial cooling of apples before storage.
3.6.7 Storability: The characteristic of keeping good appearance quality and internal quality of fruits under certain storage conditions.
4 method terminology
4. 1 bud grafting: grafting a single bud onto the rootstock.
4.2 Grafting: Grafting the branches of the scion onto the rootstock.
4.3 Cutting: After the bud grafting survives, the rootstock seedlings above the bud grafting are cut.
4.4 Vertical layering: a method to cultivate dwarf rootstocks. Before germination, the mother plant is cut near the ground to promote a large number of new buds at the base. When the new shoots grow to 20 cm high, the soil is 10 cm. When the new shoots grow to 40 cm in height, cultivate the soil for 20 cm to promote rooting. In early winter, the mound is dug up and cut 2 cm below each root system near the mother plant.
4.5 Horizontal layering: a method to cultivate dwarf rootstocks. When the bud germinates, the stout annual seedling or annual branch of the mother plant is horizontally pressed into a shallow ditch with a depth of 1 ~ 2 cm, and then covered with soil after being fixed with hooks. When the new shoot length is 1.5 ~ 20 cm, 1 time is cultivated; 1 month later, the second soil raising. The soil thickness is * * * 30cm. After defoliation in autumn, open the mound and cut off the rooted new seedlings one by one. Leave 1 ~ 2 branches near the base of the mother plant for layering in the second year.
4.6 Sprinkler irrigation: Under a certain pressure, irrigation water is transported to the sprinkler through the pipeline to form water droplets for spraying.
4.7 Drip irrigation: In the low-pressure pipeline, the irrigation water is delivered to the emitter, which forms water droplets and drips into the rhizosphere soil of fruit trees.
4.8 Short cut: a pruning method of cutting off a part of annual branches.
4.9 Light and short cut: short cut at the joint of long branches in spring and autumn, or short cut at the top of autumn shoots.
4. 10 short cut: short cut at the full bud of the middle and upper part of the spring shoot.
4. 1 1 Double chopping: the middle and lower parts of the spring shoots are chopped.
4. 12 Extremely heavy short cutting: short cutting at the base of spring beat.
4. 13 thinning: the pruning method of cutting or sawing from the base of branches.
4. 14 pruning: the pruning method of leaving a branch in the appropriate part of the perennial branch and cutting off its upper part.
4. 15 slow release: the method of not pruning annual branches.
4. 16 coring: during the growth of new shoots, pick the top of vigorous new shoots.
4. 17 tip twisting: a pruning method of holding the base of Wang Changxin's tip by hand and twisting it at180 to continuously twist the xylem.
4. 18 girdling: peel off a ring of bark from the branch, the width of which is about110 of the branch thickness.
4. 19 Holding branches: Hold the base of upright flourishing branches with both hands, and stroke the branches downward with one hand, slightly injuring xylem and increasing the branching angle.