Species classification
Chinese name: plum blossom
Alias: Chun Mei, prune, red and green plum, red plum, green plum, etc.
Latin scientific name: Prunusmume (apricot)
English name: Mumeplantjapanese, Japanese apricot, Japanese plum, Chinese plum, Ume plum, Wengboxi plum, Japanese flower.
Classification of families and genera:
Domain: Eukarya.
Field: Plant kingdom
Phylum: Angiosperms (Magnolia)
Class: dicotyledonous plants
Target: Rosales.
Family: Rosaceae.
Subfamily: Sakurainae
Genus: Prunus
Type: Mei
morphological character
Chinese plum
The plant height is about 10m, and the trunk is brownish purple with multiple longitudinal lines. Branchlets are green. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate. 65438+ 0 ~ 2 flowers per node, sessile or short-stalked, the original species is pale pink or white, and the cultivated varieties are purple, red and colored spots to yellowish colors, which bloom in early spring. Plum blossoms can be divided into departments, classes and types. Such as real plum, apricot, cherry plum, etc. Classification under the system, classification under the hierarchy. Plum blossoms are small deciduous trees, with grayish brown trunks, slender green hairless branchlets, oval or round leaves, fine teeth on the leaf margin, and flower buds planted in the axils of long branches, with 65,438+0 ~ 2 flowers per node, fragrant, 5 petals, white to pink, double petals. The drupe is nearly spherical, with suture, yellow or green, pilose and sour, and the pulp is not easy to separate from the drupe, and the fruit matures in June and July.
branch
Plum blossom is a small deciduous tree with a height of10m. Its branches are usually prickly and its crown is not round. Branches are brownish purple, with multiple longitudinal lines, and branchlets are green or with green as the background color, without hair. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate.
fruit
Drupe is nearly spherical, grooved, about 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter, densely pubescent, acid green, yellow or yellow-green when the fruit matures from April to June, and some varieties are red-green. Acid, edible, can be used to make dried plums, plum sauce, preserved plums, sour plum soup, plum wine and so on. , and can also be used as medicine. Mei Huajiu is very popular in Japan and South Korea. It tastes sweet and has the effect of smoothing qi, so it is an excellent fruit wine. Plum is a very popular food in China. Plums are made by pickling plums with sugar, salt and licorice and then drying them in the sun. Plums can also be used to make bitter or sweet and other foods.
flower
Chinese plum
There are more than 300 varieties of plum blossoms. Plum varieties suitable for viewing include Dahongmei, Taigemei, Zhao, Green Sepals and Longyoumei. Most ornamental plum blossoms are white, pink, red, purple and light green. 65438+February in Southwest China to 65438+1October in the following year, February-March in Central China and March-April in North China. 4~7 days from initial flowering to full flowering, and the last flowering 15~20 days.
Plum blossom can be divided into true plum blossom series, apricot plum blossom series and cherry plum blossom series. 65438 0 ~ 2 flowers per node, sessile or short peduncle, 65438 0 ~ 3 cm in diameter, bell-shaped calyx tube, pubescent, ovoid lobes; Petals, the original species is pale pink or white, and the cultivated varieties are purple, red, mottled to light yellow; Stamens are numerous, free, densely pilose in atrium, rarely 2-5 (centrifugal skin) or absent, superior in atrium, long style.
Plum blossom is a long-lived flower, even if it is potted at home, it can often last for more than ten years. There is a plum blossom planted in Jin Dynasty in Huangmei County, Hubei Province, which is still fragrant.
Distribution of origin
Plum blossom originated in the southwest of China, and wild plum first evolved into ornamental plum, which is a branch of plum blossom. China wild plum has four sub-centers, namely, eastern Sichuan and western Hubei mountainous areas; Southeast Hubei, northeast Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang mountainous areas; Guangdong and Guangxi, southern Jiangxi mountainous areas and Fujian and Taipei areas. This is a deciduous tree. Meixi has a warm climate, and its flowering period is particularly sensitive to climate change. Meixi has a high air humidity, but it avoids heavy rain during flowering. Plum blossoms can grow well in areas where the annual rainfall is above 1000mm, and the requirements for soil are not strict and relatively poor. Active tree species, like sunshine and good ventilation. It is a long-lived tree species. The flowering period in the Yangtze River basin is from February to March. Wild plums are distributed in high altitude areas such as Sichuan, Hubei and Guangxi. Plum blossoms cultivated in the south of the Yellow River can safely overwinter in the open air, and hybrid plum blossoms have successfully overwintered in the open air in Beijing. Plum blossoms like a warm and slightly humid climate, slightly tolerant of shade and not afraid of cold. The soil is light soil and sandy soil, which is rich in humus and easy to grow on medium clay loam. Chengdu, Sichuan, is famous for plum blossoms since ancient times. Song Dynasty poet Lu You's poem "Flowers in Yongmei" said: "I went to the west of the city and got drunk for plum blossoms. Twenty Li Xiang, Qingyang Palace to Huanhuaxi ".
Chinese plum
Prunusmume is a deciduous tree of Prunus in Rosaceae, sometimes referring to its fruit (plum) or flower (plum), and its scientific name is Prunus mume. Plum blossom originated in China, spread to Korea and Japan, and then spread to western countries from Japan. The scientific name of plum blossom is actually Japanese pronunciation, which is said to come from the pronunciation of the word plum blossom in the Central Plains of ancient China.
In Japan, plum blossoms bloom in late winter, that is, 1 late month and February, with flowers first and leaves later. Five petals diameter 1 ~ 3cm. Wild flowers are white, and there are artificial varieties such as rose red and crimson. Leaves came out soon after the flowers fell behind. The leaves are oval and the tips are arrow-shaped. Fruit ripens in early summer, which is June in Japan. Because the fruit maturity coincides with the rainy season in southern China, it is also called the rainy season. The fruit is round, and there is a shallow ditch from the stalk to the top. The peel is green, gradually turns yellow after picking, and may appear red, indicating that the fruit is mature. The flesh is yellow.
Japan: China culture was introduced into Japan in the 4th century, and it was widely planted in Japan.
Lucy: Except for New Zealand, there are few plants in Europe and America.
Taiwan Province Province: Meiling Scenic Area, Nanxi Town, Tainan County, and Xinyi Township, Nantou County have the most.
Variety classification
Chinese plum
Plum blossom can be divided into three lines according to species type, namely true plum line, apricot line and plum line. Under it, it is mainly divided into five categories according to the branch posture. There are many varieties of plum blossoms, including more than 30 large varieties and more than 300 subordinate small varieties. According to the branches and growth posture, the varieties can be divided into, right-angled plum, Zhao and Longyoumei. It can also be divided into Gong Fenmei, Hongmei, Zhao, Green Sepals Plum, Big Hongmei, Jade Butterfly Plum and Sprinkled Golden Plum. Among them, Gongfenmei is the most common, with pink petals and dense and thick flowers; Jade butterfly plum petals are purple and white; The petals of green sepals are white and have a strong fragrance, especially the "green calyx of money".
The first kind is called straight plum. Branches are straight or inclined. This is the oldest and most gorgeous member of the Mei family, which is divided into nine categories, such as plum and palace powder.
The second class name is weeping plum. Branches droop naturally or obliquely, and there are five kinds of drooping branches such as pink flowers.
The third class name is Long Youmei. Branches naturally twist like dragons, only 1 (dragon and plum) and 1 (jade butterfly and dragon pattern).
The name of the fourth class is Xingmei. In Song Dynasty, Fan Chengda recorded the interspecific hybridization between Nami and apricot for the first time in Li Shu. Flowers, leaves and branches live among apricots.' Apricot' is not fragrant or slightly fragrant (non-apricot), and its receptacle is enlarged. There are single apricot and plum types and late spring types.
The fifth category is cherry plum, which is an artificial hybrid of purple leaf plum and Gongfen plum. It's a purple leaf safflower with double petals and big flowers, which is cold-resistant.
Artificial cultivation
Grafting is commonly used in reproduction, and the rootstocks are mostly plum, peach, apricot, wild apricot and wild peach. Plum blossoms should be cultivated in the open space on sunny or semi-sunny slopes with a spacing of 3 ~ 5m. Usually in the growing period, that is, from autumn to early winter, fertilizer is applied three times, such as cake fertilizer compost, manure and so on. Apply quick-acting fertilizer before budding; After the new shoots stop growing (from the end of June to the beginning of July), appropriate water control and fertilization are applied to promote flower bud differentiation. Plum blossoms are suitable for bonsai cultivation. Put the plants that have been cultivated in the field for several years in a flowerpot. Pot soil should be soft, loose and fertile, and it should be trimmed before and after planting.
Although plum blossoms have low requirements for soil, it is best to have loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Seedlings can be cultivated in garden soil or humus soil. Plum blossoms are sensitive to moisture. Although they like moisture, they are afraid of waterlogging. If the basin soil is too wet for a long time, it will lead to deciduous and yellow leaves. Plum blossoms don't like big fat, so they only need to apply a small amount of thin fat water during the growth period. Plum blossoms can withstand the temperature of-15 degrees. Prunus mume is mainly propagated by grafting, and sowing, layering and cutting can also be used. Rootstocks are mainly li miao or apricot and peach. Plum blossom is usually not easy to get sick, but there are also some diseases, such as perforation, anthracnose, powdery mildew, dead branch gummosis, dry rot gummosis and so on. Aphids often harm plum blossoms. However, dimethoate is not suitable for killing insects, which will cause phytotoxicity to plum blossoms and lead to defoliation. In addition, there is a kind of plum blossom bonsai called plum blossom pile.
The value of plums
Chinese plum
In gardens, greenbelts, gardens and scenic spots, single planting, cluster planting, group planting, etc. It can also be planted naturally in front of houses, on slopes, between rocks and on roadsides. If evergreen trees or dark buildings are used as the background, the beauty of plum blossoms can be set off. Such as pine, bamboo and plum, with pine as the background, bamboo as the guest scene and plum as the main scene. In ancient times, it was emphasized that "plum blossoms around the house" and "going upstairs to see plum blossoms" were all for the best viewing effect.
In addition, plum blossoms can be arranged into Meiling, Mei Feng, Meiyuan, Meixi, Meijing and Meiwu. Plum blossom is pure and elegant, and it is an important ornamental flower in winter and spring. Can be planted in pieces, can also be used as bonsai, cut flowers, beautify the courtyard and other environments. Plums can be eaten raw to quench thirst, and can also be made into candied fruit such as preserved plum and dried plum, plum sauce and sauce. Fruit as medicine has antipyretic, antitussive, anthelmintic and dysentery relieving effects; Flower root medicine can promote blood circulation and detoxify, benefit the lungs and resolve phlegm. In addition, fruits and bark can also be used to make dyes; The trunk is an important material for handicraft carving because of its excellent material and delicate texture.
Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica first pointed out the medicinal value of plums: "The taste is sour and flat, which is mainly used to relieve qi, remove heat and annoyance, stop limb pain, dry and heartless, kill muscles, remove moles and erode meat." Due to different processing methods, finished plums can be divided into Bai Mei and Mume. This processing method was recorded by Jia Sixie in Qi Yaomin's Book. Method for make Bai Mei: "sour plums, core-removed and first pic, dipped in salt juice at night and exposed at day." Ten nights, ten dips and ten exposures, and it's done. "Mume-making method:" It is also necessary to pick the plums when they are just formed, put them in cages, smoke them on the buds and dry them. "Li Shizhen, a famous pharmacologist in Ming Dynasty, believed that dark plum can" astringe the lung and astringe the intestine, stop diarrhea with chronic cough, choke the diaphragm with nausea, eliminate phlegm, reduce swelling and resolve phlegm, kill insects, relieve fish poison, horse sweat poison and sulfur poison. "Bai Mei" is "to treat apoplexy, epilepsy, throat obstruction, phlegm stagnation, and stiff teeth, take plum pulp to wipe the gums, and then vomit it. It can also treat diarrhea, polydipsia, cholera vomiting and bloody collapse. "
Chinese plum
This shows that plums have a wide range of medicinal uses. Modern medical research shows that plum buds can stimulate appetite, relieve depression, promote fluid production and eliminate phlegm, and promote blood circulation and detoxification. Root grinding can cure jaundice. Mume meat has the functions of astringing lung and astringing intestine, killing insects and promoting fluid production, and has obvious inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, typhoid Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae.
Plum blossom mainly contains volatile oil, benzaldehyde, isoeugenol and benzoic acid. Mume mainly contains citric acid and sitosterol, and contains hydrocyanic acid when it matures. The decoction has inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, dysentery, tuberculosis and other bacteria and dermatophytes, and can reduce the occurrence of anaphylactic shock death in protein of guinea pigs.
In addition, plum blossom can extract aromatic oil. According to Zhao Xuemin's Compendium of Materia Medica in Qing Dynasty, "Haicheng people are good at steaming plum and rose dew, which is used as shochu method. A little dew in each pot of wine will be fragrant." According to the different boiling points of aromatic oil and water, the ancients extracted aromatic oil by fractionation technology and used it as a food additive.
Because plum blossom contains benzaldehyde, which is a toxic chemical, it is best not to put plum blossom in the bedroom, or open the window regularly to let the indoor air circulate.
Stories and legends
Chinese plum
According to legend, when Cho Se Ung visited Luo Fu in Sui Dynasty, he dreamed of drinking at night with a plain-looking woman. The woman is fragrant, and there is a young man in green, singing and dancing. At dawn, Cho Se Ung woke up and found himself sleeping under a big plum tree, and the kingfisher was singing. The girl in the dream is a plum tree and the boy in green is a kingfisher. At this time, the moon has set and the stars in the sky are crooked. Cho Se Ung was lonely and melancholy, and was later used as an allusion to plum blossoms.
Mei Pu said that there is a kind of plum in Shaoxing and Xing Wu, which is called Taimei: "The moss must hang down between branches, or several inches long, and the wind can play the moss."
According to the legend of Wulin, there are two kinds of moss: one is very thick and has many flowers; A kind of moss is like a filament, more than a foot long.
traditional culture
Plum blossom is the spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation and China, and it has strong and universal attraction and driving force. Plum blossom symbolizes the spiritual quality of perseverance, perseverance, courage to struggle and self-improvement. The lofty quality and loyalty of marching forward against the snow, smelling the cold and smelling the fragrance, and being hard-core and cold-hearted have inspired generations of China people to explore bravely and create an excellent life and civilization. Some people think that the character and integrity of plum blossom almost freehand brushwork the spirit of China people as "descendants of the dragon". The whole country, from celebrities to cloth clothes, has loved plum blossoms for thousands of years. "In the history of literature and art, the number of Mei poems and paintings is enough to make any kind of flowers fall behind." China people appreciate flowers, not only for their appearance, but also for their personality and spiritual strength.
Chinese plum
Mei is a winter fighter and is loved by literati and painters of all ages. For thousands of years, from the Book of Songs to modern prose, there have been many excellent works praising Mei.
Plum blossoms bloom in winter and spring, and are called Primula Angels, which are placed alone in front of hundreds of flowers. In ancient poems, there are many spring days that reflect its early meaning: "There are some plums in the corner, and hanling blooms alone. It is not snow, but there is fragrance "(Plum Blossom by Wang Anshi). "Snow falls in front of the village, and it is a beautiful branch" (Yang Ji's Youth Journey). "Snow sends spring home, flying snow welcomes spring. The cliff is already a vast expanse of snow and ice, with beautiful flower boards. When the flowers bloom, she laughs in the bushes "(Mao Zedong's Operator Yongmei). Mei, it is not only the flower that blooms in the last season of the year, but also the first flower that blooms in the next spring, so it is not only one of the three friends of cold, but also a beautiful messenger of spring.
May's emotional meaning:
Throughout the ages, poetry expresses ambition, and everything in poetry has been veiled with emotion in the eyes of poets, which has turned plum into spirit and become the master of people's feelings.
The symbol of acacia:
"When the world leaves, it is easy to get old, just for beauty, not for homesickness." This is the poet's yearning for his old friend who is far away from home. "Blow the flute three times and the plum blossom is broken." "There is nothing in the world to send" (Li Qingzhao's "Lonely Goose") The poet's yearning for her husband is incisively and vividly, which makes people cry.
Symbol of nobility and detachment:
Chinese plum
"I don't know if Meg is here, but I look at the green leaves and branches" (Su Shi's Three Poems by Jiang Mei). Su Shi said Meg was noble and aloof. "Mei's" (Shi Juan's Hua), "Thin shadows are shallow, and the fragrance is floating" (Lin Heqing's Xiao Mei in the Mountains). Xu Mei is noble in nature and has never bloomed with other flowers. Maybe flying is because she is afraid of tarnishing her fragrance. "Don't hate incense and laugh at snow, you must believe in it, sweep away all traces and show deep mercy. It's hard to say, the moon is bright at night, and the shadow is still romantic." Fang Ting, a man in Li Qingzhao's works. The poet praised Mei Zhi's noble spiritual character, weather-beaten, full of pride and full of confidence in life. Scattered into mud, ground into dust, only the fragrance remains "(Lu You's" Bu Operator "), which is another true portrayal of the poet himself. Mei often exists by the bridge, outside the post, in the pound and in the crevice of the cliff, so aloof and noble, and the poet Lu You is such a figure. "Wei Yun Dan month, for the sake of loneliness. A poet must be a noble and detached person, someone who works for it, someone who relies on himself, someone whose fragrance has not diminished, and someone whose romantic life is unknown (Huang Chong's "Spring Blossoms in Han Palace").
A symbol of friendship:
"Give the plum blossom to the people in the dragon's head, and nothing will happen in the south of the Yangtze River, and I will give you a spring" (Lu Kai's Jingzhou Ji). Lu Kai made friends with Ye Fan and gave a plum blossom from the south of the Yangtze River to Ye Fan. Deep friendship is poured into a plum blossom. I wonder if Ye Fan was moved by Lu Kai's action when he received this plum blossom. "Hand in hand with Jiangcun, plum blossom floating skirt. What is the limit of love? " (Su Shi's Xiang Xingzi), when looking for spring, plum blossoms are like snow, floating on the dress, and the friendship is undoubtedly revealed. Standing in the corridor, there is a pool on the right side of the corridor. There is a rocky rockery in the pool and Chimonanthus praecox on the right. Clusters of golden yellow stand proudly on the branches. The water in the pool is ice, and the grass on the rockery is residual roots. A close look shows how hard it is, and I can't help but be moved by its persistence. For a long time, you can stand under the tree and think far.
Ornamental resort
Chinese plum
In the middle of winter, all flowers wither, and only plum blossoms bloom. The gesture of fighting with frost and snow adds a lot of interest to tourists. There are many scenic spots to enjoy plum blossoms in China. In addition to Nanjing Meihua Mountain, other famous ones are:
plum blossom
Chaoshan is located in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province, and is known as the "Super Mountain Plum Blossom is the best in the world". Among Merlin, two ancient beauties are particularly precious.
Lingfeng plum blossom
Lingfeng is located in Wu Qingzhi, the northeast corner of Hangzhou Botanical Garden. Once upon a time, it was called the three scenic spots of the West Lake together with Gushan and Xixi. At present, there are 45 varieties of plum blossom treasures from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui, including Meiyuan 160 mu, Lamei Garden 20 mu, and more than 6,000 plum plants, making it a plum viewing resort in the West Lake.
Plum blossom in Dianshan
Meiyuan Garden in Dianshan Lake is the largest scenic spot of Meiyuan Garden in Shanghai, covering an area of 1.90 mu, with more than 5,000 plum trees and more than 40 varieties, including Gu Mei, which is over 100 years old.
plum blossom
Wuhan East Lake Moshan Meiyuan is one of the four largest Meiyuan gardens in China, and it is also the location of China Meiyu Research Center. Moshan Meiyuan is surrounded by mountains and lakes, and the environment is very beautiful. There are more than 30,000 plum trees, 139 varieties.
Plum blossom in Luogang
Luogang Xiangxue, one of the eight scenic spots in Yangcheng, is located in Luogang, the eastern suburb of Guangzhou, more than 30 kilometers away. Luogang Mountain is surrounded by mountains, and plum and litchi are planted in the central valley for more than ten kilometers. Plum blossoms bloom around the slight cold every year, as if in the "Meihai".
In addition, there are Caotang Temple in Chengdu, Nanshan in the south bank of Chongqing, Heilongtan in Kunming, Meixi in Shexian Duojing Garden, and 18 caves in western Fujian, all of which are well-known beauty spots.
Related poems
Chinese plum
1 1 In the middle of the month, I met plum blossom Li Shangyin in Fufeng Community.
The winding path is secluded, colorful, not fragrant or greasy.
Chang 'e is accompanied by moonlight, looking indifferent; Blue jade girl is colder than frost.
Empty hands full of plum blossoms, but I don't know where to send them; And plum blossom's sad parting happened to meet me, heartbroken.
Who is the morning show for? Don't keep the old days.
Bu operator Yongmei Luyou
Outside the bridge, the plum blossoms are lonely, no matter what.
Twilight arrival, plum blossom is helpless, exhausted, and has to withstand the wind and rain.
Plum blossoms don't want to compete for blooming, and the envy and rejection of flowers don't care.
Even after autumn, when it is ground into dirt and turned into dust, plum blossoms still emit fragrance as usual.
Operator Yongmei Mao Zedong
The spring departed in wind and rain; With flying snow it’s back again.
Although the icicles on the cliff are still hanging for miles. There is a sweet flower in it.
Joe doesn't fight for spring, he only reports it.
When the flowers bloom, she laughs in the bushes.
Plum blossom Wang Anshi
There are some plums in the corner, and cold ling opens them alone.
I knew from a distance that it wasn't snow, because there was a smell coming.
Hongmei sushi
Every year, the fragrant letter bears red berries, and the river hangs down to open.
Take care of your feelings and send spring directly to your roots.