The principles discussed in this part can be applied to all types of research topics, reports, papers and dissertations, and their writing processes are similar. The general steps of preparing a research paper are (1) selecting a topic, (2) preparing reference materials, (3) collecting materials, (4) outlining, (5) writing a draft, and (6) preparing a final draft. Of course, the writing of research papers does not have to be in strict order. You can walk back and forth or do two steps at the same time.

1. 1 topic selection

The topic selection involves an overview of the subject field, the limitation and narrowing of the topic, and the topic as a statement of the problem or hypothesis. In the process of doing research, you will perfect all the decisions and conceive one or more first draft sentences.

1. 1. 1 project field overview

Tutors sometimes designate a broad field of study. The tutor may designate a topic, list some possible topics, or let the author choose a topic freely in a wide range of fields. Once this task is announced, you should start to consider the possible topics of this paper. If graduate students can start collecting possible series of thesis topics at the early stage of study, they can choose some graduate courses that are beneficial to the knowledge needed for these topics and try their own ideas in the report or thesis of the research group.

Even in some mature fields studied by other scholars, we can often find the possibility of further research. Scholars sometimes hint at areas that have not been discussed or solved in their work, and this information usually appears in comments. Sometimes, usually listed but unconfirmed conclusions, or new methods to test basic assumptions will provide research on this topic. Thinking about the technical terms in your topic can produce innovative ways to explain it and even give it a new definition. Contradictions or splits between different books on the same subject can also produce possible topics. The current published books or the development of the current direction can provide a new understanding of ontology, thus creating opportunities for in-depth research.

1. 1.2 paper definition

Once you decide on the topic, you should consider the following factors: your interest in the topic, your ability (especially if the topic is controversial), the time to complete the task, etc. Estimate the possibility according to the following criteria: importance and interest, operability and available resources. You must not want to open a topic that you are not interested in, which is meaningless, unrealistic and impossible to complete the task within the specified time.

Importance and interest are natural, and you want to devote your time to a very important and interesting topic. To some extent, importance and interest are subjective judgments, which depend on the nature of the task and the needs of the tutor. Of course, a topic that seems to be of little use to human beings in one research field may be of great significance to experts in another field. Your tutor is convinced of the importance of your topic, and your paper should convince readers that it is really important.

Sometimes, an obviously important topic, such as gun control, may not be a good topic. If a large number of public debates limit your originality, or your strong feelings will hinder you from studying opposing views, so that you can't get a fair conclusion.

Operability carefully defining a topic will make your research successful. If a topic is too vague, too broad, too narrow or too professional, you will find it difficult to find enough suitable information. A topic that is too broad to give enough research direction may make you have to deal with it superficially. If a topic is too narrow, you will get insufficient information, which limits your ability to draw completely valid conclusions. If a subject is too specialized, it needs knowledge that you can't reach within the time allocated by the project. For example, you may not choose a subject that requires a lot of statistics unless you have some data background or you can consult a statistics professional. Of course, in the end, readers will judge the operability of your topic through the treatment methods you give, because a good paper depends not only on the content, but also on the scope.

Available resources Even if a subject is worth studying and operable, it is not appropriate if there are no available research resources. Available resources such as the library where you work and other libraries or electronic materials will affect your choice of topics. If your research paper needs a measurement or an experiment, you must determine whether you can collect the required data within the limited time of the task.

The central idea of 1. 1.3.

Depending on the nature of the topic, you may want to put your topic as a question or a hypothesis. In order to understand

Research papers in humanities and social sciences usually help stimulate exploratory research by conceiving topics in the form of questions.

-What is the psychological effect of computer-assisted instruction?

-How does Hirsch's concept of "cultural literacy" affect educational goals?

-Did the end of the Cold War affect the patriotic performance of the United States?

When you have conceived these questions, you should study and explore all possible answers.

When you collect information, you may find that you asked the wrong question, or you are more interested in other related questions. If so, you can correct this problem. When you do research, you can also narrow down this problem. The psychological effect of computer-assisted instruction can be simplified as focusing on foreign language teaching, even a specific language, or even a specific program for learning a foreign language. You can limit your attention to university teachers, primary school teachers or the general public to reduce the impact of the concept of "cultural literacy" on educational goals. Even in the early work, you can start to conceive possible answers in the first draft. As you continue to explore the topic, you may have to give up or refine it.

For some research fields, especially those involving experimental or descriptive research, you may want to present your thesis in a hypothetical way, that is, you will try to use some experimental explanations or arguments.

Students writing on the computer is very different from writing by hand or typewriter.

The decline in the exchange rate between the US dollar and major foreign currencies will not affect the US economy.

Most scientists believe that the earth is experiencing the process of global warming.

Prime-time TV programs should (should not) censor pornography and violence.

When doing research, you will find that you will need to modify the hypothetical method many times to make the information reasonable. For example, the author of the example "Is the book out of date?" Firstly, it is assumed that with the rapid development of computer technology, electronic materials will soon replace printed books. After doing some research, she came to the conclusion that her initial assumption was wrong.

Your answer to the question or your revised hypothesis will become the central sentence of your thesis, which is the central idea of some tutors.

Attending academic reports is an important part of postgraduate training. The requirement of the school for academic reports is not less than 400 words, and the writing is fluent and has a certain depth. Writing a report requires a correct attitude. Academic reports are an effective way for everyone to expand their knowledge, not to cope with errands. The report should be submitted within one week after the report.

Attachment: Comparison of the experience of the same newspaper:

Attachment 1, failed.

This morning, I was deeply inspired by the book Beauty in a Cage: Fullerenes and Fullerene-like Metal Clusters written by Academician Zheng. Academician Zheng's lectures are approachable and he talks about profound research in easy-to-understand language. This makes it easy for us to understand. Of course, there are some things I can't understand.

Academician Zheng starts with what are molecules and "non-molecules", because we will have some basic knowledge about fullerenes. Molecules are divided into organic molecules and inorganic molecules. "Non-molecular" substances are divided into metal bonds, molecular bonds and valence bonds. I thought atomic clusters and nanomaterials were the same thing. It turns out that there is a clear difference between the two. Academician Zheng also introduced the stability law of fullerenes: the rule of independent five-membered ring. Fullerenes are composed of five-membered rings and six-membered rings. If two five-membered rings are not adjacent, it is a stable structure and the adjacent edges are unstable. Academician Zheng also discovered a rule of fullerene clusters, that is, the number of five-membered rings in each fullerene cluster is fixed. Finally, Academician Zheng also introduced some of his research results and talked about some methods and problems in his research. Answered some questions of students in practical scientific research.

Annex 2. Adopted

Beauty of Cages: Fullerenes and Fullerene-like Metal Clusters

Today, I heard a report by Zheng Lanfen, a professor at Xiamen University and an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences: The Beauty of Cages-Fullerenes and Fullerene-like Metal Clusters. The wonderful report broadened my horizons and expanded my scientific research ideas.

Molecules are the microscopic basis of substances, but not all substances are composed of molecules, such as metals such as copper and iron, ionic crystals composed of ionic bonds, and atomic crystals composed of special valence bonds. Strictly speaking, they are not composed of simple molecules. Teacher Zheng calls it a non-molecular substance, and the intermediate form of this non-molecular substance is an atomic cluster. Simply put, there are "hanging bonds" on the surface of atomic clusters. The structural diversity of atomic clusters makes them have a wide range of guiding functions in the field of nano-materials, for example, the segmentation of bulk crystals on the nano-scale and their applications in the field of molecular materials. The typical football olefin is C60.

The full name of C60 chemistry is Buckminsterfullerene, which consists of 60 equivalent carbon atoms, forming 12 five-membered rings and 20 six-membered rings, in which each carbon atom is at the intersection of two six-membered rings and 1 five-membered rings, and all five-membered rings are separated by 6 yuan rings.

Let n6 be the number of hexagons, n5 be the number of pentagons, and n be the total number of vertices. According to euler theorem, we can get the result n6 = n/2- 10, which shows that n must be even, that is, the number of fixed points must be even. When N=60, n6=20 and n5= 12, fullerene is a hollow carbon cage composed of hexagon and pentagon.

From the solution of the equations, we can know that the minimum value of n is 20, that is, C20, but according to the rule of independent five-membered rings, fullerenes without adjacent five-membered rings are stable, and conversely, fullerenes with adjacent five-membered rings are unstable. It can be seen that C20 is unstable and only C60, C70 and larger fullerenes are stable.

In the study of fullerenes, some problems gradually emerged:

Formation mechanism of 1 fullerene.

How does a high-temperature plasma with two carbon atoms form a perfectly symmetrical carbon cage?

Synthesis and structure of fullerene molecules with three fewer carbon atoms than C60.

4. Why are the pentagonal faces of adjacent pentagonal carbon cage structures so lively and unstable?

Synthesis and structure of 5 C60 isomer.

Formation mechanism of fullerenes containing seven-membered rings.

At present, there are many explanations for the formation mechanism of fullerenes, and the representative ones are fullerene road mechanism and ring reconstruction mechanism. Simply put, the road mechanism of fullerene is that in the process of fullerene formation, a small cage is initially formed by several carbon atoms, and with the continuous addition of residual carbon, a large cage is gradually formed and finally stabilized; The mechanism of ring reconstruction is that several carbon atoms form a simple single-chain structure at the beginning. With the increase of carbon atoms, this simple ring is twisted, crosslinked and deformed, and gradually becomes a complex multi-ring structure, and finally forms a stable fullerene.

Professor Zheng used a number of self-developed large-scale devices for laser generation and in-situ research of atomic clusters, including time-of-flight mass spectrometer, cross ion-molecular beam tandem mass spectrometer, laser ion source RF ion trap mass spectrometer, and single cluster ion deposition device. By means of collision-induced dissociation, ion selective trapping, ion selective deposition and theoretical calculation, the structural characteristics and laws of a series of fullerenes and their isomers were discovered and studied. Teacher Zheng's outstanding work lies in the synthesis of C50Cl 10, which breaks a traditional concept in previous scientific research: the number of carbon atoms of stable fullerenes is at least 60, and less than 60 is unstable. His work paved the way for the macroscopic synthesis of small fullerenes.

The synthetic route of C50Cl 10 is: taking C60 as raw material, firstly making C60 into a fullerene molecule C50 which is unstable, and then synthesizing the target product C50Cl 10 with the participation of chlorine.

In the process of synthesis, Professor Zheng combined the physical methods of generating clusters such as laser and arc with the chemical synthesis environment such as solution, and created a variety of synthesis methods such as liquid arc, laser sputtering, glow discharge, microwave plasma and catalytic pyrolysis, which provided a new way for the formation of fullerenes, thus revealing the growth process of carbon clusters in the presence of chlorine atoms. On this basis, the structural characteristics and laws of a series of new fullerene clusters were discovered and studied. For example, Professor Zheng's team found that C60Cl8, an isomer of C60, was relatively abundant in the synthesis process, so they studied it. It is found that dechlorination isomerization and dechlorination polymerization will occur when the material is heated. Is this reaction a Si Tong-Welsh transition? Is it possible to replace chlorine with some groups? ; C60Cl8 is easy to be converted into C60Cl 12. It is considered that adding four chlorine forms a single double bond in the cage and reaches the * * * yoke. It is found that the carbon-carbon bond distance of another pineapple-shaped fullerene C64Cl4 is 3. 135? And the average carbon-carbon bond distance is 3.3? Therefore, it is considered that the carbon-carbon bond of this substance is closely combined; In the experiment of laser evaporation of graphite, it is found that the formation of C60 is closely related to the orientation of graphite crystal plane. . Finally, Professor Zheng thinks that the formation mechanism of fullerenes is more likely to be the ring reconstruction mechanism.

As an extension, Professor Zheng also studied the preparation of new magnetic metal cluster compounds, that is, the preparation of fullerene-like metal clusters. A cage-like structure called "Tuan Tuan" structure, La20Ni30, was obtained, in which 20 La formed an inner cage, 30 Ni formed an outer cage on the outside, and the inner cage was nested inside the outer cage. Four cages of compounds called "room oil room" were also obtained. The four cages are nested in turn, but they are all cubes. In addition, more complex four-cage cuboid compounds were obtained. By analyzing the mass spectrum data of these substances, Professor Zheng found and summarized the statistical distribution law of these atomic clusters, revealed the transformation between cluster configurations, and correlated the statistical distribution of clusters with their formation dynamics. On this basis, the dynamic equation reflecting the formation mechanism of clusters is established, and the number distribution function of the middle surface of a convex polygon composed of any two polygons is solved.

Finally, Professor Zheng talked about the application of cluster materials. Cluster materials can be used in chemical assembly of materials, such as Mofs materials, which have been widely studied in recent years. That is, atoms or atomic groups are moved into the skeleton by various methods to obtain new controllable materials.

The two-hour report is fleeting. In Professor Zheng's lecture, I not only learned knowledge, but also felt everyone's demeanor and benefited a lot. I hope the school can organize more such reports.