First, the planting method of Camellia oleifera
1. Seedling cultivation: the rootstock of seedlings is mainly grafted, and the common camellia oleifera seedlings are used as rootstocks. Seeds are soaked 35-45 days before grafting and sowing, that is, they are sown on sand bed or nutrient soil, with a depth of about 3cm, slightly compacted after sand covering, and the sand thickness is about 1Ocm, which is not conducive to grafting. Grafting is carried out when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves after sand (soil) emergence. The general rootstock grafting method is split grafting, and the procedure is as follows: firstly, take out the bare-rooted seedlings in the sand bed, wash them, cover them with wet cloth and put them on the indoor console (table) for later use. Step 2, cut with a blade (single-sided blade) at the position of 1 ~ 1.5 cm above the new bud, and then split from the center of the rootstock, with an opening of about 1cm, leaving the radicle 5-6cm, and cutting off the redundant part. The third step is to nest the rootstock, that is, to nest the rootstock with a thin aluminum sheet (or toothpaste skin) with a diameter slightly larger than that of the rootstock. Firstly, the thin aluminum sheet cut with a length of about 3cm and a width of about 1cm is made into a cylinder (the caliber can be large or small) to facilitate the nesting of the anvil. The fourth step is cutting the scion, that is, cutting the 1 biconical wedge with a length of about 1.5 degrees at the two sides of the lower end of the scion from the petiole, and cutting it from 2 ~ 3 mm above the petiole to form the scion with 1 bud 1 leaf. Put it in clear water for use. Finally, insert the cut scion into the incision of the rootstock, align the cortex on one side of the petiole, gently lift and pinch the sleeve to close the rootstock.
2. Soil preparation: Camellia oleifera is not strict with the afforestation site, but in order to achieve high and stable yield, sandy loam and light clay loam with deep soil layer (soil layer thickness is over 60cm, at least over 40cm), good drainage, good fertility, moisture, good air permeability and slight acidity (pH value range: 5.5-6.5) should be selected for afforestation site (limestone mountain areas cannot be planted). But try to avoid planting on sandy soil with high sand content and poor drainage at the top of the mountain, and prepare the soil in autumn and winter one year before afforestation.
3. Afforestation: Seedlings should be planted in winter and spring, preferably in spring. The key points are: the topsoil enters the hole, and the hole soil is finely divided. Before planting in a conditional place, apply a certain amount of organic fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer in the hole. The stems of the seedlings are straight, slightly planted deep, the roots are stretched, and the layers are tightened, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil and covered with loose soil. At the upper end of mating interface of Camellia oleifera seedlings, the planting depth of annual seedlings is 1cm.
Second, the technical points of Camellia oleifera planting management
1. Loosening soil and weeding: Loosening soil and weeding in the first year of afforestation 1 time, and then loosening soil and weeding twice a year, the first time in May-June and the second time in late August-September, which is different in different regions. The surface is hot in dog days, so it is not suitable for loosening soil and weeding. The depth of loosening soil is generally 3 ~ 5 cm. Afforestation should be shallow in that year and deepened year by year; Young trees should have shallow pockets and gradually deepen outward; The loam should be shallow and the clay should be deep.
2. Fertilization of young forest: woodland with sufficient base fertilizer should not be fertilized again in the first year. Fertilize twice a year, and apply late-acting fertilizers in winter, such as fireclay ash or other decomposed organic fertilizers; Apply urea and other quick-acting fertilizers in spring. Early spring is better than summer and autumn, and the amount of fertilizer applied per plant in one year is no more than 25g. It is best to apply it in multiple times, and the amount of fertilizer applied per plant should not exceed10g each time. The method includes sowing and annular furrow application. Spreading is to spread fertilizer evenly around the crown and turn it into the soil in combination with intertillage; Annular ditch construction, that is, dig a circular or semi-circular ditch at the outer edge of the crown, and each ditch is 20 ~ 30cm wide.
3. Young tree shaping: The young tree shaping method of Camellia oleifera is divided into two steps: one is dry cultivation. Within 1 ~ 2 years after afforestation, all the spring shoots germinated by the terminal buds should be preserved to make them quickly form trunk; The second step is to set up. The trunk is 60cm high. Choose 3-4 strong main branches around the trunk. The number of auxiliary branches on each main branch depends on the size of the tree and the distance between the two main branches. The most suitable time for pruning is early spring. Remove the bud in time after pruning. Pruning young trees should be light, not heavy.
4. Intercropping of forest land: planting crops, medicinal materials and green manure. The harvest period of young forest land is short, which is beneficial to the growth and short-term harvest of Camellia oleifera and improves economic benefits instead of ploughing. Intercropping crops's choice is based on the principle of not competing with Camellia oleifera for glory, fertilizer and water. Intercropping requirements are 1 m2 reserved for Camellia oleifera. Crops such as peanuts and beans and some green manure plants should be intercropped in Camellia oleifera forest land, but crops with high stalks and vines and high water consumption in dry season should not be selected.
5. Harvest: When the fruit is harvested, it is the budding stage of Camellia oleifera. It is strictly forbidden to break branches and take fruit. After the fruits are harvested, the stacking time should not exceed 5-6 days, and they should be leveled and turned over several times a day to promote the cracking of the fruits, remove impurities, and collect the seeds for storage and pressing.