Growth and fruiting habits The first red apple blooms early and has a good yield. In the third year after planting, sporadic fruit trees blossom, and in the fifth year, the yield per unit area is 600 kg/mu, which is higher than that of Marshal and Hongxing. Young trees and early fruit trees are mainly short fruit branches, with a few medium-long and long fruit branches, and the fruit branch rates are 79.7%, 4.3% and 15.9% respectively, and there is no axillary flower bud fruiting habit. The natural fruit setting rate is low, generally between 22-30.4, and the short branch empty rate accounts for 10%. The crown is compact, short and branched.
Strong adaptability, stress resistance, drought resistance, barren resistance, frost resistance and disease resistance are obviously stronger than Fuji. In 200 1 year and 2007, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture suffered two severe freezing injuries. More than 90% of red Fuji apples were frozen to death, but only the flower buds of No.78 red apple were frozen, but the trees were not. Especially in 200 1 year1mid-February, the lowest temperature of group 78 reached MINUS 27 degrees Celsius, and the first red apple only froze.
Young tree cultivation techniques: The crown of red apple at the head of the garden is compact and the yield is high, so it is better to plant it with medium density. The plant spacing is generally 3 m× 4 m or 2.5 m× 4 m, with 55 ~ 66 plants per mu. The self-flowering and fruit-setting rate is low, so pollination trees need to be configured. The pollination tree can be Fuji, Hemlock, etc. The pollination ratio is (4:5)∶ 1. Choose high-quality strong seedlings to build gardens, dig big pits, apply sufficient fertilizer (mainly high-quality organic fertilizer) and water.
Soil, fertilizer and water management, soil management and soil improvement. From the second year after planting, an annular ditch with a width of about 50 cm and a depth of 50 cm to 60 cm is dug around the tree hole every year or every other year, and the topsoil is backfilled into the ditch in combination with fertilization. During the growing season, intertillage and weeding should be done in time to loosen the soil and conserve moisture. Dwarf crops or green manure can be intercropped between rows of young orchards, but autumn vegetables should not be planted to avoid over-irrigation in winter and excessive growth of fruit branches.
The annual fertilization amount of the tree with fertilization results should at least reach the standard of "half a catty of fruit and half a catty of fertilizer" (organic fertilizer), and fertilization can be divided into basic fertilizer, topdressing and foliar topdressing.
Base fertilizer base fertilizer can provide various elements for fruit trees for a long time.
Application period: from mid-September to1early October.
Application rate: mature trees should be applied with decomposed organic fertilizer of 2500 kg/mu to 3000 kg/mu.
Application method: an annular ditch with a length of 1.5-2 m, a width of 0.4-0.5 m and a depth of 0.5-0.6 m is opened under the crown drip line of plants or rows.
Fertilize the whole garden, spread organic fertilizer evenly between rows, and combine with deep ploughing, with the ploughing depth of more than 30 cm.
Topdressing is mainly divided into three stages: prophase, flower bud differentiation stage and fruit swelling stage, with emphasis on topdressing in prophase and flower bud differentiation stage, accounting for 60% of the total topdressing. When topdressing, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 1: 0.3, and the annual fertilization amount of orchards with yield 1.5 tons/mu is 80 kg/mu.
Spraying foliar fertilizer in the growing season, 4-6 times throughout the year, and using liquid urea for 200-300 times in the early stage; 200-300 times of liquid potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used in the later stage. Fertilization should be carried out before 1 1 or after 18.
Irrigation irrigation time is generally before germination, spring shoot growth period, fruit expansion period, after fruit picking and before freezing. From seed germination to flowering and fruiting, the maximum soil water content is 70% ~ 80% of field water capacity, and the critical period of flower bud differentiation is about 60%.
The first red apple has a compact crown and spindle-shaped trees, which can achieve the effect of premature delivery and high yield.
The trunk of the tree structure is 80 cm high, and the central trunk is upright, on which 10 to 12 main branches are evenly planted; The main branches are not layered or layered, and the distance between the main branches on the same side is not less than 60 cm; The opening angle of the main branch is 80 ~ 90; The lower main branches are larger and decrease in turn upward; The main branch has no lateral branches, and directly bears fruit branches; The crown is spindle-shaped with a diameter of 2 meters.
Technical points of plastic pruning: plastic pruning should be combined with winter pruning and summer pruning. In the first year of growth, the buds below 60 cm should be removed as soon as possible, and a straight branch should be left under the cut of the fixed stem as the central stem, and the remaining new shoots should be used as the main branches for core removal, leveling and cultivation. In the winter of the second year to the third year, the full buds of the 50 cm to 60 cm extension branches of the central trunk are cut short, and the competitive branches are thinned. If the extension branch length of the main branch is 1 m, it is not necessary to cut it short; if it is less than 1 m, the full bud on the back will be cut short. In summer, all the new shoots within 20 cm of the base of the main branch are drained, and the new shoots beyond 20 cm are drained according to the growth intensity, growth direction and density, and 1 new shoot is left every 20 cm in the same direction. By August, except for the extension of the tip of the central trunk, all other main branches will be leveled to facilitate flower formation. In the winter of the fourth year, the branches with full buds within the range of 50 cm to 60 cm of the central trunk are cut short, and the main branches generally do not move. Divided into oblique branchlets, slowly cultivated with flowers, and properly loosened the main branches that are too dense and retract too long and the fruiting branches that are too long. For the lower main branches, the flowers and fruits should be adjusted until the flowers retract to improve the fruit setting rate. Twisting and thinning the upright and strong new branches growing on the main branches of more than 20 cm.
The management of flowers and fruits should be carried out before the flower buds separate and bloom.
When the flower is big, the buds on the whole inflorescence will be sparse. Generally, an inflorescence is reserved every 1 5cm to 20cm, and each inflorescence is reserved with a central flower and1to 2 marginal flowers.
Pollination (1) Pollination with bees. 1 hectare 1.5 boxes of bees, placed in the middle of the apple orchard 2-3 days before flowering; (2) Artificial pollination. By methods such as powder spraying and artificial acupuncture, the main varieties were robbed of flowers on the day when the flowers in the center of the inflorescence opened.
When spraying 30-50% in the center of flowering period, spraying Hongguobao 350-400 times for the first time; When the center bloom reaches 90%, spray it once with the first concentration to improve the fruit setting rate, increase the fruit shape index and lengthen the fruit.
Fruit thinning is carried out twice. Fruit thinning and fruit setting are carried out 15-25 days after flowering, mainly to remove pests and diseases, residual fruits and abnormal fruits. Each inflorescence leaves 1-2 fruits, and trees with insufficient flowers can leave more fruits.
Timely harvesting and picking in stages according to different needs. First, fruits with large shape, high pile height and good commodity are harvested as fresh fruits for the market. Small fruit types, mechanical scars, pests and diseases can be supplied to juice processing enterprises to produce juice.
Pest control should be based on biological control, supplemented by high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides. Clean up the dead leaves in the orchard after defoliation; Weeds in orchards are cleared in winter, and old skins are scraped and burned centrally to reduce the source of disease; Spraying sulfur mixed solution once before germination in early spring, using 10% Shigao 5000 times solution or Fuxing 8000 times solution to control apple scab and brown spot, and spraying 2000 times solution to kill mites and prevent mites. In the future, routine prevention and control will be carried out according to the occurrence of pests and diseases. Excerpted from Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Science and Technology