2.

Information history of Qing dynasty

In A.D. 182 1 year, Emperor Jiaqing died and Daoguang succeeded to the throne in order to promote Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Daoguang, western countries began to enter China's economic market. They opened the door to China with opium, causing a large outflow of silver from China, and the people were deeply poisoned.

1838, in order to solve this problem, Daoguang Emperor appointed Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy and went to Guangdong to preside over the smoking ban. After Lin Zexu arrived in Guangdong, he cracked down on tobacco dealers, confiscated more than 2 million Jin of opium and destroyed it in Humen in public, that is, "Humen destroyed opium".

In A.D. 1840, the British government sent warships to attack Guangzhou in the name of protecting overseas Chinese. Historians generally regard this event as the starting point of China's modern history.

At this time, the Qing Dynasty was under the rule of Daoguang Emperor (1821~1851year). At the beginning of the war, Daoguang Emperor thought that the British army was vulnerable. However, with the development of the war, the British army besieged the Pearl River Estuary, captured Dinghai, Zhejiang Province, and forced Dagu, Tianjin, shocking Daoguang Emperor. He sent Qishan and others to negotiate with the British army, and at the same time convicted Lin Zexu and reopened Guangzhou. However, the British army is not satisfied with this. Continue to attack Humen, Ningbo and Xiamen, and capture Wusong on 1842. At this time, the Qing government had to sign the treaty of nanking with Britain. Since then, France and the United States have followed the example of Britain and signed the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty and the Sino-American Summer Treaty with China, thus opening the door to China.

In 185 1 year, Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty ascended the throne, and in January of the same year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shocked the ruling and opposition parties. Hong Xiuquan launched an uprising in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi Province in the name of "worshipping God". In two years, the Taiping Army successively captured Yuezhou, Nanjing, Wuhan and other southern towns, 1853 made Nanjing its capital, promulgated "Tianmu System of China", formulated the official system and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Since then, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has carried out many northern expeditions and western expeditions. However, due to the Tianjing Incident in 1856, the main force of Shi Dakai Department of Taiping Army left, which greatly weakened the strength of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Since then, after several years of suppression by the Qing government, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was captured by Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army in 1846, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was declared a failure.

During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Britain and France declared war on China again from 1856 to 1860, which was called the Second Opium War. At the beginning of this war, the British and French allied forces landed from Tianjin, pushing Beijing, and Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty had to flee to Jehol Summer Resort. 1856, the British and French allied forces captured the Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs of Beijing and set the famous garden on fire. Later, China was forced to sign unequal treaties with the aggressor countries, such as Tianjin Treaty, Beijing Treaty and Aihui Treaty, which forced the Qing government to further open to the outside world and ceded a lot of land.

Emperor Xianfeng died in the summer resort in 1862. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Crown Prince Zai Chun ascended the throne, and his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, executed eight auxiliary ministers, including Su Shun, with the help of Minister Yi Xin, and began the rule of "listening to politics" in China's history for nearly half a century, which was known as "Xinyou coup". During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, all power fell to Empress Dowager Cixi. During his tenure, China went to war with French, Japanese and other countries, especially the Sino-Japanese War. China was forced to sign "treaty of shimonoseki" with Japan, ceded Taiwan Province Province and compensated the army, which also caused serious setbacks to the just-started Westernization Movement.

In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Emperor Guangxu was deeply impressed by China's backward situation and prepared to carry out capitalist reform. He accepted the political reform proposed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao and announced the restructuring in order to enrich the people and strengthen the country. However, this political reform only lasted 103 days. In the end, Empress Dowager Cixi imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and killed Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898. Kang and Liang fled abroad. Later people called it the "Reform Movement of 1898". After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Allied forces composed of Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy and Austria once again marched into China and captured Beijing. Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled hastily. Later, China signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with the representatives of the eight countries, agreeing to further open commercial ports, cede land for compensation, and help pacify the Boxer Rebellion.

3.

Qin Shihuang: an outstanding politician of the ancient landlord class in China. The first emperor who unified China.

1, unified the six countries, ended the political situation of separatist strife, established the first unified feudal country in the history of China, and initiated a new era in the historical development of the Chinese nation.

2. The autocratic centralized system (emperor system, three public officials system and county system) was established, which laid the basic pattern of feudal social and political system for more than 2000 years.

3. Expanding territory has laid the basic map for China to unify a multi-ethnic centralized country.

4. Taking a series of measures to consolidate and unify (unified writing, unified currency, unified measurement and revised ruler) promoted the development of feudal economy and the formation of the Chinese nation.

5. Build the Great Wall to resist the harassment of nomadic people and ensure the agricultural production in the Central Plains. The Great Wall later became a great symbol of the Chinese nation.

The above measures have promoted the development of productive forces, feudal economy, the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country, and the formation and historical progress of the Chinese nation. Explain that Qin Shihuang is "an emperor through the ages", which we should fully affirm.