Momordica charantia is an annual climbing herb with perfect roots, many lateral roots and wide distribution. The roots are over 1.3m and the depth is over 0.3m. The stems of Momordica charantia are vine-like, thin, pentagonal, dark green and hairy. The axillary buds in all parts of the main vine have strong activity and can produce lateral vines. The lateral buds of each part of the vine can also produce opposite vines. It forms a relatively lush leaf system. Ye Changwei 16 ~ 18cm, width 18 ~ 24cm, yellow-green petiole with grooves. Flowers are solitary, and the first female flower node varies with varieties, usually occurring in the main vine 8 ~ 18cm and the lateral vine 1 ~. Long cone-shaped, long rod-shaped, with many nodular protrusions on the surface of the fruit. Fresh and tender fruits are green, light green and white. The seeds are shield-shaped, light yellow and black, covered with bright red fleshy tissue, sweet and edible. The seed coat is hard, thick and patterned. 1000-grain weight150-180g, and each melon contains about 30 seeds.
Bitter gourd is a temperature-tolerant crop, which is water-resistant and has strong adaptability to temperature. 10~35℃. If the ground temperature is too low, the root system will grow slowly. If the ground temperature is too high, the roots are easy to cork, and plants are prone to premature aging. Different varieties have different low temperature tolerance. Generally, early-maturing varieties have strong resistance to low temperature, while middle-early-maturing varieties have strong resistance to high temperature. The suitable temperature for seed germination of Momordica charantia is 30~35℃, slow germination is 20℃, subsequent germination is 65,438 03℃, and seedling growth is 20~25℃. The suitable temperature for grape flowering and fruiting is 20~30℃, and the most suitable temperature is 25℃, which can tolerate the high temperature of 35~40℃. Low temperature below 15℃ and short sunshine below 12 hours at seedling stage are helpful to reduce the position of the first female flower. Although bitter gourd is a short-day plant, the requirement for sunshine time is not strict. Most cultivated varieties can blossom under different sunshine.
3. 1 Variety selection and seedbed setting: relatively early-maturing cold-resistant varieties should be selected for greenhouse cultivation. At present, the commonly used varieties are Penang Bitter Melon and Xia Feng Bitter Melon, and the seedbed should be selected in the greenhouse or greenhouse where melon crops have not been planted for three years to avoid the same diseases and pests and lack of the same nutritional elements.
3.2 Soaking seeds to accelerate germination and sowing: Bitter gourd should be planted in greenhouses in southern Liaoning. 2 Dry the seeds for 65,438+0 days next month, then soak them in 56t warm water for 20 minutes, and then lower the soaking temperature to 30℃ and keep them for more than 24 hours. Wash the seeds with a wet cloth and leave them in the environment for 32-35 minutes. About 70% seeds can be sown on the seedbed when they germinate. Before sowing, water the seedbed enough. In order to kill insects and disinfect, increase the ground temperature and make the bottom water sufficient. The seedbed has a depth of 5 cm and a temperature of 30℃, and can be sown at any time. 8 According to the requirements, after sowing, spread 1 cm thick bed soil to cover with plastic film.
3.3 Seedbed management: After sowing, the seedbed temperature should be kept between 30~35t, not too high or too low. When 70% seedlings emerge, the plastic film should be removed, and the temperature should be controlled at about 30t during the day and 20℃ at night. When the bed soil turns white, choose Qingchen 9 to spray a little water around the acupoints, and then spray foliar fertilizer when the first true leaf of the seedling is unfolded. Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After the seedlings grow to the first three leaves, the same concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed. When bitter gourd seedlings grow to 5 leaves, the color of seedlings and Miao Zhuang is dark green. Before sowing, we should practice the seedlings once a week, make full use of sunlight and pay attention to ventilation during the day, so that the seedlings can gradually adapt to the low natural environment to resist high temperature and enhance their cold resistance and compression resistance.
3.4.4 Preparation of Soil Preparation
3.4. 1 Soil selection and fertilization: Choose a greenhouse with high terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage and high organic matter content to cultivate bitter gourd. After harvesting last season's crops, they were deeply plowed into fine harrows, with 5000 kg of high-quality decomposed fertilizer, 60 kg of calcium superphosphate and 50 kg of quicklime as base fertilizer for each harrow of 667 square meters.
3.4.2 Border planting: The most ideal method is to plant bitter gourd with the length of 1.2M, the height of 65438+200m and the height of 20cm in a greenhouse with high border width, which is convenient for irrigation and drainage. The ground temperature of greenhouse in southern Liaoning is stable above 65438 02℃. Generally, it should be planted on a sunny day in April 10. The row spacing of 120 is generally 667m2 cm, and 700 plants can be planted. Loose soil can be cultivated for 3~4 times to raise ground temperature, keep soil moisture and promote seedling growth and development.
3.5 Site management
3.5. 1 temperature and light regulation: the temperature is low in early spring, so the growth and development of bitter gourd need higher temperature. At the same time, when it is sunny, the temperature in the shed is higher. The temperature in the shed reaches 35t during the day, and it is 20℃ when the temperature drops. When the wind starts to turn off, the temperature should be controlled at 25~30℃ during the day and at 15 at night.
3.5.2 Water and fertilizer management: Bitter gourd is tolerant of fertilizer and barren, and likes water and waterlogging. During the whole growth period, the boundary surface should be kept moist. In the meantime, sufficient water will be provided. With the increase of outdoor temperature, the number of irrigation in the shed will also increase. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season. Dead water will suffocate the roots of bitter gourd, and topdressing should be done for about 5 times during the whole growth period. When nitrogen fertilizer is combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, urea 10 kg and potassium sulfate 5 kg are applied every 667 square meters. When the fruit reaches the peak, apply fruit fertilizer, about 20 cm away from the root, dig a pit, add 75 grams of decomposed fermented cake fertilizer, then cover the soil for irrigation, and stop topdressing irrigation one week before harvesting.
3.5.3 Plastic tea nail: Bitter gourd is a vine. The axillary buds of the main vine have strong activity and can form a lush stem and leaf system. Planting bitter gourd in Dalian Lushun greenhouse and producing melon seeds with Shunman have good effect, high yield and good benefit. The specific method is as follows:
When bitter gourd grows to five true leaves, remove the core, leaving two tendrils; when the tendrils grow to five true leaves, remove the core again, leaving two Yang tendrils on each root tendrils, thus leaving four Yang tendrils on each plant. Use the sun vine to knot melons, with good knot shape and straight melon strips. When the sun vine grows to 20 cm, the tea vine is introduced, and each sun vine is inserted with a bamboo pole with a spacing of 20 cm. Therefore, the scaffold height of 200 cm can prolong the growth length of plants and produce more melons. This scaffold is very strong and does not fall easily. Only four male vines are left for each bitter gourd to grow, and all the other lateral vines are removed. In the late growth stage of bitter gourd, the stems and vines grow rapidly. Yin people should be diligent, Yin people.
3.5.4 Pest control: Common diseases of bitter gourd include Fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew. Crop rotation, melons without continuous cropping, timely intertillage weeding to remove diseased leaves, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, and planting along the high edge can reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests of bitter gourd. Fusarium wilt occurred in the internodes of bitter gourd. Shoot tips and leaf tips droop and wither above the diseased parts. Spraying 75% chlorthiazone wettable powder with 600-800 times of liquid or anti-bitter gourd alkali water solution can prevent and control it. Anthracnose is a fungal disease, which can carry bacteria in seeds and diseased soil. In addition, it also damages the stems, leaves and fruits of bitter gourd through the active communication between rain, insects and people and animals. It is most popular when the humidity exceeds 97% around 24t.
3.6 Harvest: Bitter gourd with tender fruit can be harvested within a few days after flowering, usually at 12- 15. The harvesting standard is that the strip or nodular processes on the fruit are full, the nodules become shallow, the top becomes smooth, and the skin color of green bitter gourd changes from dark green to bright green and shiny. If the harvested bitter gourd can't be sold in time, it should be kept at low temperature, otherwise it will easily mature, turn yellow and shine.
4. 1 Variety selection: Bitter gourd is generally planted in winter and spring in the northern part of the greenhouse. From the sowing date to the first fruit setting, it is in the season of low temperature and weak light. Therefore, it is suggested to choose early-maturing varieties with strong low temperature tolerance, such as Guangxi. 1 Guangxi Da Momordica Charantia No.2, Dading Momordica Charantia, Chengdu Dabai Momordica Charantia, Lanshan Dabai Momordica Charantia, Xia Feng Momordica Charantia, Xiuhua and Cuixiu.
4.2 Soaking seeds to accelerate germination and sowing: produce bitter gourd in winter and spring, and sow 9~ 10 seeds per month. This method refers to the cultivation technique of bitter gourd in greenhouse.
4.3 Seedbed management: refer to the cultivation techniques of bitter gourd in greenhouse.
4.4 Soil preparation and field planting: the field planting period in winter and spring is in the middle and late period of 1 1. At the beginning of this month, bitter gourd grew very long and there were many melons, which needed a lot of fertilizer. Fertilize separately before sowing. Usually every 667 square meters of high-quality agricultural fertilizer 5000 kg, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate 10 kg. Deep tilt. Bitter gourd can be harvested in solar greenhouse in winter and spring. Scaffolding with large row spacing and wide row spacing is 2.5m, with row spacing of 50cm and spacing of 40cm, each plant is 667m2, 1000. From left to right, rows of 80cm and 70cm specifications can be cultivated, and narrow rows of stands can be cultivated, with plant spacing of 40cm, with 667m2 and 2000 plants per plant. According to different farming methods, choose land preparation and clearing. After planting, cover with plastic film, cut holes and cut seedlings. Plastic film mulching is beneficial to improve ground temperature, reduce greenhouse humidity and reduce diseases.
4.5 Post-planting management
4.5 Temperature and light regulation: Bitter gourd is a heat-resistant vegetable, and the key to winter and spring cultivation is temperature management. At the beginning of sowing, ventilation should be done in time during the day to prevent the plants from being too long due to high temperature. This month is the worst period of temperature and light conditions in the greenhouse from February to the following year. All measures should be taken to increase the temperature and supplement the light. The daily temperature needs to be maintained at around 25℃. The temperature at night is about 65438 05℃, and the minimum temperature should not be lower than 65438 02℃. After February, the outside temperature will gradually increase, and ventilation should be increased during the day to prevent the temperature from being too high. Generally, when it reaches 33℃, the daily temperature should be controlled at about 30℃, at night 15~20℃, and when the outdoor temperature is stable 15.
4.5.2 Water and fertilizer management: When planting bitter gourd, water should be poured enough, and generally do not water it before fruiting. At the initial stage of flowering and fruiting, water every 10- 15 every day 1 time, and topdressing decomposed chicken manure or available NPK with water. 20 kilograms of fertilizer can be applied every 667 square meters. The post-management of bitter gourd in solar greenhouse is mainly 4. However, attention should be paid to removing old leaves and strengthening ventilation and light transmission. After May, gradually remove the plastic film and use the external environment to grow fruits. Momordica charantia grows well in high temperature season from July to August, so we can continue to strengthen fertilizer and water management and promote growth and fruiting.