The melody of Shangdang Luozi is simple and moving, intimate and melodious, with distinct rhythm, moving timbre, narrative and lyrical, full of passion and high enthusiasm, which is deeply loved by working people.
In 2006, "Shangdang Luozi" was announced as "Shanxi Intangible Cultural Heritage". In 2008, it was announced as a "national intangible cultural heritage".
(A) the historical origin
According to Licheng County Records, Shangdang Xia Zi can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty. On the basis of learning from Wu 'an farmer Shun (who later fled to Dongtuo Village), Li Suozhu merged the local popular small flower opera Ten Kinds of Brocade, forming a local opera with a strong local flavor of Licheng. During the period from 1884 to 1908, Wang (from Zizhen Village), Wang Sanhe (from Dongtuo Village) and other old artists constantly improved their music, singing and costumes. And increased the number of cultural venues. From the initial simple performance on the ground, it has developed into a stage play offering sacrifices to the gods with costumes and dramas. 19 1 1 On the first day of July, Wang Sanhe's "Luozi" troupe performed in the ancient meeting of the Vulcan Temple in Lu 'an (now the Dongfanghong Cinema in Changzhi City), and stood out among the three Bangzi troupes of Shangdang, laying the foundation for the development of Luozi in Licheng to become a larger drama. At that time, in addition to performing in eight counties of Lu 'an, he frequently appeared in Anze, Hongdong, Yicheng in Pingyang and Linxian, Shexian, Wu 'an and Cixian in Zhangde, and learned from sister operas such as Pu Opera, Henan Opera, Wu 'an Pingdiao and Hebei Bangzi, which improved his art day by day, and he was praised by Party Bangzi and Pu Opera in music singing. In order to distinguish it from Xia Ziwu 'an, we call Licheng, Xia Zi "Big Summer Purple" and Xia Zi, Wu 'an "Little Xia Zi". The musical aria of Shangdang Luozi is Gongdiao, mainly in the form of banqiang, supplemented by Qupai aria. The main types of board cavity are "running water", "clear water" and "loose board knife". Among them, "running water" is the most widely used and has strong adaptability, which can be tight or slow. It can be divided into three speeds: "overflow water", "sexual running water" and "tight running water", which can express emotions such as calm, joy and sadness. Clear water, with fresh and steady rhythm, is longer than narrative; "Scattered board", with eyes but no board, free rhythm and high tune, is suitable for expressing the passion of characters. There is also an adagio "overlord whip" which evolved from Shangdang Bangzi "overlord whip". Slow rhythm, lyrical, suitable for expressing deep, upset and other emotions.
Shangdang Qupai style includes concave board, eight board and lock board. It is based on four verses, and finally connected with the "flowing water" board, most of which are dedicated to special songs. Such as "Concave One", the tune is light and lively, and it is often used to express the joy and cheerful mood of maids and young ladies. Shangdang's music singing has the characteristics of enthusiasm, freshness and euphemism. Apart from coloratura, there is little difference in singing in other professions. In the past, there were views on its singing schools, such as Xifu School, Dongfu School, Licheng School and Lufu School, but there was no obvious difference.
There are two kinds of Qupai: Sixian Qupai and Suona Qupai. There are about 30 kinds of Sixian Qupai, such as Xiaobaban, Ma Bei, Chunqu, Wannianhua, Tianxiaqu and Xiaotaohong. There are more than forty kinds of suona qupai, such as Open the Door, Yuanmen Drum, A Flower, Coming to Spring, Pu Tianle, Hidden Water Dragon, Your Legend, Wanhua Deng, Chaotian Zi, and Walking Around the South of the Yangtze River. Most of these tunes are absorbed from folk music such as Shangdang Bangzi and "Eight Music Festival", and a few are also absorbed from other brother operas.
The bands who attended the party were all penniless and went to the martial arts school (also called the upper and lower scenes or the east-west scenes). In the past, the musical instruments used in martial arts halls were: hand boards made of walnut, which were slightly larger than those used in Beijing opera and had crisp timbre; Small drums-also called Huang Er drums, are the same as tiger skin drums used in Beijing opera; Old drum-a double-sided cowhide drum made in Shangdang area, with large diameter and thunderous sound. The above three instruments are operated by a drummer (head-hand scene). In addition, there is a small gong-made by Shangdang, with a high and crisp tone; There was a big gong in Shangdang, which was slightly larger than Peking Opera, with a concave point in the center and a grand and spacious sound. Cymbals-produced by Shangdang, with clear pronunciation; Bangzi-jujube wood, big gongs; Xiao cymbals specialize in suona. It is worth mentioning that these brass musicians are also very particular about intonation. For example, the big gong takes the "L" sound to match the "1" sound of Hu Hu's outer string, and the small gong takes the "2" sound and so on. , so that all the instruments can be tuned together.
In the past, the musical instruments used in the field of literature were: Hu Hu, the main musical instrument, made of paulownia or Toona sinensis, with leather strings for the inner strings and silk strings for the outer strings, with thick and short bows, players wearing iron finger caps, four-degree tuning, "5" for the inner strings and "1"for the outer strings; Erhu-alto, inner string "1", outer string "5"; Old Hu Hu-bigger than Hu Hu's sound tube, with higher pole, is a bass instrument, tuned "5,1"; There are two big flutes, namely, suona, both of which are played by the head and the old Hu Hu. Flute-the field of literature relies on it to pluck the strings; Sheng-a musical instrument.
The instruments mentioned above in civil and military venues are all used in the past. Later, in the development process, Banhu has replaced Huhu. At present, musical instruments used in cultural places include banhu, erhu, khufu, flute and sheng.
Shangdang Bangzi:
Shangdang Bangzi is one of the four major bangzi in Shanxi Province, which is popular in the southeast of Shanxi Province. It enjoys the same cultural qualification as Pu Opera and Jin Opera, and is the representative drama of Shangdang Opera. During Daoguang period, it was called local local opera, 1934 was called Shangdang Gongdiao when going to Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and 1954 was called Shangdang Bangzi. Shangdang Bangzi mainly sings Bangzi Opera, and also sings Kunqu Opera, Pihuang Opera, Luoluo Opera and Xi Juan Opera, commonly known as "Kunbanghuang".
catalogue
The brief introduction to the history of traditional Chinese opera originated in Zezhou's heyday, inherited and developed, and was influenced by the early song and dance opera activities in Shangdang area, folk art in Shangdang area, the guidance of musicians in Shangdang area, the birth of foreign operas, midwifery art, stage art, stage installations of masks and ancient costumes, major operas, genres, roles, performances, accompaniment, bands, famous artists and celebrities.
Shangdang Bangzi is one of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi, named after its emergence, which was mainly spread in Shangdang County in Qin and Han Dynasties. Locals call it "Great Drama", Jinnan calls it "Dongfu Opera", and Handan, Hebei calls it "Xifu Tune" and "Zezhou Tune", which was also called "Shangdang Palace Tune". 1954, the name of "Shangdang Bangzi" was set at the first drama viewing meeting in the province. In the past, in addition to Bangzi, the class clubs of Shangdang Bangzi also performed Shangdang Kunqu Opera, Shangdang Luo Qiang Opera, Shangdang Juan Opera, Shangdang Pihuang and * * *. Together, it's called "Huang Juan". In recent years, Kunqu Opera, Luoju Opera and Juanju Opera have disappeared from the stage, and only Bangzi is the mainstay. Some troupes may sing some yellow songs. Shangdang Bangzi's singing is dominated by banqiang, sometimes with Qupai style. The most widely used plates are "big plate" and "Liu Si", and others are "middle leather slip" and "stacked plate". Qupai-style vocals include [Shout at the back of the mountain] and [A string of bells]. Men and women have the same cavity, the same degree and the same tone. Mode is fine-tuning; Except for the [tight big board] and [middle board], other types of board doors are palace-style. Accompaniment instruments: percussion instruments are big gongs and drums with strong sounds, and strings are giant piano, erhu and Hu Hu. The basic merit of Shangdang Bangzi is called "three handfuls". It is stable and generous to use, and it is magnificent; The disadvantage is that the feet are heavy and the arms are hard, and the hips are prominent, which is not very beautiful. The technique of expression is thick lines, large outline, straightforward, vigorous and lively. In terms of trade, the role of whiskers is the most prominent, followed by Beijing suburbs, Tsing Yi and Wu. Shangdang Bangzi has rough and healthy artistic characteristics. The overpass and characters are characterized by simplicity and antiquity. Singing and music are high-pitched, euphemistic and lively, with rich tunes. Every singer has his own musical instrument and drama. Bangzi, also called Bangzi, is a percussion instrument. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties (17th century), it became popular with the rise of Bangzi Opera. In the Qing Dynasty, Li's "On Drama" said: "With the bang as the board, we should respond, but it is tight and slow. Commonly known as bangzi cavity, Shu called it random play. " Bangzi cavity is named after being struck with a bangzi.
Bangzi consists of two solid hard sticks with different lengths and thicknesses. One is cylindrical with a length of 25 cm and a diameter of 4 cm, and the other is rectangular with a length of 20, a width of 5-6 and a thickness of 4 cm. Generally made of rosewood and mahogany. Some places are made of jujube wood. The material must be solid and dry, without scars or cracks. Smooth appearance, moderate radian and angularity. When playing, the left hand holds a rectangle, the right hand holds a cylindrical wooden stick, and the rectangle wooden stick is struck with a cylinder to pronounce. The timbre is crisp and solid, with no fixed pitch. It is a representative percussion instrument of Hebei Bangzi, Henan Opera and Shaanxi Opera. It is often used to beat the beat regularly and enhance the drama atmosphere. It is also commonly used in some folk instrumental ensembles and Quyi accompaniment, and is widely popular in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places. Shangdang County in Han Dynasty is located in the southwest of Zhangzi County, and governs 14 County: north to present, south of Xiyang, east to Shexian County in Hebei Province, south to northeast of Yangcheng, and west to Anze Jishan. Administrative divisions have changed frequently in past dynasties. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, it was customary to take Shandong, Ze, Liao and Qin counties 19 counties as Shangdang areas. In the early years of the Republic of China, Shaanxi established Luze Liao Qin Town Health Center in Changzhi. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese aggressors established the Party Road in Changzhi. The base areas behind enemy lines led by the Chinese Production Party belong to the administrative offices of Taihang and Taiyue. 1949 In September, Shanxi Provincial People's Government was established, and Zuo Quan (renamed Liao County), Heshun and Yushe were placed under Yuci District (now Jinzhong area); The remaining 16 counties and Changzhi city divided from them are designated as Changzhi Special Zone (later changed to southeastern Shanxi, and Changzhi is also changed to a municipality directly under the Central Government). I hope I can like and support these two operas.