(1) Species and varieties Ivy belongs to 5 genera of Solanaceae, and there are 10 species in the same genus. The common species are: ① Ivy, which is native to the southern provinces of the Yellow River Basin in China. The stems and vines are 3 ~ 20 meters long, with aerial roots and scaly young branches. Simple leaves alternate, leathery and hairless, vegetative branches and leaves triangular and oval, whole or shallow, and flower branches and leaves oval and rhombic. Umbellies are solitary or aggregated racemes. The flowers are small, yellow-white or green-white, and the flowering period is 9 ~ 165438+ 10, with a slight fragrance. Drupe is spherical, with a diameter of 1 cm, red or orange when it matures, and ripens in April-May of the following year. ② Pale yellow ivy with large leaves, entire or 3-7-lobed. In winter, the leaves turn copper green and are not cold-resistant. (3) Ivy, the young tree has brown star-shaped hair, and the upper leaves of the vegetative branches are 3 ~ 5-lobed, which is produced in Europe.
There are many horticultural varieties of ivy, including ① Phnom Penh ivy with green leaves and yellow edges; ② Japanese ivy with small and dense leaves and wavy edges; (3) Colored ivy with small leaves, milky white and flushed; (4) Golden heart ivy with 3-lobed leaves and yellow center; ⑤ Silver-edged ivy with gray-green leaves and milky white edges turns pink after winter; ⑥ Three-color ivy leaves are grayish green with white edges, which turn into deep rose in autumn and return to their original state in warm spring.
(2) Ivy can be propagated by sowing and cutting. Generally, sowing can be carried out in Jiangnan and South China, but it is difficult to sow in the north.
The key to the survival of ivy cutting is the choice of cutting and cutting season. Generally, you should choose semi-lignified and robust branches, which are too tender and old to be cut alive. Each section has 3-4 sections with a length of 10-20cm. Insert the base with aerial roots into the culture soil, and the appropriate cutting time is March-May or August-September. The cutting medium is sterilized medium sand, the temperature is controlled at 20-26℃ and the humidity is 80%-90%. Cover with plastic film. Rooting can take place in 20 ~ 30 days after insertion. Management should maintain high air humidity and scattered light environment.
(3) Cultivation techniques It is difficult to cultivate ivy in the north of the Yangtze River, especially the horticultural varieties with flowers and leaves, which mainly cause leaf edge scaling, stem tip dying or root rot, dull leaves and brown leaves.
Ivy likes warm, humid and slightly cloudy environment, afraid of drought and waterlogging, cold and heat, strong light and darkness. The optimum growth temperature is 65438 08 ~ 20℃. Ivy native to China is cold-resistant and can withstand short-term low temperature of -5 ~ 7℃. Ivy and canary ivy will suffer from freezing injury at 0℃, and the leaves will turn yellow above 35℃. The roots are thin and weak, and they are afraid of waterlogging, but the air humidity is high, and the leaves are light green and shiny in a humid environment. Therefore, you must pay attention to the following points when raising ivy:
① The matrix ivy likes fertile, loose and slightly acidic soil. Potted soil can be made of humus soil, peat and fine sand in a ratio of 4: 4: 2, and a small amount of decomposed manure or cake fertilizer is added. Open field cultivation should choose well-drained and fertile sandy loam and plant it in the shade of the south courtyard. The substrate should be disinfected by sunlight, high temperature or bactericide.
(2) Water-fertilizer ivy requires higher fertilizer, especially the varieties with leaves. It is more suitable to use compound fertilizer with the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 1: 1: 1. Generally, potted plants are sprayed with 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 3-5 days to replace water with fertilizer to make their leaves light green. Generally, organic fertilizer can be applied once in autumn, liquid fertilizer 1 ~ 2 times a year in open field cultivation, and cake fertilizer water or alum fertilizer water every 10 ~ 15 days in potted spring and autumn. The roots of ivy are afraid of waterlogging, so drainage should be done well in the empty rainy season, and the soil in the basin should be dry, not wet, to prevent water from accumulating at the bottom of the basin. Ivy is usually placed indoors under scattered light. Don't have too much water. Water should be poured every 65,438+05 ~ 20 days in winter, every 7 ~ 65,438+00 days in spring and autumn, and every 3 ~ 5 days in summer. But pour the water thoroughly every time, that is, until the water flows out of the bottom hole of the basin. The soil in the basin should be dry, not wet. Always pay attention to spraying water on the blades at ordinary times, especially when it is hot in summer, spray water 1 ~ 2 times a day to prevent the blade edge from burning and the blade tip from dying.
3 light ivy is afraid of strong light and more resistant to shade. It is not suitable for direct sunlight except in winter. Especially the ivy growing indoors, you can't move out in the sun immediately, otherwise the leaves will turn yellow and fall off. Usually it should be placed in a place where light is scattered, which is most suitable for feeding. Ivy is difficult to spend the summer, and strong light and high temperature can easily cause the leaves to scorch. Therefore, shading, spraying and fertilizing are performed once every morning and evening to cool, humidify and protect the leaves.
(4) Pruning ivy can make bonsai, and the key is the thickness of the stem. Therefore, pruning must be carried out in spring and autumn to promote branching. Too long branches can be removed, and too thin branches can be thinned in time. Gardening varieties with flowers and leaves, if there are atavistic green branches, should be cut off in time. Pruning should be carried out in spring and autumn, the cut in summer is perishable, and it will not be finished in winter. Pruning must be carried out when the branches are lignified, and the tender branches can only be picked. Attention should be paid to the protection of the incision.
⑤ There are few diseases and insect pests on ivy, but it is more troublesome to control Daphnia rotundus, which occurs for 3-4 generations, 3-4 months, 6-7 months and 9- 10 months a year. 2500 times can be controlled with 25% pyrethroid emulsion (compounded with fenpropathrin). The adult stage can be controlled by 40% chlorpromazine EC 1500 times.
(4) the modeling of ivy
(1) Hanging bonsai should be cultivated for 4-6 years, and the branches and leaves should be trimmed according to the idea. The overhanging branches extend to one side of the basin, and the branches should be picked and promoted every spring, and the branches that are too thin and too dense should be properly thinned. Each pot has 5 ~ 10 branches hanging downward. Gardening varieties inlaid with lobules are especially suitable for this shape, and are generally planted in round purple sand pots or high-sign pots.
(2) The branches of ivy in single-wood bonsai are soft, so it is generally difficult to grow upright. It takes time and labor to build a single-wood bonsai, which usually takes 7-8 years to complete. Generally, hexagonal or octagonal vertical teapot is selected, with 2-3-year-old seedlings. The seeds are planted on the left side of the pot. After germination in spring, when the branches grow to 20 ~ 30 cm, they will remove the core to promote branching, and continue to remove the core during the growth period, leaving the thick and weak, making the branches thicker. And in the spring of each year, turn the pot every 2 ~ 3 years. When turning the pot, protect the branches and roots to ensure the vigorous growth of the branches and the brawniness of the branches. At the same time, we should control the length of branches and not grow too long. After 2 ~ 3 times of pot turning, after about 7 ~ 8 years, the trunk gradually thickens, and the branches and leaves are arranged according to the intended composition, so that the leaves are dense and suitable.
③ Choose a rectangular purple sand pot with a length of 40 ~ 50 cm for the wood-attached bonsai, and then choose a dead tree pile with a height of 60 ~ 70 cm and good shape, posture and color, plant it in the back position on the left side of the pot, and the longer dead branches extend to the right side of the pot. Plant 4-6-year-old ivy in front of the stump, wrap the branches around the stump, carefully maintain, properly trim and shape the branches and leaves according to the composition of the idea, set ornaments on the right side of the pot, and plant moss or ground cover on the pot soil.
(4) Bonsai with columns Galina Ivy can be used to make Bonsai with columns, and high pots with a diameter of 25-35cm and a height of 30-40cm are selected. There are brown columns with a height of 1.2 ~ 2.2 meters in the basin, 3 ~ 4 plants are planted around the columns, vines are coiled on the columns, and iron wires are tied to the columns every 20 ~ 30 cm.