Cashew nuts are rich in nutritional value and can be used for cooking and medicine. They are one of the four largest dried fruits in the world. Its edible part is the kidney-shaped part planted at the top of the fake fruit, about 25mm long, ranging from bluish gray to yellowish brown (if the color is white when picking, it may be bleached, so don't buy it). The shell of the fruit is hard, wrapped with seed kernel, sweet as honey and high in calories. Its heat source is mainly fat, followed by carbohydrates and protein.
Basic introduction of Chinese name: Latin scientific name of cashew nut: cashew nut (anacardium oidentalienlin) alias: chicken cashew nut, the first fruit in the world, and the milk-returning tree: cashew nut gate: angiosperms: Dicotyledonous subclass: primitive perianth subclass? Objective: Sapindaceae: Allantodaceae: Cashew: Cashew species: Cashew origin: Northeast Brazil, within south latitude 10. Efficacy: morphological characteristics, distribution, growth habits, cultivation techniques, feeding methods, management, pest control, etc., such as nourishing the brain, nourishing the kidney, strengthening the spleen and reducing qi. Branchlets yellowish brown, glabrous or subglabrous. The leaves are leathery, obovate, 8- 14 cm long and 6-8.5 cm wide, the apex is round, truncated or slightly concave, the base is wide wedge-shaped, the whole edge is glabrous on both sides, the lateral veins are about 12 pairs, and the lateral veins and reticular veins protrude to both sides; Petiole length 1- 1.5 cm. Panicle is wide, branched, arranged in umbrella shape, long 10-20 cm, with dense flowers and rust; Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5- 10 mm long, rust-colored puberulent on the back; Flowers yellow, heterozygous, pedunculate or short pedunculate; The calyx is densely rust-colored puberulent outside, the lobes are ovate-lanceolate, and the apex is acute, about 4 mm long and 65438 0.5 mm wide; Petals are linear-lanceolate, 7-9 mm long and 65438 0.2 mm wide, with rust-colored puberulent outside, sparsely hairy or nearly hairless inside, and rolled open when flowering; Stamens are 7- 10, usually only 1, 8-9 mm long, bisexual flowers are 5-6 mm long, sterile stamens are shorter (3-4 mm long), filaments are more or less United at the base, and anthers are small and oval; Ovary obovoid, about 2 mm long, glabrous, style subulate, 4-5 mm long. Drupe kidney-shaped, compressed on both sides, 2-2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. The fruit base is supported by fleshy pear-shaped or gyro-shaped pseudofruits, which are 3-7 cm long and 4-5 cm wide at the widest point, and are purple when mature. The seeds are kidney-shaped, with a length of 1.5-2 cm and a width of 1 cm. Distribution originated in northeast Brazil, within south latitude 10. /kloc-was introduced to Asia and Africa in the 6th century, and now it has spread all over East Africa and South Asia. Countries with large cashew planting area in the world include India, Brazil, Vietnam, Mozambique and Tanzania. In China, cashew nuts are mainly distributed in Hainan and Yunnan, and introduced from Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces. Cashew nuts with growth habits have strong adaptability and are warm-loving and strong positive tree species. Drought tolerance is not barren, and it has certain wind resistance. It is advisable to grow below 400 meters above sea level. The requirements for soil are not high, except for heavy clay and limestone, it can grow in red soil, sandy soil or rocky mountain with soil organic matter content less than 1%. Cashew nuts are not cold-tolerant, and high temperature is needed in the growing period. The average monthly temperature is 23-30℃, and it blooms and bears fruit normally, but grows slowly at 20℃. Below 17℃, it is vulnerable to freezing injury, and below 15℃, it is seriously injured and killed. The annual sunshine is more than 2000 hours, and the annual precipitation is 1000- 1600 mm, which is not suitable for planting in areas where the groundwater level is too high or there is water in rainy season. The flowering period avoids rainy days. The peak growth period is generally in the early rainy season. The main root of 4-5-year-old trees is 5 meters deep and the lateral roots are developed, and the lateral roots of 6-year-old trees are about 7 meters long. It blooms 2 years after planting, bears fruit in 3 years, and enters the full fruit period after 8 years, which is 15-25 years. Because of the instability of the yield of kidney fruit seedlings and the morphology of offspring, asexual propagation is often used in cultivation techniques. The asexual propagation techniques of cashew nuts include layering, cutting, epicotyl grafting, mosaic, docking, budding, splitting, cutting, cork grafting, tissue culture and so on. Soaking seeds with 30 mg/100 g ITT for 24 hours can increase the emergence rate by 61.11%; Soaking seeds in warm water at room temperature of 55℃ for 24 hours can improve the seedling rate by 50%. In addition, soaking seeds with 60 mg/100 g ITT for 24 hours and soaking seeds with 1/2 ADNK for 24 hours can also promote the germination of cashew seeds. Soaking seeds with 90mg/ 100g NAA for 24 hours has the best effect on promoting the high growth of seedlings. The seedling raising of cashew nuts by air layering should be carried out in February-April or10-1month every year, and the highest survival rate can reach above 93%. The best age of the mother plant for layering is below 10 age, which can take root 35 days after layering and leave the mother tree 45 days later. If the mother plant is more than 20 years old, it is difficult to take root after layering. Peat, moss and wood shavings are the best layering materials. Before layering propagation, the mother tree was treated with 0.00025g/ml ethylene agent or 0.00 1 g/ml chlormequat, and then the aerial layering was treated with 0.003-0.005g/ml ITT and 0.0002g/ml p-carboxybenzyl, which can promote the rooting of branches and increase the number and length of roots. Tissue culture Cotyledon explants cultured on the medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IAA and 0.5 mg/L kinetin can directly form organs, and complete plants can be directly formed after about 5 weeks without further culture and rooting induction. The management of plastic pruning can adjust the crown structure, improve the ventilation and light transmission of the tree, thus increasing the fruit setting rate and increasing the yield. The principle of pruning young cashew trees is to be light rather than heavy, sooner rather than later. Pruning in stages and batches for many times has a good effect on pyramid pruning and shaping. Fertilized cashew trees are barren and drought-resistant, but cultivation practice has proved that cashew trees growing in natural state have almost no yield. The yield of mature fruit trees will double after fertilization. Judging from the types of fertilization, the mixed application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium has the best yield-increasing effect. Followed by single application of phosphorus, and then mixed application of nitrogen and phosphorus ... Higher levels of nitrogen can prolong the flowering period, while higher levels of phosphorus and potassium can shorten the flowering period. The application of N600, P200 and K200 per plant per year can significantly increase the number of nut plants per plant, and improve the total output and kernel yield. Pest control cashew nuts will be harmed by more than 60 kinds of pests and diseases at different stages of growth. Among them, cashew diseases mainly include inflorescence blight, hysteria, gummosis, branch rot and defoliation, leaf rot, yellow leaf disease and lobular disease. Pests mainly include bugs, cashew moths, cashew iron moths, scarabs and so on. Cashew borer is a stem pest of cashew fruit trees, and its control is best carried out in July and August. Generally, 0. 15% carbaryl or 0.05% monocrotophos can be used to treat the roots of cashew fruit trees. Scarab larvae mainly harm the roots of cashew nuts. The chemical control method is to apply 1 kg sulfur mixture per hectare, and after 1.5 days, the insect population will be reduced by 74.4%. The main value of medicinal false fruit is fleshy fruit, also known as "pear fruit", which is a fleshy fruit formed by receptacle. There are gyro-shaped, flat diamond-shaped and oval shapes, and there are bright red, orange and yellow-green variegated colors. The pulp is tender and juicy, with water content of 87.8%, carbohydrate 1 1.6%, protein 0.2% and fat 0. 1%. It also contains various vitamins and mineral elements such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. It has the effects of promoting diuresis, removing dampness and reducing swelling, and can be used for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases and chronic dysentery. True fruit is a kidney-shaped nut planted at the top of false fruit, about 25 mm long, bluish gray to yellowish brown, with a hard shell and seeds inside. This is what we often call "cashew nuts". It is rich in nutrition, containing 47% fat, 265,438+0.2% protein, 22.3% carbohydrate, various vitamins and minerals such as A, B 1, B2, especially trace elements such as manganese, chromium, magnesium and selenium, and has the functions of antioxidation, anti-aging, anti-tumor and anti-cardiovascular disease. Most of the fats are unsaturated fatty acids, of which oleic acid accounts for 67.4% of the total fatty acids and linoleic acid accounts for 19.8%, which is a good food for patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. The content of vitamin B 1 in cashew nuts is second only to sesame seeds and peanuts, which has the effects of supplementing physical strength and eliminating fatigue, and is suitable for people who are prone to fatigue. Cashew nuts are rich in vitamin A and are excellent antioxidants, which can make the skin shiny and look better. Cashew nuts also promote lactation, which is beneficial to women with insufficient postpartum milk secretion. Cashew nuts contain a lot of protease inhibitors, which can control cancer. Regular consumption of cashew nuts has the functions of strengthening the body, improving the body's disease resistance, strengthening * * * and fattening. Chinese medicine believes that cashew nuts are sweet, flat and non-toxic. Can be used for treating cough, vexation and thirst. "Addendum to Materia Medica" says: cashew kernel is mainly used to treat thirst, moisten lung, relieve vexation and resolve phlegm. "Herbal Medicine of Haiyao" also said: The main symptoms are fidgety, stuffy heart, excessive phlegm, typhoid fever, runny nose and cough against qi. Economic fake fruits can be eaten raw, and can also be made into fruit juice, jam, candied fruit, canned food and wine. Fried seeds taste like peanuts. They can be made sweet or salty, or processed into cakes or sweets. With high oil content, it is a first-class edible oil, which is mostly used as raw material for hardening chocolate candy. Shell oil is an excellent preservative or waterproof agent, and can also be used to extract tannin extract. Wood is corrosion-resistant and can be used for shipbuilding. Bark is used to kill insects, termites and indelible ink. Edible cashew nuts are high in calories, and the main source of calories is fat, followed by carbohydrates and protein. Cashews contain twice as much protein as ordinary cereal crops, and the amino acids in cashews are complementary to those in cereals. Cashews are sweet, crisp and delicious. They are most commonly used as snacks like peanuts. The most common way to eat them is to soak them in boiling oil and pick them up for immediate use. They are ideal appetizers. If cooking, there are cashew chicken, cashew shrimp, cold cashew celery yuba, cashew fried scallops and so on. It doesn't seem common to make soup with cashew nuts, but for many vegetarians, cashew nuts are also a good soup material, which is as common as peanuts and chestnuts. Such as vegetable cashew soup, pumpkin cashew soup, burdock cashew soup, lotus seed cashew soup, gastrodia elata cashew soup, mushroom soup and so on. This species of poisonous plants is included in the Botanical Atlas Database of China. Its toxicity is that the peel and seed coat are toxic, and its water extract will sting, swell and blister when it contacts the skin. Eating by mistake can cause tongue tingling and abdominal pain. Intravenous injection of water and alcohol extracts from skin can lower the blood pressure of anesthetized cats, which is highly toxic to small fish. Cashew nuts contain a variety of allergens, and people with allergies may have certain allergic reactions. Cashews are rich in oil, but this oil is toxic. Because cashew nuts are delicious and have a certain therapeutic effect, they are deeply loved by people who like to eat them. But eating too much often leads to some allergic symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, edema of lips and eyelids, itchy throat, itchy eyes, ears and nose, sneezing, runny nose, dizziness and palpitation; In severe cases, children have systemic wheezing and adults have anaphylactic shock; The most dangerous is respiratory edema. If the larynx is edema, it will cause wheezing and suffocation, and failure in rescue will lead to death. Especially for people with original bronchial asthma, the condition will be more serious. When asthma attacks, bronchial sensitivity to * * * substances increases. Some components in cashew nuts can cause type I allergic reaction in asthma patients, and then a series of clinical allergic symptoms appear. Cashew nuts should be stored in sealed cans, refrigerated in freezers, or placed in a cool and ventilated place to avoid direct sunlight, and should be eaten as soon as possible. Cashews should be bought at 1, and the ones with complete crescent shape, white and full color, fragrant smell, rich oil, no moths and no spots are better; Sticky or wet hands indicate a lack of freshness. 2. It is best to soak the washed cashews for 5 hours before use. 3. It should be stored in a sealed can, refrigerated in a freezer, or placed in a cool and ventilated place to avoid direct sunlight.