Suggestions on gradually realizing garbage classification and recycling

Everyone of us throws out a lot of garbage every day, which is first sent to the dump site and then sent to landfill. Landfill costs are high, and waste is increasing at a rate of 3-5% every year. People consume a lot of resources, produce on a large scale, consume a lot, and produce a lot of waste. The reason for the increase in garbage is that people's living standards have improved and various consumptions have increased.

At present, another garbage disposal method widely used in Western countries is incineration. Although the waste after high-temperature incineration does not occupy a lot of land, it not only requires a staggering investment, but also increases the risk of secondary pollution. Dioxin, a highly toxic carcinogen that makes people think of it as "evil", is one of the main gas components produced after garbage incineration. In addition, whether it is landfilled or incinerated, it is a useless waste of resources.

An effective way to solve the problem is to classify garbage and then classify it for recycling. Garbage classification means classifying garbage at the source and turning it into resources again through classified transportation and recycling. The benefits of waste classification are obvious. After the garbage is sorted, it is sent to the factory instead of the landfill, which not only saves land, but also avoids the pollution caused by landfill or incineration, and can also turn waste into treasure.

Garbage classification is no stranger to the Chinese who have always been diligent and thrifty. Maybe you still remember the recycling of waste products in the 1950s and 1960s: toothpaste peels were collected and recycled, orange peels were used to make medicines, biowaste was used for composting, scraps of cloth, ink bottles, etc. could all be reused. China has a historical tradition of recycling waste. In the past, we may have recycled waste only as a last resort due to the constraints of the poor economy. Today, as we become increasingly affluent, recycling waste paper is a conscious awareness and action to protect the environment. Because we clearly know that what we pick up is not just pieces of waste paper, it is the forests and rivers where our descendants can settle down and live. Classified garbage not only avoids garbage pollution, but also provides raw materials for industry and agriculture. In the United States, known as a major waste-producing country, garbage classification has gradually penetrated into the lives of citizens. Walking on the street, you can see a variety of colorful classified trash cans everywhere. The government provides various convenient conditions for garbage classification. In addition to setting up classified trash cans on both sides of the street, each community regularly assigns dedicated personnel to remove the garbage sorted by each household. Residents also expressed great support for the government's garbage classification work. This is not only reflected in the fact that each of them is familiar with the knowledge of garbage classification, but also that paying for garbage classification here is as natural as paying for clean tap water to drink. Garbage recycling as an industry has developed rapidly. In many developed countries, the recycling industry is occupying an increasingly important position in the national industrial structure. Garbage classification is not only a fashion in developed countries like the United States, but also a trend in many developing countries. In Brazil, many communities implement garbage classification. In some places in the Philippines, villagers have organized themselves to work hard to clean up their living environment. Garbage sorting is the main part of this movement. Regardless of whether it is a poor country or a rich country, garbage classification is becoming a global trend. However, China, which was once the world leader in this regard, has almost lost this good tradition. We should be the controllers of garbage pollution. Each of us can defeat garbage pollution through garbage classification.

Garbage is only garbage when mixed together. Once sorted and recycled, it is treasure. Even the waste batteries that are called micro-killers can be turned into benefits. The batteries we use in our daily lives generally contain toxic heavy metals such as mercury or cadmium. If these heavy metals are left underground, they will easily enter the groundwater through rainwater leaching. This kind of pollution is difficult to eliminate. The biological half-life is about 30 years, which means it takes 30 years to eliminate half of it. Therefore, this is particularly harmful to people. Waste batteries contain a variety of useful metal minerals, and their recycling value is very high. Because of the serious hazards and special recycling value of waste batteries, many countries strictly prohibit them from being mixed with garbage. Japanese communities have special yellow buckets to put button batteries and other materials separately. Kitchen waste such as leftover lettuce, eggshell peels, and vegetable leaves can be used to make good organic fertilizers. Some waste can also be used to generate electricity.

Suggestions, methods and requirements: Garbage classification is a systematic project that requires the joint efforts of citizen participation, business joining and government decision-making. Public participation is a key to the completion of this project and requires a A series of social conditions require relevant policies, regulations and publicity and education in each link.

Through garbage classification, citizens can easily understand their relationship with environmental protection. Everyone is a creator of garbage pollution, a victim of garbage pollution, and a manager of garbage pollution. Environmental protection is not only a government behavior, but also a citizen behavior and an individual behavior. To protect the foundation of the nation's survival, it must start from everyone.

To achieve this: first, use media means to call for garbage classification; second, combine publicity with the establishment of pilot projects. A series of publicity activities have been carried out, such as lectures, cartoons, sending promotional materials, providing consultation, etc. For example, organizing college students to enter the community to promote garbage classification, publishing a series of advertising posters on garbage classification, holding garbage classification exhibitions, etc.: The third is contact enterprise.

Since it has been difficult for the government to sort out garbage for a long time, we have contacted some recycling companies to support citizens’ garbage sorting actions. Continuously explore new ways of recycling and processing classified waste that are practical and easy to operate: The fourth is to put forward policy recommendations. Non-governmental environmental protection organizations have the responsibility and obligation to assist the government in promoting the implementation of garbage classification policies and regulations.

Garbage sorting is also a kind of quality education and patriotism education. When people realize that garbage sorting is a sign of a person's cultural quality and civilized upbringing, this behavior becomes easier to accept. In fact, environmental awareness is becoming an important symbol of a person's quality in modern society. No matter how well educated you are or what degree you have, if you don’t do environmental protection, you are just like an illiterate; no matter how rich you are, you have the responsibility to recycle. This trivial matter is actually a fashion and a great honor. , very fashionable thing.

To enhance the publicity effect, the power of private education should be strengthened. Education on garbage classification should not be understood as just a matter for government environmental sanitation and environmental protection departments and the press. Various non-governmental organizations, volunteers, and some companies and individuals willing to invest and donate can all play a role. Since it is done by private individuals on their own initiative, it also has a special influence, influence and demonstration effect. To enhance the publicity effect, there must be extensive participation of journalists. The advantage of the press is the communication power of the media. In order to widely implement garbage classification, the government and various social forces must also strengthen publicity and education, such as conducting publicity and education in communities, implementing garbage classification into families, establishing family files related to garbage classification; organizing garbage classification training in the community ; Organize citizens to visit relevant "Garbage and Environment Exhibitions", garbage sorting stations and landfills to experience first-hand the harm caused by garbage to the environment; organize more "College Student Green Lecture Groups" to the community to promote garbage classification to residents; Let children lead families through education in primary and secondary schools; organize media to follow up on units and communities that do well in garbage classification, and provide publicity and encouragement to families and individuals who do well in garbage classification; set up a hotline for garbage classification, and Consult on garbage classification issues, collect opinions and suggestions from citizens on garbage classification work, and communicate with relevant departments in a timely manner to ensure the smooth progress of garbage classification work; print "Waste Classification Manual", promotional materials, posters, and distribute them to units and schools , communities, to facilitate the masses to effectively implement garbage classification. Post garbage classification posters in communities, campuses, institutions, etc. to create a publicity atmosphere.

Garbage classification and recycling is not only a behavior and habit, but also an economic system. Its establishment is inseparable from the establishment of relevant laws. However, to establish a domestic waste classification and recycling system, a series of specific departmental and local regulations are needed. These regulations can be roughly divided into the following four categories:

1. Garbage packaging: At present, the government sanitation department requires residents to change the garbage from loose to bagged, which is quite effective. However, mixed bagging can only solve the problem. Hygienic issues can only be solved by packaging in separate bags. It should be clearly stipulated that garbage should be bagged and put out at fixed times and at fixed points, so that garbage sorting becomes a universal behavior, a citizen responsibility and obligation.

2. Garbage charging: According to the "polluter pays" law, garbage recycling fees are borne by the producers of garbage to solve the problem of source classification and recycling costs. The greater the waste produced, the higher the fees paid. The role of the law is not only to restrain those who produce garbage, but also to help the industry that recycles and processes garbage. The fees collected can be used for removal and recycling.

3. Recycling responsibility: For example, units or individuals that produce and distribute disposable plastic lunch boxes in this city must be responsible for recycling discarded lunch boxes, or they can entrust other units to recycle them.

4. Supervision and punishment: In China, the environmental sanitation department should have the right to fine: If the garbage is not classified and the recycling department cannot accept it, the environmental sanitation department should have the right to fine it.

Using education, publicity and laws to establish citizen awareness and behavior of garbage classification is the basic prerequisite for implementing garbage classification and recycling. At the same time, two specific problems must be solved. One is container setting, and the other is removal and recycling.

Public garbage disposal containers can be solved in the following ways: The first one: provided by the government. As representatives of social public welfare undertakings, relevant government departments should regard the setting up of classified garbage as a simple matter. As part of their own work and municipal construction, they should be treated as an urban civilization project that is beneficial to both health and the environment. Unified design, unified management, and unified planning of classified garbage bins in communities, shopping malls, streets, stations and other public places are conducive to city appearance. The second type: provided by the property recycling unit responsible for community management. Hopefully, the value gained through recycling will recoup the cost of buying the bins as quickly as possible. The third type: The municipal government shall formulate unified requirements and formulate unified standards, requiring each unit to purchase classified garbage bins on its own. Persons in charge of profit-making units such as companies, shopping malls, restaurants, etc. are particularly required to take the first step and be responsible for publicizing the corresponding garbage classification to customers. The fourth method: In the initial stage of garbage classification, when various facilities are not yet complete, it is up to the citizens themselves to solve the problem.

Cleaning, transportation and recycling are handled by full-time technical and administrative personnel. These full-time personnel may be government sanitation departments, governments and enterprises. In order to make citizens' classified disposal a habit and fashion, it is necessary to ensure the smooth flow of clearing, transportation and recycling channels. If an effective collection and recycling system cannot be established, citizens’ enthusiasm for classification will be dampened, and the entire garbage classification system cannot be established.

Garbage classification is different from other environmental protection issues, such as water pollution control and air pollution control, which are restricted by technology, capital and economic development levels. In the past, China's economy and technology were far backward than now, but it established the most advanced recycling system in the world at that time. Garbage classification depends more on the work of social organizations and the foundation of social culture, and this is where China's advantages and potential lie. After all, the Chinese people have the tradition and habit of recycling waste. This is a kind of survival perseverance and wisdom of a nation in a specific cultural ecology. Whether it is journalists or government officials, the first one is part of the Chinese cultural atmosphere and soil. member. Culture is a kind of history, a kind of accumulation, and a kind of potential. As long as our education, laws and policies are in place, this potential can be unleashed. There is every reason to give full play to the advantages of cultural traditions, establish a garbage classification system as soon as possible, and move to the forefront of the country in the specific field of environmental protection. It is for survival and sustainable development.

The annual per capita domestic waste in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, reaches 315 kilograms. Effective classification, processing and recycling of urban waste will not only help maintain the urban environment, but also turn waste into treasure. According to Finland's 1994 garbage law, garbage producers must sort their garbage, and then send it to garbage treatment plants by garbage trucks for sorting, processing and recycling. The Capital Waste Management Bureau has formulated specific regulations in accordance with the garbage law: for example, apartment buildings, office buildings, shops and restaurants that generate more than 50 kilograms of waste paper and cardboard per week must classify waste paper and cardboard and put them into special garbage Any residential building with more than 10 households that generates more than 50 kilograms of biological waste per week must set up a special biological waste bin. Biowaste refers to degradable organic compounds, such as leftover food, weeds, etc. The "Household Waste Guide" booklet printed by the Waste Management Bureau specifically guides residents on how to sort and recycle waste.

Residential areas and shopping malls in various towns in Finland are equipped with waste sorting and recycling bins of different colors. When Finns go out, they are accustomed to putting the old newspapers, empty glass bottles and old clothes accumulated at home into the recycling bins, or directly sending the garbage to the waste classification and recycling points in the three garbage treatment centers in the Helsinki area. The recycling point then sends the metal waste to the metal processing plant for recycling, the glass bottles to the glass factory as raw material, the waste wood to the thermal power plant as fuel, and the waste paper and cardboard are reused by the paper mill. For hazardous waste such as waste oil, sulfuric acid, batteries and pharmaceuticals, the Waste Management Bureau sends special vehicles to recycle it in spring and autumn every year, and then sends it to a factory that specializes in handling hazardous waste for special incineration treatment, and uses the heat generated by the incineration to generate electricity.

"Take it from the people and use it for the people." All costs required to dispose of urban garbage come from the garbage disposal fees paid by residents, and the amount of the fee is determined based on the capacity of the garbage bin and the number of dumping times. In order to encourage residents to sort their waste, the charges for classified waste are generally much lower than those for mixed waste.

Relevant Finnish departments attach great importance to environmental protection in the process of garbage disposal. The Emessoul Waste Treatment Center, located 25 kilometers away from the capital Helsinki, is the largest waste treatment center in Northern Europe. It was built in 1987, has 30 staff members, and covers an area of ??190 hectares. In 2001, the center's waste processing capacity reached 680,000 tons, of which 310,000 tons were recycled.

In August this year, a novel waste classification and recycling station was put into use at this center. Residents and businesses in nearby areas can drive their cars directly onto the garbage sorting platform of the recycling station and put the garbage into the corresponding recycling trailer box according to the signs on the sorting prompts.

The center also has a bio-waste decomposition plant, which specializes in degrading bio-waste and finally turning it into fertilizer soil. In 2001, the factory produced 15,000 cubic meters of this high-quality garden fertilizer soil.

After all kinds of waste are sorted and recycled, a considerable amount of mixed waste is still dumped in landfills. In order to further reduce the amount of waste dumped into landfills, the center plans to build a new mixed waste treatment plant in 2005 to reclassify the remaining mixed waste. Finally, only waste that cannot be recycled (such as plastics, etc.) will be transported to the garbage disposal site. landfill. This not only greatly reduces the land area of ??the landfill, but also no longer produces odors to pollute the air because the biological waste is completely separated. In addition, the mixed waste treatment plant will separate nearly 200,000 tons of combustible waste every year and can generate 600,000 kilowatt hours of energy.

In recent years, the center has paid special attention to improving environmental protection measures to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment. The center monitors the air quality and underground seepage water in the surrounding area, collects the seepage water generated from garbage disposal in a temporary reservoir, and introduces it to a nearby sewage treatment plant for treatment. At the same time, advanced equipment is installed in the landfill to recover biogas, and biogas power stations are being built for use by residents in surrounding areas.

According to the planning of relevant departments, by 2007, the traditional methods of dumping and burying garbage will be completely abandoned, all kinds of garbage will be utilized to the maximum extent, and the remaining garbage will be used as fuel to produce heat energy.

In recent years, waste reduction has become the starting point for Finnish municipal waste treatment work.

On August 14 this year, the Finnish government adopted a plan to nearly double the garbage tax within three years to reduce the amount of garbage nationwide.

In order to reduce the amount of garbage and improve garbage utilization as soon as possible, the Finnish government will also take other effective measures. For example, there may be certain restrictions on the amount of biowaste dumped into landfills; increasing the responsibilities of product manufacturers and importers in handling waste related to them, etc. In addition, relevant government departments will further participate in and promote the development of the waste treatment industry and increase scientific research and training in waste treatment.

Items that can be used as resources for recycling:

After the (paper) paper is transported to the paper mill, the ink is removed, dissolved and processed, and then new paper is made from the pulp. 6 large milk cartons can produce 1 pack of toilet paper.

After distinguishing the colors (bottles), break or dissolve them to make a new bottle. Glass bottles, etc. can be washed and reused.

(Cloth) can be used to cover factory machines. If disassembled into threads, it can be made into blankets, thick cloth, cotton gloves, etc.

After (aluminum can) is dissolved, it can be restored to the original raw material - aluminum. The energy used to make one new aluminum can can be used to make 33 recycled aluminum cans.

Garbage classification means classifying garbage at the source, and turning it into resources again through classified transportation and recycling.

The benefits of garbage classification are obvious. After the garbage is sorted, it is sent to the factory instead of the landfill, which not only saves land, but also avoids the pollution caused by landfill or incineration, and can also turn waste into treasure.

Garbage classification is not only a fashion in developed countries like the United States, but also a trend in many developing countries. In Brazil, many communities have implemented garbage classification. The mayor regards the classified garbage bins at the main entrance of the city hall as the glory of the city. On the more than 20 nearby beaches, the sorting bins are more like a beautiful landscape.

Regardless of whether it is a poor country or a rich country, garbage classification is becoming a global trend. However, in China, which was once the world leader in this aspect, this good tradition has almost been lost.

The cost of landfilling is high. The cost of processing one ton of garbage is about 200 to 300 yuan. Beijing alone generates 12,000 tons of garbage per day. Currently, there are more than 700 garbage dumps with an area of ??more than 36 square meters within the Fifth Ring Road in Beijing, covering an area of ??more than 5 million square meters, and are increasing at a rate of 3-5% every year. People consume a lot of resources, produce on a large scale, consume a lot, and produce a lot of waste.

The reason for the increase in garbage is the improvement of people's living standards and the increase in various consumption. According to statistics, in 1979, the national urban garbage removal volume was more than 25 million tons. In 1996, the urban garbage removal volume was 1.16 per ton, which was four times that of 1979.

How much land would be turned into landfill for such a large amount of garbage? The Asuwei Landfill, which covers an area of ??60 hectares and has a daily processing capacity of 2,000 tons, can only handle one-sixth of Beijing's garbage and will be full in its 11th year. Abandoned landfills can no longer be used as farmland, nor can they be used to build living quarters.

Each of us is a producer of garbage. Aren’t these mountains of garbage piled up by our own hands one by one?

We are the victims of garbage again. Do we and our descendants have to bear the consequences of these garbage mountains devouring resources and polluting the environment?

We should be the controllers of garbage pollution. Each of us can defeat garbage pollution through garbage classification. The Coke bottles, plastic bags, and disposable plastic lunch boxes that we throw away every day are high-molecular polymeric organic matter. If buried underground, they will not rot even for 100 or 200 years. It will also cause soil damage. Compaction reduces soil fertility and even renders the soil incapable of cultivation. In our lives, we often throw away various kinds of waste plastics. After processing, waste plastic can also be made into buttons, pen holders and other supplies. Waste plastic is also a good raw material for oil refining.

At the recycling bin, we saw all kinds of waste paper being sent here, including these inconspicuous little pieces of paper... We know that good paper is made of wood, a ton Waste paper can be recycled into 700 kilograms of good paper, saving 17 trees from being cut down, and reducing water pollution in the pulp production process.

However, because the recycling rate of waste paper in our country is still very low, only about 20%, we have to import a large amount of waste paper every year. In 1996 alone, 1.37 million tons of waste paper was imported. You may still remember the sensational "foreign garbage" incident in the 1980s. That shipload of foreign garbage was sneaked in under the guise of imported waste paper.

The foreign garbage was driven away, but left behind to reflect, why do we import waste paper from other countries to make paper raw materials? Why can't we recycle waste paper to the maximum extent, but let it be buried or burned in the garbage? China's forest resources are only 1/4 of the world's average, and China's rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted due to premature sewage discharge. If each person throws away an average of half a kilogram of various kinds of waste paper every week, then Beijing alone will throw away more than 6,000 tons of waste paper every week.

China has a historical tradition of recycling waste. In the past, we may have recycled waste only as a last resort due to the constraints of the poor economy. Today, as we become increasingly affluent, we recycle waste paper because of our conscious awareness and awareness of protecting the environment. action. Because we clearly know that what we pick up is not just pieces of waste paper, it is the forests and rivers where our descendants can settle down and live.

Garbage is only garbage when mixed together. Once sorted and recycled, it is treasure. Even the waste batteries that are called micro-killers can be turned into benefits. In this humble photo studio, we saw this waste battery recycling bin. The batteries we use in our daily lives generally contain toxic heavy metals such as mercury or cadmium. If these heavy metals are left underground, they can easily enter the groundwater through rainwater leaching.

This kind of pollution is difficult to eliminate. The biological half-life is about 30 years, which means that it takes 30 years to eliminate half of it. Therefore, this is particularly harmful to people. Waste batteries contain a variety of useful metal minerals, and their recycling value is very high.

Because of the serious hazards and special recycling value of waste batteries, many countries strictly prohibit them from being mixed with garbage. Japanese communities have special yellow buckets to put button batteries and other materials separately. In some places in the Philippines, villagers have organized themselves to work hard to clean up their living environment. Garbage sorting is the main part of this movement.

Do you know what biological waste is? Biowaste is kitchen waste such as leftover lettuce, eggshell peels, and vegetable leaves. What can be done with these seemingly ordinary wastes? It turns out that they can be used to make excellent organic fertilizers. For example, the Da Nameng biological waste treatment machine in Huaibaishu Community can dry and crush biological waste to make efficient organic fertilizer. Residents can use it to grow flowers and grass.

The vegetables grown using their fertilizers are safer and healthier than food grown with chemical fertilizers, and are quite popular in supermarkets. Biological waste usually accounts for 40% of the total waste. If they can be turned into organic fertilizer, it will not only save land used for landfills, but also save vehicles and energy to transport them, and prevent them from breeding mosquitoes, flies and bacteria. Relevant experts have discussed and suggested that the government install bio-waste treatment machines in all communities and build bio-waste processing workshops in new communities.

Garbage classification is an improvement in people's civilization and a manifestation of progress. This is conducive to processing and recycling. It has been practiced abroad for a long time and has also begun to be promoted in our country. Of course, the cultural literacy of the people in Beijing is very high. They started to implement garbage classification as early as last year.

We were not very used to it at first. The garbage was thrown in the nearest garbage basket. All the garbage, whether it was from the kitchen, bathroom, living room or dining room, was put in a big bag or several Carrying them all together, opening the lid of the trash can and throwing them all in. Many people think of returning to the trash can, taking out the thrown garbage, and sorting it on the spot, without caring about the garbage on their hands. Later, everyone gradually got used to it, and this habit formed two kinds of habits. One is to still throw them into the trash can without classifying them, and the other is to sort them at home.

No matter how many people sort and put out garbage, some people have made progress after all. But these progressives would be so angry that they would vomit blood if they saw this scene. The garbage truck drove into the community and emptied the garbage from three trash cans into one car...

The formulation and implementation of any system is a systematic project, including many links, each of which All links are indispensable, and the later links are more important. If the last link is not implemented, all the previous links will be in vain, resulting in huge waste of social costs. And if a system is formulated by the government, the image of the government will be greatly reduced, and the authority of the government will also be lost. Many systems in our country will remain at the beginning with all the excitement. All the officials will make their debut, and the people of the country will be shocked. The media was busy for a while, but then fell silent, wasting people and money.

Recyclable garbage mainly includes five categories: waste paper, plastic, glass, metal and cloth. Waste paper: mainly includes newspapers, periodicals, books, various packaging papers, office paper, advertising paper, cartons, etc. However, it should be noted that paper towels and toilet paper cannot be recycled because they are too water-soluble. Plastic: mainly includes various plastic bags, plastic packaging, disposable plastic lunch boxes and tableware, toothbrushes, cups, etc. Glass: mainly includes various glass bottles, broken glass pieces, mirrors, light bulbs, thermos bottles, etc. Metal objects: mainly include cans, cans, toothpaste wrappers, etc. Fabrics: mainly include discarded clothes, tablecloths, face towels, school bags, shoes, etc. Hazardous waste includes waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste mercury thermometers, expired medicines, etc. These wastes require special safe handling. Other waste includes bricks, ceramics, slag, toilet paper and other waste that are difficult to recycle in addition to the above categories of waste. Sanitary landfill can effectively reduce the pollution of groundwater, surface water, soil and air.

Garbage is misplaced wealth. Recycling garbage not only beautifies the environment, but reusing garbage can save the mining of new resources, thereby fundamentally reducing garbage. Participating in environmental protection takes little effort, let us start with small things around us, starting with the correct disposal of garbage

Food, grass, and fabrics can be composted to produce organic fertilizer; garbage incineration can generate electricity, heating or cooling; bricks and tiles , Ash soil can be processed into building materials and so on.

Therefore, a mountain of garbage can be turned into a mountain of gold. All kinds of solid waste mixed together are garbage, and separated into resources, they are separated. If the resource potential contained in the recycling of domestic waste can be fully tapped, Beijing alone can gain 1.1 billion yuan in economic benefits every year.