(1) Legend of wild ginseng: According to the data, the discovery of wild ginseng (Figure 4 1) has a history of more than 3,000 years, first discovered in Taihang Mountain, and then found in Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. Since then, there has been a magical saying about wild ginseng in Changbai Mountain. Because it looks like a human being, its seeds are also like people's "pregnancy in October". It takes 9 months for the seeds to break through the ground, hence the name. Ginseng is shaped like a wooden stick used by ordinary people for laundry, so it is also called "wooden stick". The ancients used ginseng as medicine for a long time, and regarded it as a magical grass, a life-saving grass, and a power to bring back the dead. It is the drug king, the first of the "three treasures" in Northeast China. In the past, there was a saying among the people that "seven liang is ginseng, and eight liang is treasure". Therefore, Changbai Mountain wild ginseng is world-famous, not only selling well at home, but also exporting in large quantities. Due to high prices and brutal mining, ginseng is becoming less and less, and now it is on the verge of extinction. Further reading: /view/376 178.htm? fr=ala0_ 1_ 1
(2) It is imperative to let garden ginseng "go home": ginseng is higher than garden ginseng in both medicinal value and commodity value. Ginseng's ancestral home grew in the forest. In order to meet the market demand, it is imperative to let the garden participants go home.
(3) Significance of artificial cultivation of wild ginseng: Artificial cultivation of wild ginseng is to simulate the ecological environment of wild ginseng, sow ginseng seeds under the forest, use natural conditions and grow naturally for decades under the care of artificial management, so that the root morphology and internal quality of wild ginseng are consistent.
The advantages of artificial cultivation of ginseng are: first, less investment, low cost and high economic benefit, and the input-output ratio is 5 ~ 10 or even dozens of times that of garden ginseng; Second, make full use of forest land without destroying resources, which is beneficial to soil and water conservation and improve ecological benefits; Third, it is conducive to the three-dimensional management and comprehensive utilization of forest land, raising forest frogs in valleys and rivers, and raising ginseng in forests to protect forests with ginseng, which can be used continuously and improve social benefits; Fourth, it is beneficial to the production of green Chinese herbal medicines. Because ginseng planted under the forest basically does not use any pesticides, so no pesticide residue is the direction of developing ginseng. Therefore, it is planned to vigorously develop the ginseng base to benefit the country and the people.
(4) External characteristics of ginseng roots: The external characteristics of ginseng roots mainly refer to the reed, body, grain, skin and beard of ginseng.
1. reed: rhizome, reed bowl is the stem mark on reed. Polygonum refers to the adventitious roots on reeds. The long bowl of wild ginseng reed is deep and knotted, which can often be divided into two, three, many or branched segments. Especially when adventitious roots (Polygonum) appear, they often appear as two-node reeds, three-node reeds and branched reeds. There is also the so-called "mother reed", which gives birth to one or several small reeds on the reed. The older the ginseng is, the more complex and changeable the shape of reed is.
Round reed, also known as wild goose neck reed, refers to the rhizome next to the main root, which is slender and slightly curved, like the neck of a wild goose and has a smooth surface. Circular reeds are generally knotless, but sometimes there are traces of reed bowls or similar bud marks. The reeds are piled on top of the round reeds, and the reed bowls are spirally crowded together, often incomplete or unclear. Horse-tooth reed has large spores like horse's teeth above the pile of flower reeds, that is, the whole reed top. Generally, round reeds, stacked reeds and horse-toothed reeds are collectively referred to as three-section reeds; Round reeds and horse-tooth reeds or pile reeds are collectively called two-stage reeds.
In addition, ginseng can also be divided into bamboo reed and linear reed. The stem scar of Arundo donax, that is, the rhizome, is years old, but it has not grown flat, and it has partially expanded, forming a shape similar to bamboo. Linear reed, that is, because of the long time, the reed bowl on the rhizome has grown flat and the rhizome is slender. There are taro on the rhizome, that is, adventitious roots planted on the rhizome, taro with jujube kernel or garlic cloves. Taro with jujube kernel means that both ends are tapered and the middle is slightly thicker, which looks like jujube kernel. Jujube kernel taro ginseng is rare, mostly garlic cloves, naturally smooth and rarely upturned.
2. taproot (body and legs): the body refers to the taproot; Lateral root of finger of leg. Most ginseng is transverse, pimple or cis-form. The cross-spiritual body is a martial artist, and the main root is short and thick vertically, extending horizontally and forking. If its legs are separated, it is also called a military parameter. "A knot in one's heart" is as tight as a knot in one's heart; The cis-form has short legs. But some legs are flexible without twisting or merging.
3. Appearance of taproot (epidermis and texture)
(1) Bark: refers to the outer bark of the taproot. The skin born in black humus soil is usually compact, yellowish, with fine lines or fine skin, which is quite shiny. Born in yellow soil or sandy land, the skin is rough and loose, yellow-brown, and the skin is old and deep.
(2) Transverse lines: refers to the transverse wrinkles at the upper end of the main root, also called shoulder lines, also called iron lines or spirals.
4. Fibrous roots (fiber points)
(1) beard: refers to the fibrous root. The layout is symmetrical, natural and clear. The texture is flexible and not easy to break, so it is called pimp beard.
(2) Point: commonly known as "pearl pimple", a small pimple born on the fibrous root is still clear and obvious after being processed into dry goods.
(5) Classification of commercial ginseng
1. Wild ginseng
(1) Pure ginseng: refers to wild ginseng whose seeds naturally fall to the ground or are excreted after being swallowed by birds. Ginseng that germinates naturally does not move during the whole growth and development process, which is called pure ginseng. Those that grow for more than 100 years or weigh more than 200 grams are called old ginseng; Those who weigh more than 50 grams are called dashanshen; Those that weigh less than 5 grams are called twists.
(2) Wild ginseng: refers to the natural growth of pure wild ginseng, due to some reasons (such as being trampled by people or wild animals, bitten by rats, drought, high temperature, pests and diseases, etc.). ), in which Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (not root) continues to grow and develop instead of main root. This wild ginseng is called Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.
2. Transplanting ginseng: Transplanting pure ginseng or ginseng seedlings into the forest, allowing them to grow naturally without manual management, and then digging them out after several years. This kind of ginseng is called moving ginseng, also called "selling goods".
3. Filled ginseng: non-genuine ginseng, but its internal quality is higher than that of garden ginseng. According to their different sources, there are the following four types:
(1) Mountain products (old planters and small planters going up the mountain): beautiful ginseng plants similar in size to ginseng are selected in the garden and transplanted in the forest for several years after artificial shaping. This kind of ginseng is also called the old planter going up the mountain.
(2) Seed commodity (sowing and close planting): The seeds of garden ginseng are planted in selected mountain forests and naturally grow for 20-30 years under artificial care.
(3) Pond foundation: The ginseng planted in the harvest garden or the ginseng planted in the ground floor naturally grows for several years. This kind of ginseng is called pond foundation.
(4) Hard-bottomed ginseng: farm varieties such as the long-necked round reed of garden ginseng are cultivated by special techniques under specific natural conditions, such as Shizhuzizi ginseng in Kuandian County, Liaoning Province.
(6) Identification of wild ginseng: There is a ballad circulating among the old ginseng farmers in Changbai Mountain, which can help to identify wild ginseng:
Reed bowls are closely related to each other, and there is a reed jujube pit in the garden.
Tight skin with fine lines and acne must grow as clearly as a pimp.
Pearls are dotted with whiskers, which is the characteristic of wild ginseng.
(7) Technical points of "ginseng filling" in no-tillage cultivation under forest.
1. Land selection and preparation
(1) Vegetation condition: select broad-leaved forest or natural mixed forest or natural secondary forest dominated by oak, linden and birch. Trees are sparse and tall, and the light transmittance of shrubs more than 2 meters below the crown is between 15%-25%, which is related to the survival of ginseng for decades and the quality of ginseng.
(2) Requirements for soil: pH is 5.5 ~ 7, pH is acidic to neutral, and subsoil is yellow mud, which has good water retention performance. The upper soil is loose and fertile, and the humus layer 12 ~ 15 cm is above, with good aggregate structure, and the soil silt content accounts for about 15% ~ 29%, with good permeability, and seedlings are protected by goods. Clay, lime soil, waterlogged depressions and air leakage are prohibited.
(3) Slope direction and gradient requirements
① Slope direction: East slope, south slope, southeast slope, southwest slope, northeast slope and north slope (shady slope, sunny slope and semi-cloudy and semi-sunny slope direction); The slope direction of the thorn wind (tuyere) cannot be selected.
② Slope: general 10 ~ 30. There are no obstacles, such as slightly wrinkled edges, hills and boulders.
2. Soil preparation
(1) Site cleaning: In order to facilitate planting and management, all the weeds under the forest and shrubs below L meters that affect the light shall be cleaned up.
(2) Planned planting area: The planting area (belt) is 4-6 meters wide and 15-20 meters long, criss-crossing, and the sidewalk is 30-40 cm wide, in the shape of a well or trapezoid.
(3) Setting up a nursing police room: It is convenient for the nursing management office to set up a police room around the ginseng base for the use of nursing managers.
3. Planting method of ginseng (filled ginseng)
(1) seed selection: it is best to choose long neck, round reed, linear reed, etc. Used for artificial cultivation of ginseng. These varieties all have the characteristics of long thin lines of ginseng reed. Strong resistance. If you don't have these varieties, you can also choose the farm varieties of Shenyuan Ermaya.
(2) Seed treatment: ginseng seeds need artificial germination before sowing. Promote the physiological after-ripening of seeds. See Ginseng for the method of accelerating germination.
(3) Planting method
① No-tillage planting method: no digging, no tillage and no destruction of the original soil structure.
Hole sowing: Ginseng field planting area adopts 10 cm× 10 cm equidistant hole sowing. The hole is 3 ~ 5 cm deep, and only one cracked seed is planted in each hole.
Drill sowing: Dig furrows 3-5 cm deep in the planting area with hoes, with row spacing 15 cm and plant spacing of 7- 10 cm, drill sowing, cover the original soil after sowing, and then cover the leaves to let the seeds emerge naturally.
② Sowing time: autumn sowing or spring sowing can be used. Sowing after germination in autumn and before freezing; Spring sowing is usually from mid-April to early May.
(VIII) Cultivation method of ginseng: The soil, vegetation, slope direction and gradient of ginseng are the same as those of ginseng cultivated by no-tillage method under forest, but the difference lies in soil preparation and cultivation method.
1. Soil preparation: loosen the soil. In order to facilitate border planting, in the planting area, the grass roots in the topsoil should be scraped 5 ~ 7 cm deep with a pick, and the digging should not be too deep, so as not to destroy the original soil layer under the topsoil. Then break the soil on the grass roots and hold it on the sidewalk with grass roots, leaves and sundries for planting and covering.
Make cups
(1) Soil disinfection: Before border planting, spray soil bactericide and insecticide Lu Heng 1 and stir into the soil.
(2) Requirements for border making: border width 120cm, border height 10 ~ 15cm.
3. Transplanting method
(1) selective planting: select wild ginseng seeds or wild ginseng seedlings. The standard requires reeds to be long, well-shaped and disease-free seedlings.
(2) Transplantation
① Transplanting time: from the end of August to the beginning of 10 in autumn, after the overwintering buds of ginseng have formed, transplant.
② Disinfection of ginseng seedlings: Before transplanting, the ginseng seedlings were soaked in 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% mancozeb wettable powder for 65438 05 minutes, dried and transplanted.
③ Transplanting method: "vertical" or inclined vertical should be adopted for transplanting parameters. These two methods of transplanting ginseng roots are not deformed, and it is best to plant them unevenly. Because the flat-planted ginseng taro is too big, it is easy to have "leg branching", "swollen leg" or "kicking" phenomenon.
(4) Plastic surgery: The legs to be planted during transplantation should be natural. It's also open, not tendrils. Some people with poor figure, such as walking along the body, cheating or crossing their calves, can be artificially remodeled.
⑤ Covering soil: Be careful when transplanting ginseng, cover soil (pressing soil) with a depth of 4-5 cm when planting and shaping, and then cover the edge with fallen leaves with a thickness of 3-5 cm.
(9) Management and nursing of ginseng
1. Management
(1) Cultivation of ginseng under forest: Its management is much easier than garden ginseng, and it grows naturally without loosening soil, pulling weeds and fertilizing. Spraying pesticides or fungicides with high efficiency and low toxicity every year during the growth period can prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests and enhance the stress resistance of ginseng.
(2) Management in midsummer: In some places in the planting area, the canopy is sparse, with skylights and strong light. The branches and leaves of adjacent tree crowns can be pulled apart with ropes to adjust the strong light (direct point). When the canopy density exceeds 0.9, the shrub rights under the forest can be cleaned up slightly, so that ginseng can get moderate light.
2. Nursing: The most important thing in the management of ginseng is nursing, especially for ginseng born above 15.
(1) mountain closure: the ginseng base needs to be closed for mountain closure and ditch closure. If possible, barbed wire can be erected around the base. Outsiders and livestock are not allowed to enter all year round. Don't cut down wood and trees at will.
(2) Special care: police offices and police dogs shall be built at appropriate positions around the base. Often patrol inside and outside the base. Nurses should walk on the sidewalk when patrolling and are not allowed to enter the planting area at will.