Geography Review Outline

1. my country belongs to the mid-latitude region, mostly located in the northern temperate zone (a small part of the tropics, no frigid zone) in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, the eastern part of the Eurasian continent and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean

2. There are 55 ethnic minorities in my country, mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest, and northeastern regions. The Han nationality is mainly distributed in the eastern and central regions. Distribution characteristics of various ethnic groups "living together in large groups and small settlements"

3. my country's topographic characteristics: high in the west and low in the east, distributed in a ladder shape; the first and second ladders are bounded by the Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains and Hengduan Mountains. The second and third steps are bounded by the Greater Hinggan Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains and Xuefeng Mountains. The terrain of our country is complex and diverse. The west is dominated by plateaus and mountains, while the east is dominated by plains and hills. The most widely distributed terrain is mountains.

4. Autonomous regions: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region

Municipality: Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing;

Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong, Macau

Jiangxi (Ruijin-Ganxi) Guizhou (Guiyang-Guizhou/Guizhou) Guangxi (Nanning-Guizhou) Jilin (Changchun-Ji)

Guangdong ( Guangzhou - Guangdong) Yunnan (Kunming - Yunnan/Dian) Hunan (Changsha - Hunan) Fujian (Fuzhou - Fujian)

5. January temperature distribution characteristics: large temperature difference between north and south; 0℃ isotherm Qinling Huaihe River The line is the natural dividing line between north and south

6. Precipitation distribution in my country: more in the east and less in the west, more in the south and less in the north; 800mm equal precipitation line (Qinling and Huaihe River) humid and semi-humid zone decomposition line

7. Uneven spatio-temporal distribution of water resources: Time - concentrated precipitation in summer, wasting fresh water resources, causing flood disasters (construction of water conservancy project) Space - "abundance in the south and shortage in the north", with more land and less water in the north, aggravated Water shortage situation (cross-basin water transfer)

8. Monsoon areas and non-monsoon areas are divided according to the intensity of the summer monsoon. The monsoon area is significantly affected by the summer monsoon and has abundant precipitation; the non-monsoon area receives summer monsoon. The impact is small, precipitation is scarce, and it is relatively dry throughout the year. my country's climate types mainly include temperate continental climate, temperate monsoon climate, plateau mountain climate, subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate. my country's climate is complex and diverse, and is significantly affected by monsoons.

9. The distribution of the four major dry and wet areas from southeast to northwest is humid, semi-humid, semi-arid and arid, which are divided according to the degree of dryness and humidity of the climate. The main vegetation types in the four dry and wet areas are forest, forest steppe, grassland and desert.

10. Inland rivers refer to rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean, and are located in the inflow area; outflow rivers refer to rivers that flow into the ocean, and their area is the outflow area.

11. The Tarim River is the largest inland river in my country. The river water comes from the melted ice and snow of the Kunlun Mountains and Tianshan Mountains;

12. The source of the Yangtze River is the Tuotuo River in the Tanggula Mountains. Yichang is the upper reaches, Yichang to Hukou is the middle reaches, Hukou to the mouth of the East China Sea is the lower reaches; the source of the Yellow River is Yueguzong Liequ in Bayan Har Mountain, Bayan Har Mountain to the mouth of the river is the upper reaches, and the river mouth to Mengjin is In the middle reaches, the lower reaches are from Mengjin to the mouth of the Bohai Sea. To control the Yellow River, we need to build water conservancy projects and strengthen dikes; increase vegetation in the upper reaches, conduct proper grazing, and dredge the river channels in a timely manner; maintain water and soil in the middle reaches, return farmland to forests and grasslands; divert the Yellow River to irrigation and dredge the river channels in the lower reaches.

13. Natural resources refer to unprocessed resources in nature that are valuable to humans (water, wind, hydropower, sunlight, forests, minerals, land, etc., while coke, cement, and air are not Belongs to), China is rich in natural resources but insufficient per capita because of too large population.

14. Train (cheap freight, fast speed, large transportation volume) Airplane (expensive freight, fastest speed, small transportation volume) Car (cheaper, maximum flexibility, small transportation volume) Ship (cheapest freight, slowest speed, large transportation volume)

15. From Guiyang to Beijing: Hunan-Guizhou Line...Beijing-Guangzhou Line; passing through Beijing: Beijing-Guangzhou Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Beijing-Harbin Line , Beijing-Shanghai Line, Beijing-Baotou Line

16. Agriculture is the basic industry for the construction and development of the national economy. The agricultural sectors include planting, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery.

17. Develop agriculture according to local conditions: forests are suitable for forests, grazing is suitable for grazing, grain is suitable for grain, fishing is easy for fishing

18. Main crops in the north and south - northern dry land : One crop a year, three crops every two years, wheat, corn, soybeans, sugar beets Southern paddy fields: Two crops a year, three crops a year, rice, cotton, rapeseed, sugar cane

19. Industry is the national Economic dominance.

Factors affecting industrial distribution include: natural resources, transportation, market conditions, labor force, etc.

20. Characteristics of high-tech industries: fast update; large number of scientific and technological personnel; large research and development expenses

Biology Review Outline

1. Animals are divided into two categories according to whether they have a spine in their body: vertebrates and invertebrates

2. The functions of scales: protect internal organs; secrete mucus and reduce resistance to movement

3. Characteristics of fish suitable for aquatic life:

① Use swimming (coordinated coordination of trunk and fins) to obtain food and defend against enemies; ② Breathe in water with the help of gills

4． Aquatic organisms other than fish and their characteristics:

① Coelenterates: have a mouth but no anus, digested food residues are discharged through the mouth, and have a simple structure;

② Molluscs: The body is soft and protected by shells;

③Crustaceans: There are hard armor on the body surface

5. Compared with the water environment: the land environment is complex, dry, without water buoyancy, oxygen exists in different ways, and the animal sensory nervous system is developed

6. The breathing method and morphological characteristics of earthworms: Earthworms breathe through their body walls, which are covered with capillaries. Oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface, then penetrates into the body wall and then enters the capillaries. Carbon dioxide in the body passes through the body wall capillaries. Blood vessels are discharged from the body surface. Earthworms have bristles on their abdomens and a segmented body composed of many similar annular body segments. They are invertebrate cold-blooded animals with strong regeneration capabilities and are hermaphrodites.

7. Rabbits have a well-developed cecum (bacteria and ciliates secrete cellulase that can digest plant fibers into simple substances and complete absorption in the large intestine)

8. Different animal teeth indicate different feeding habits: incisors cut plant fibers, molars grind food, and canines are sharp to tear food. Animals without canines are mostly herbivores, while animals with canines are usually carnivorous or omnivorous.

9. Characteristics of mammals: Most mammals have surface coats, are viviparous, breast-feeding, and use lungs to breathe.

10． Characteristics of birds suitable for flying: ① External: streamlined body shape, body surface covered with feathers, forelimbs forming wings; ② Internal: sternum keel process attached to well-developed chest muscles, bones light and strong, long bones hollow, air sacs for double breathing, fast heartbeat, high body temperature Constant, the digestive system is developed and the circulatory system is perfect

11. The main characteristics of insects: It is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen. Wings and feet are attached to the thorax. The thorax has well-developed pectoral muscles attached to the exoskeleton.

The function of exoskeleton: covering the tough skeleton on the surface of insects, protecting and supporting internal organs, and preventing the loss of water in the body.

12. Arthropod: The body is composed of many body segments, with an exoskeleton on the body surface, legs and antennae.

13． Amphibians: animals that live amphibious lives on land and water, breathing with lungs and assisted breathing through skin

14. Activities carried out by animals that are beneficial to survival and reproduction of offspring are animal behaviors, which are expressed in movements

15. The mammalian locomotor system is composed of bones and muscles. The bones move around joints under the pull of muscles to produce various movements. When the elbow is flexed, the biceps brachii contracts and the triceps brachii relaxes; when the elbow is extended, the triceps brachii contracts and the biceps brachii relaxes.

16. Learned behavior and innate behavior: Innate behavior is innate and determined by the genetic material in the animal;

Learned behavior is based on the genetic material, through the action of environmental factors, and the accumulation and learning of life experience And acquired behavior.

17. The main characteristics of social behavior: a certain organization is formed within the group, there is a clear division of labor among members, and a hierarchy is formed in some groups.

18. Animals communicate through movements, sounds, and smells.

19． Animals in nature: maintain ecosystem balance; promote ecosystem material recycling; help plants pollinate and spread seeds. (Animal → Organic matter (stored in the body) → Decomposer → Soil absorption → Plant reuse)

Ecological balance refers to the phenomenon that the number and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem are maintained in a relatively stable state .

20. Bionics applications: bat echolocation...radar; fireflies...cold light lamps; giraffes...weightless space suits; turtle carapace...thin-shell buildings

21. The role of animals: food source, medicinal use, ornamental entertainment, bionic science, fur clothing, scientific research value

22. Colony: A bacterium or fungus that reproduces to form a visible aggregate. The bacterial colonies are small, and the surface is either smooth and sticky or rough and dry. Fungal colonies are several to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. Mold colonies are fluffy, flocculent or spider web-shaped, and are red, brown, black, green or yellow.

23. The survival and reproduction of fungi and bacteria require sufficient moisture, suitable temperature and rich organic matter. Bacteria reproduce by division, and fungi reproduce by spores.

24. The nutritional mode of bacteria and fungi: heterotrophic, the nutritional mode of plants: autotrophic

25. The discoverer of bacteria was Leeuwenhoek; the so-called "father of microbiology" was Pasteur

26. The morphological structure and functions of each part of bacteria:

DNA: carrier of genetic material

Cytoplasm: stores material nutrients

Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of materials

Capsule: protect cell nutrients

Cell wall: support and protect, thicken to form spores and dormant bodies under adverse conditions

Bacterial cells have no formed nuclei and chloroplasts and divide and reproduce; fungal cells have true nuclei and no chloroplasts and reproduce by spores.

28. Fungi and bacteria cause diseases in animals, plants and humans in nature; co-produce with animals and plants; participate in the material cycle as decomposers (decompose animal and plant remains into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts for reuse by plants);

29． Evaluation test plan: Select the same leaves: reduce errors - control the variable of "bacteria presence or absence"

Keep the leaves moist: a suitable growth temperature for bacteria, more suitable for their growth

Three Individual plan analysis: ① No sterilization, bacteria still remain; ② Two variables: whether sterilized and aseptic; ③ The control group and experimental group had the same conditions before the experiment, and only one variable was controlled in the experiment, which reduced the error of the experiment. Thus, more accurate experimental results were obtained

30. The main principle of food preservation: kill bacteria and fungi in food or inhibit their growth and reproduction.

31. Common preservation methods: freezing or refrigeration preservation method ; pasteurization method ;

vacuum packaging method ; high temperature canning method

Dehydration method, smoke method, pickling method , osmotic preservation method ;

32 ． Human use of fungi: making food (yoghurt lactobacillus, Aspergillus koji); preserving food using the principle of antisepsis; purifying sewage (decomposing organic matter in sewage); extracting drugs (such as penicillin and other antibiotics), etc.

33． Basis of biological classification: animal characteristics (morphological structure and physiological functions), plant characteristics (flowers, seeds, fruits), biological classification levels from large to small are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. It is the most basic classification level and has the most similar characteristics among organisms of the same species.

34． The scientific biological nomenclature is binomial...Linnaeus (Latin)

35. Gene diversity includes species and individuals, which can improve crop varieties and increase yield

36. Ecosystems include organisms and environments (forests, wetlands, cities, farmland, grasslands, lakes). Organisms live in different environments, that is, different ecosystems. A good ecosystem will affect biological diversity

37. Biological diversity: biological species diversity; genetic diversity; ecosystem diversity. The value of protecting biological diversity: having important ecological functions (indirect); being used by humans (direct); scientific research (potential). Factors that threaten biodiversity: environmental pollution (industrial, domestic wastewater, waste gas, waste residue), invasion of alien species, indiscriminate deforestation, indiscriminate hunting, etc.

38. The role of forests: preventing land desertification and soil erosion, providing food for animals, and retaining water

39. Protecting biological habitats and protecting ecosystem diversity are fundamental measures to protect biological diversity.

Establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure

40. Skills training: Determining birds and their habitats

Birds of prey: forests, grasslands, cave ecosystems

Climbing birds: forest ecosystems Wading birds: wetland ecosystems