First, we must master their living habits. Grazing all the year round, if we can make good use of low grassland, steep slopes, mountains and various complex grazing areas, long-term grazing will help to exercise bones and internal organs, enhance their adaptability, save feed, and can also make 60 kilograms of soybeans as concentrated feed. From June 165438+ 10, every sheep will have two or two soybeans or corn every day. Note: Just cook the soybeans to a medium level, and then eat the corn raw. Use pod skin and hay as forage, and the branches and leaves of green trees can be used. Be sure to be well prepared. In winter and next spring, some ewes are pregnant and some are going to give birth to lambs. Be careful when grazing. Don't feed frozen or frosty forage and feed. Always check the situation before production to prevent the lambs from freezing to death in winter. Grazing in spring should prevent the grass from running green. There was little grass a few days ago, so we should let it go before grazing at night. Avoid grazing in the bushes in April to avoid hanging down. When grazing in summer, don't go to low-lying and wet places. Trapped in low-lying and humid places, it is easy to get hoof rot, commonly known as rotten hoof. Avoid getting wet when grazing. Autumn is the key period for grasping fertilizer, which is beneficial to overwintering and mating. This season's focus is on stubble.
Two sheep houses. It should be built in a dry, well-ventilated and rain-proof place. It is best to have a floor and avoid low-lying muddy places. In winter and spring, there should be a greenhouse with a sunny lee. No holes can cause thieves' wind, no sheep manure can be raised, and dry sheep manure can be kept to absorb water heat.
Drink water and feed salt. If drinking water is insufficient, the weight gain, reproduction, growth and lactation of sheep will be affected, and serious water shortage will endanger life. Drink water at least twice a day, and increase the number of drinks in summer. In winter when grass is dry, we should provide enough drinking water and keep it clean. Avoid drinking water from ditches, ponds and dead pits, and drink warm water in winter.
Feeding salt can not only supplement sodium, chlorine and other elements needed in sheep, but also increase appetite and water consumption. The salt content in the diet should not be less than 8- 15g for each sheep, and the salt content of stud rams, pregnant ewes and lactating ewes is 13- 18g. Salt feeding method: put the granular salt into the salt tank and let the sheep lick freely, but be careful not to drink water immediately after feeding the salt.
Feeding management of four lambs. After the ewe gives birth, it is necessary to strengthen nursing to prevent squeezing injury. Colostrum is rich in nutrition and plays an extremely important role in the growth and development of lambs. Therefore, lambs should be given colostrum as soon as possible. The earlier you eat, the more you eat, the faster you increase, the stronger your physique, the less you get sick and the higher your survival rate. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the feeding management of lamb colostrum.
5. Reproduction. My hometown is extremely cold. Every ewe can give birth to a lamb every year. Breeding began in June from 5438+00 to 5438+02, and lambing began in March-May of the following year. Pregnant ewes can keep fat in winter, and giving birth to one baby a year can ensure the health of ewes and improve cashmere yield. Lambs born in spring ensure the survival rate, while lambs born in winter have a low survival rate. Non-breeding rams will pad their scrotum with emery cloth or sand window to prevent promiscuity. Inbreeding must be eliminated. If lambs can't be used as seeds, they should be castrated immediately. The reserve ram left in this group should be exchanged with other sheep, and the local local goats should be improved by progressive hybridization to make the improved third generation close to purebred. The * * * cycle of cashmere goats is 17— 19 days. The reproductive termination age of ewe is 8- 10, and that of ram is 6-7. The proportion of ewes that naturally mate is 1: 30-50.
Six wool seasons. Wool is picked twice every spring from April to May. There is a special tool iron comb for fleece, which can be mailed from other places or made by yourself. Avoid scratching the panel when picking wool, and disinfect the scratched panel with iodine to prevent the ewe from abortion and fracture due to rough movements when picking wool.
Four, sheep disease prevention and control technology
Regular selenium supplementation and prevention and treatment of some common diseases. Because my hometown is a serious selenium-deficient area, selenium deficiency can lead to many diseases, such as infertility, stillbirth, abortion, liver necrosis, myopathy, dysentery, enteritis, growth retardation and so on. Take sodium selenite once every half month, and each sheep should drink with 4 mg diluted water or inject sodium selenite and vitamin E according to the instructions. Under the condition of normal selenium supplementation, sheep diarrhea should be injected with bacitracin or taken orally with streptomycin and berberine.
Prevention and treatment of stomatitis. In spring, some sheep get stomatitis, which is characterized by drooling, swollen tongue and inflammation. Treatment: rinse your mouth with 0. 1% potassium permanganate water, and then apply boron powder or penicillin powder to the cavity.
Treatment of three-rot hoof disease. The main thing is not to graze in low-lying and wet places. Once the disease occurs, the affected area should be washed with normal saline and coated with iodine tincture and penicillin powder.
Prevention and treatment of abdominal distension. Don't feed forage with frost and dew, and treat it in time if you are sick. Mainly to deflate the stomach tube, prevent corrosion and stop fermentation, and clean the gastrointestinal tract. 1, with paraffin oil 100 ml, fish fat 2 g, alcohol 10 ml, and appropriate amount of water, once taken. 2, with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution 1500 ml gastric lavage, to discharge gas and gastric contents. 3. The rumen can be punctured and deflated when necessary.
Prevention of rapid epidemic situation in wuyang county. Adult sheep and lambs are injected with 5 ml of triple vaccine subcutaneously or intramuscularly once a year. Immunity was generated 14 days after injection.
Prevent foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccinate against foot-and-mouth disease twice a year.
Seven deworming. After catching hair in spring and before winter, expel ectoparasites, take a medicated bath, and take a bath with 0.25% trichlorfon aqueous solution. Be sure to wash it thoroughly, and it is best to take a medicated bath. Mainly used for preventing and controlling mites, mites and Parthenocissus tricuspidata.
In order to drive away the parasites in the body, oral administration of 10 kg of body weight 1 ml of internal and external meridians. Or use 0. 14 grams per kilogram of body weight.
Prevention of Fasciola hepatica. Hexachloroethane, 0.2-0.4g per kg body weight, is mixed with water for oral administration.
Sheep breeding technology
1 fattening principle of mutton sheep
1. 1 Reasonable feed supply According to feeding standard, combined with the growth and development characteristics of fattening sheep, determine the feed composition, dietary supply or supplementary feeding quota of mutton sheep, and adjust it in time according to the actual weight gain effect.
1.2 emphasize economic benefits and don't blindly pursue the maximization of daily income. Especially under the condition of fattening in house, the maximum weight gain of mutton sheep is often based on high-precision diet, and the maximum daily weight gain of mutton sheep does not necessarily mean that the best economic benefits can be obtained. Therefore, when setting the expected fattening intensity, the best economic benefit must be the only criterion.
1.3 Organize production reasonably and fatten sheep at the right time. Determine the length of fattening period according to the growth and development stage at the beginning of fattening sheep. Too short, the fattening effect is not obvious, too long, the feed reward is low and uneconomical. Therefore, when mutton sheep reach a certain weight after a certain period of fattening, they should be slaughtered or listed in time, instead of blindly pursuing the maximum weight of sheep. Determine the fattening scale of mutton sheep according to local conditions and seek the best economic benefits according to the laws of market economy.
2 Preparation of mutton sheep before fattening
2. 1 Build a sheepfold to raise sheep, build a shed, and have sufficient activity space. The sheepfold should have the functions of heatstroke prevention and cold prevention, and be selected in a place with high terrain, abundant sunshine, dryness, good ventilation and shelter from the wind, and convenient drainage. When the scale is small, it can be built in or near the residential courtyard, which is convenient for management and care. When the scale is large, it is best to build a sheep community far away from the village to facilitate epidemic prevention.
The area of the sheephouse depends on the number of sheep raised. Usually, the average area of each sheep is 0.8~ 1.2 square meters. Rams and ewes should occupy a larger area, sheep and lambs should be smaller, fine-wool sheep and semi-fine-wool sheep should be larger and goats should be smaller. Generally, the height of a sheep shed is 2.5m, the width of the door is not less than1.5m, and the height of the window from the ground is not less than1.5m, so as to ensure good lighting and ventilation effect. Doors and windows are best made of wood. The span is 7-8 meters, and the length of each sheepfold shall not exceed 30 meters according to fire control requirements.
The pen house is made of brick and wood structure, facing south, and has a rectangular layout. In winter, a plastic greenhouse can be built, and exhaust holes are left and right at the top to prevent the humidity in the greenhouse from being too high.
There should be a sports field in front of the pen house, and the area of the sports field is 2~4 times that of the sheep house. A fixed pool or basin should be placed in the middle of the playground for sheep to drink. There should be a fixed trough or a movable trough around or in the middle. The fixed feeding trough is made of cement or brick. The trough should be wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and the trough bottom is round. The movable trough is made of wood.
2.2 Adequate forage is the material basis for fattening mutton sheep. Fattening mutton sheep must be fed grass first, which can be solved by four ways: first, fully collect locally produced seedlings and leaves with high nutrition such as peanut seedlings, sweet potato seedlings, locust leaves and poplar leaves. The second is silage and micro-storage. If it is wheat straw and dry corn straw, you can store it a little. After harvesting corn in autumn, the green straw should be cut short in time for silage. The third is to use the by-products of distiller's grains and dregs, such as distiller's grains, bean curd dregs and powder dregs. Fourth, planting alfalfa, winter grazing 70- rye, grain amaranth and other high-quality pastures.
2.3 Selection of excellent breeds for raising sheep in houses should be combined with the local production practice, and select excellent breeds that adapt to local ecological conditions, have high production efficiency, good product quality, short feeding cycle and high economic benefits. There are many breeds of sheep and goats that are suitable for house feeding. From the point of view of house feeding, the effect of house feeding for mutton sheep is more obvious. Goats generally choose the hybrid offspring of Boer goat, Shaneng dairy goat and local goat; Sheep should be hybrids of Charolais, Dorset, Suffolk, German Merino and small-tailed Han sheep or local sheep.
2.4 Selection and grouping of fattening sheep Generally speaking, young sheep gain weight faster than old sheep and have a good fattening effect. Lamb 1~8 months old grows fastest, mainly with long muscles. Choosing weaned lamb as fattening sheep has good meat quality and high benefit. Therefore, generally, after the lambs are weaned and determined as a whole group, the lambs that are not suitable for breeding are grouped according to gender and weight, and fattened in groups. Eliminate adult sheep and fatten them according to age and weight.
2.5 castration, disinfection and deworming generally speaking, male lambs are easy to manage after castration, and the meat is tender. Doing a good job of cleaning and disinfection of pens and sanitation during fattening can effectively prevent sheep from getting sick during fattening. It is an important measure to ensure good fattening effect to drive out internal and external parasites of mutton sheep and reduce the influence of parasitic diseases. Insecticides include nitrochlorophenol, thiodichlorophenol and albendazole. These drugs can effectively repel insects by taking 4 mg, 35~75 ml and 2.5~3 mg orally per kilogram of body weight respectively.
2.6 Deformed sheep's hooves caused inconvenience in walking, which affected feeding, especially for grazing sheep, which would seriously affect its production efficiency. Therefore, sheep should be trimmed and reshaped before fattening.
Three fattening methods
The advantage of fattening in house is that it is less affected by natural conditions, and mutton production can be carried out all year round. However, the investment scale is large and the technical level is relatively high.
3. 1 lamb full concentrate fattening technology
3. 1. 1 lamb prepared before fattening 1.5 months old weaned, supplemented with feed before 15 days; Or separate the ewe from the lamb for a period of time in the morning and evening, and let the lamb move in a circle with a fine feed trough and a water fountain. At other times, the mother and the son are still together. The feed should be the same as the fertilizer after weaning. At the beginning of supplementary feeding, the grain can be slightly broken. After getting used to it, it is advisable to feed the whole grain instead of processing it into powder. The ground where lambs move should be dry, rainproof and well ventilated, and a little grass can be spread. The common infectious diseases of lamb fattening are enterotoxemia and hemorrhagic septicemia. Enterotoxemia vaccine can be injected to ewes before lambing or to lambs before weaning.
3. 1.2 Fattening Diet Formula Any grain feed can be used to fatten lambs, but the best effect is high-energy feed such as corn. Practice has proved that the fattening effect of whole grain feed is better than that of broken grain feed, and the fattening effect of compound feed is better than that of feeding a certain grain feed alone, which is mainly manifested in high feed conversion rate and less gastrointestinal diseases. The best feed formula: whole corn 83%, soybean meal 15%, limestone powder 1.4%, salt 0.5%, vitamins and trace elements 0. 1%. The added amounts of vitamins and trace elements are calculated as follows: vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E are 5000 international units, 1000 international units, 200 mg, cobalt sulfate 5 mg and potassium iodate 1 mg respectively. If there is no bean cake, you can use 18% peanut cake instead, and the proportion of corn can be adjusted to 80%.
3. 1.3 Feeding technology Lambs can eat and drink freely. It is best to use a self-made simple automatic feeding trough to feed the feed, so as to avoid the lamb's hooves stepping into the trough, causing feed pollution and reduced feed intake, and expanding the spread of coccidiosis and other germs. The height of the feeding trough should increase with the age of lamb, and it is advisable that the feed in the trough should not accumulate or overflow. If lambs are found to be eating pens, a salt trough should be added to the sports ground, and salt or the same amount of limestone powder should be added to the trough to let the lambs eat freely. Note that at the beginning of eating whole corn, lambs will spit out some corn kernels in their mouths, and with the increase of age, the phenomenon of corn kernels spitting out gradually disappears. Lambs ruminate less in the early stage and more in the late stage, which is a normal phenomenon and does not affect the fattening effect. Under normal circumstances, the feces of lambs are lumpy and yellow, and there are no corn grains in the feces. However, lambs may have loose bowels in weather changes or rainy days. Do not change the feed formula during the whole fattening period.
3. 1.4 The fattening period of lambs released in due course is 50 days. However, the final fattening weight is related to the variety, and the final fattening weight of large lambs at 3 months old can reach more than 35 kg. According to the research, the final fattening weight of fine-wool sheep and non-meat breeds is related to the weaning weight of 1.5 months old. When the weaning weight is 13~ 15 kg, the body weight can reach more than 30 kg in 50 days.