introduction of congenital diseases
congenital diseases are diseases that are born. Mother's exposure to harmful environmental factors during pregnancy, such as pesticides, organic solvents, heavy metals and other chemicals, or excessive exposure to various rays, or taking certain drugs, or contracting certain germs, and even some hobbies, such as sauna (steam bath) and eating habits, may cause fetal congenital abnormalities, but they are not genetic diseases.
if there are other people in the family who have suffered from the same disease and the onset age is similar, it may be a genetic disease.
Congenital abnormalities can also be seen in women's lack of folic acid before pregnancy and early pregnancy, which will lead to an increase in the birth rate of spina bifida and anencephaly. Breech delivery and over-age pregnancy often lead to congenital dislocation of hip joint and mental retardation.
Some rare genetic diseases can't be found in both parents' families, so how do these diseases come about? Studies have shown that the genetic material in our body contains 1, pairs of genes, and everyone has several bad genes more or less. These bad genes are usually hidden, and only when the couple's bad genes happen to be the same gene pair will the child get sick. Because this possibility is very small, the incidence of such recessive diseases is only below one in ten thousand. If close relatives get married, husband and wife are likely to have the same bad genes, and the possibility of pairing these genes increases by dozens or even hundreds of times. Therefore, the rarer the genetic disease, the greater the proportion of children born of inbreeding. Although Chinese Han people prohibit cousins with the same surname from getting married, they do not prevent cousins of the opposite sex from getting married. In fact, from the genetic point of view, cousins and cousins have the same degree of consanguinity, and children may encounter various recessive genetic diseases after marriage.
Some parents say that although our husband and wife live in the same area, they are neither the same surname nor close relatives within three generations, which is in full compliance with the provisions of the Marriage Law. Why do we still have defective children? This is because China used to be a relatively conservative society. For thousands of years, the population in many areas rarely moved and the intermarriage radius was small. Because of geographical isolation, or because of the relationship between nationality, religion and customs, it is common in rural areas of China to marry and stay in the country, or it was the same ancestor hundreds of years ago. In this way, although people in a local area have different surnames, a large part of their genes are the same, and the defects of these genes are easy to overlap and show up in their children. In China, the incidence of genetic diseases such as mental retardation can reach up to 5%, all of which occur in remote ethnic groups.
Once congenital diseases appear, it will bring a serious burden to families and society, and whether children die young or live, it will make children and families miserable. To avoid it, in addition to staying away from all kinds of harmful physical, chemical and biological factors, we should also take the initiative to find a marriage partner among distant people without any blood relationship.
For those families with congenital defects, first of all, they should go to a hospital with a genetic specialty to make an accurate diagnosis of the patients, and cooperate with doctors for examination and sampling, so as to timely treat and consult eugenics, and must not blindly seek medical advice. Don't risk having a second or third child before finding out the cause and making preparations for prenatal diagnosis. Not only that, but also all relatives should be checked whether they carry the same bad genes as the children, so as to avoid the recurrence of the tragedy. If the same congenital disease occurs many times in the family, or the abortion is caused by it, it is suggested that the couple should stop giving birth blindly and get a healthy child through prenatal genetic diagnosis or adoption. In addition, many congenital metabolic diseases can be controlled and treated in the fetal period or at birth. For example, diseases such as phenylketonuria and galactosemia, many children can be controlled without getting sick if they are given a special diet within one month after birth or from pregnancy, supplemented by drugs such as hormones, vitamins and special nutritional factors.
the best operation time for congenital diseases
Grasp the operation opportunity according to the condition
Shu Long, chief physician of cardiothoracic surgery: Children with congenital heart disease should grasp the operation opportunity in several situations. On the premise that the child's growth and development are not greatly affected by the disease, for children with patent ductus arteriosus, surgery is usually performed at the age of 2-6; Children with atrial septal defect are usually operated after 2-3 years old. In children with ventricular septal defect, if the symptoms are obvious, it is best to operate at the age of 1-3. If the child is prone to repeated lung infections or other complications due to congenital heart disease, which will affect his growth and development, and even life-threatening, the earlier the operation after diagnosis, the better. Now, with the continuous improvement of surgical methods and anesthesia techniques, heart surgery can also be performed in neonatal period.
phimosis
5-6 years old is the best operation time. Dai Shixi, chief physician of urology, said: phimosis is a common disease in children, because the prepuce mouth is very small, and the prepuce bulges into a sac when urinating. Children with phimosis are prone to phimosis and phalitis, and may have secondary urinary tract infection. There are even symptoms such as dysuria, long urination time and thin urine line. In severe cases, it is easy to cause urinary reflux and affect the function of the whole urinary system. The best time for phimosis operation is 5-6 years old, but it needs to be grasped by the doctor according to the specific situation. If the child has serious complications, the operation should be advanced.
cleft lip
3-1 months after birth is the best treatment. Zhou Qixing, Chief Physician of Plastic Surgery: It is best for children with congenital cleft lip to undergo corrective surgery 3-1 months after birth. At this time, the baby has adapted to the external environment, and the local anatomy is clear and elastic, which provides favorable conditions for the operation. If you wait until after one year of age for surgery, the lip tissue begins to shrink, and the deformity is not easy to correct.
Tongue frenulum is too short
It is best to operate before school. Lei Zhiyun, deputy chief physician of stomatology: The short lingual frenulum is mainly caused by congenital dysplasia. If the lingual frenulum is too short, it is easy to salivate and refuse milk, and when learning to speak, you can't accurately pronounce tongue curl and tongue palate sound. Generally, children's surgery is best done before school age to create favorable conditions for language training.
Finally, it is worth reminding everyone that nothing is absolute. The above is only the best surgical treatment time for several common congenital diseases in children. It is necessary to determine the personalized treatment plan and the appropriate surgical time by doctors in regular hospitals according to the actual situation of each child.