Koi carp
Koi carp are gentle in nature, like to swim in groups, are easy to raise, and have strong adaptability to water temperature. It can live in a water temperature environment of 5-30℃, and the growth water temperature is 21-27℃. Omnivorous. Koi are larger in size, up to 1 meter in length and weighing more than 10 kilograms. Sexual maturity is 2-3 years old. Long lifespan, average about 70 years. Eggs are laid in April-May every year.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin of koi
Colorful koi appeared in Yamagushi Village and Uonuma near Naka District, Niigata Prefecture during the Bunsei era (1804~1829). In the village and other 20 villages (now part of Ojiya City), farmers screened and improved mutated carp, and developed the light yellow Wabetsukou with net-like markings. During the Tianbao period (1830), red and white carp with white background and red broken patterns were bred. In the sixth year of Taisho (1917), Hiroi Kunizo cultivated the real and most original red and white carp. Later, after improvements by Takano Asazou and Hoshino Tarōkichi, the red and white matter of the red and white carp were greatly improved. After the improvement, Hoshino Yuemon bred the Yuemon line and the Monjiro line in the 15th year of the Showa era (1940); Sato Takehei bred the Takeheita line in the 27th year of the Showa era (1952); Hiroshi In the 16th year of the Showa era (1941), Isuke no Cheng created the Yagozaemon line.
However, these are still primitive species with very light red matter. The most famous red and white koi now include the Sensuke series, the Manzo series and the Dainichi series, which were created by Tsusaku Taro in the 29th year of the Showa era (1954), Kawakami Chotaro in the 35th year of the Showa era (1960), and Maano Takara respectively. It was bred in Showa 45 (1970). After years of cultivation and selection by Japanese breeders, koi has developed into its heyday. Koi has become the national fish of Japan and has been used as a goodwill envoy along with diplomatic exchanges and people-to-people exchanges, spreading to all parts of the world. From October to December every year, koi enthusiasts from all over the world gather here to buy their favorite koi and to pay homage to the birthplace of the world-famous "Japanese koi".
Koi is also called the "sacred fish" in Japan, symbolizing good luck and happiness. The Japanese regard koi as a work of art, known as the "living gem" in the water, and have cultivated precious varieties with high ornamental value such as yellow spots, Taisho three colors, and Showa three colors. In addition to being eaten, carp can also be used as medicine to treat diseases. It has the effects of opening the spleen and strengthening the stomach, promoting urination, eliminating edema, relieving coughs and asthma, and promoting milk production. The meat can treat portal cirrhosis, chronic nephritis, cough, asthma, and maternal milk deficiency. , irregular menstruation or bleeding in women; blood can cure mouth and eye deviation; bile can cure red eye pain and swelling and suppurative otitis media. Japanese people often raise koi in ponds in their yards.
[Edit this paragraph] The development of koi carp
Since ancient times, there has been a saying in China that "carp jumps over the dragon's gate", which is a metaphor for people's rapid rise and prosperity in officialdom. Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and other places believe in using water as a source of wealth, and raising carp in courtyards or balconies has become a fashion.
The ancient Chinese court has had records of large-scale breeding of koi since at least the Tang Dynasty. It has a history of more than 1,000 years, and goldfish and crucian carp have a history of more than 1,400 years.
The first time Japanese koi were imported into China was in 1938 (the 13th year of Showa). The Matsuoka family in Tokyo, Japan, gave a batch of precious koi to the then emperor of Manchukuo. This was also Japanese koi are exported overseas for the first time. In the same year, at the International Exposition in San Francisco, Japan specially selected 100 koi carps for display at the exhibition, thereby publicly displaying the beauty of Japanese koi carp to the world for the first time. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka presented a batch of koi as mascots to Premier Zhou Enlai in 1973. This batch of koi was handed over to the Beijing Flower and Tree Company for breeding. The estimated age of koi cultured in Japan is about 100-200 years.
Raising koi can not only improve your mood and beautify the environment, but as long as you have the correct appreciation and breeding methods, promising small and medium-sized koi purchased at a low price can be evaluated after being cultivated. Winning a prize at the meeting will double your status. Not only can you enjoy the fun of raising and playing with it, but you can also maintain and increase its value. With the continuous improvement of the quality and breeding technology of koi, especially in the past two or three decades, many koi clubs have been established around the world to hold various koi evaluation meetings, which has promoted the exchange and development of koi around the world. The wind is in the ascendant.
In Hong Kong and Guangdong, several koi carp tasting sessions are held every year. Koi also plays a big role in cultural exchanges between countries. The largest producer of koi is Japan. It has the most mature breeding technology and equipment, and has a large number of high-quality, pure-blooded koi, which attracts enthusiasts from all over the world. Every year, they go to the birthplace of Japanese koi - Hiroshima and Niigata areas in Japan to look for famous koi. In recent years, Taiwan (not strictly speaking, because most of the immigrants come from the mainland. The mainland has more than 1,000 years of breeding history, which is far beyond what Japan can match in just a few hundred years), Malaysia, Singapore, Israel and other emerging regions. , the breeding level and product competitiveness are close to those of Japan, which has effectively impacted the market structure of Japan's dominant company.
Appreciating koi really started in China and ended in Japan. Japan has made an indelible contribution to the promotion of koi, but please don’t say that China is a new breed of koi that has only been raised for more than 10 years. nation.
The goldfish that people now collectively refer to are divided into two categories - goldfish and grass goldfish. They are both ornamental fish left over from the ancient Chinese palace and can be raised in most areas of our country. There are many branches of goldfish, and grass goldfish includes two categories: koi and koi.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification of koi carp
The classification of koi carp varieties is mainly divided into several strains based on their color. The sources of carp species are divided into scarlet carp, leather carp and mirror carp.
Koi *** are divided into nine major strains and about a hundred varieties. According to the distribution of color, markings and scales, they are mainly divided into 13 breed types.
1. Red and white koi: The authentic koi is pure white with red spots on the background, without any other colors. The bottom should be pure white like snow, with thick and even red spots and clear boundaries. This type is divided into more than 20 varieties.
2. Taisho three-color koi: There are red and black stripes on a white background, red spots on the head but no black spots, and black stripes on the pectoral fins. This strain can be divided into more than 10 varieties.
3. Showa three-color koi: There are red and white patterns on a black background, and there are black spots at the base of the pectoral fins. There must be large black spots on the head. This strain is divided into more than 10 varieties.
The Taisho Tricolor and Showa Tricolor are composed of red, white and black. The difference is:
The Taisho tricolor is white with red and black spots on it; the Showa tricolor is black with red and white spots.
The Taisho tricolor has no dark spots on its head, while the Showa tricolor has dark spots.
The black spots of the Taisho tricolor are in the shape of round blocks and exist on the upper half of the body; the black spots of the Showa tricolor are in the form of lines or strips and are present all over the body.
The pectoral fins of Taisho tricolor are all white or have black stripes; Showa tricolor has round black spots at the base of its pectoral fin.
4. Black carp: all black or with white spots or all yellow markings on a black background. Can be divided into 4 to 5 varieties.
5. Special light: Koi with black spots on a white, red or yellow background belong to the Taisho three-color strain. It is divided into nearly ten varieties.
6. Light yellow: The back is light blue or dark blue, the outer edges of the scales are white, and the cheeks, abdomen and bases of each fin are red. There are more than 10 varieties according to color.
7. Clothes: A variety produced by mating red and white or three colors with light yellow. It is divided into nearly 10 varieties.
8. Variant carp: including black carp, yellow carp, tea carp, green carp and more than 20 varieties.
9. Gold: The whole body is golden in color and can be divided into more than twenty varieties.
10. Pattern-skinned carp: a variety produced by mating golden koi with other strains (excluding black carp). There are more than 10 varieties commonly found.
11. Just write: write about the breed produced by the mating of koi and golden koi.
12. Gold and silver scales: Koi fish with gold or silver scales all over their bodies.
13. Danding: There are round red spots on the top of the head, but there are no red spots on the body of the fish.
[Edit this paragraph] Prevention and treatment of common diseases of koi carp
Common diseases and treatment methods of koi carp (1)
1. Oral method: Mix the medicine with the feed in the treatment of nutritional disorders or bacterial and internal diseases.
2. Medicinal bath method: mainly to expel surface parasites and treat bacterial external diseases.
3. Local treatment: treatment of trauma and body surface diseases, local trauma treatment.
4. Injection therapy: Various bacterial diseases can be treated by intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection.
5. Surgical treatment: Plastic surgery is required for trauma or deformation of fish fins.
Common diseases and treatment methods of koi (2)
Viral diseases
Acne disease
(1) Cause: Autumn Appears when the water temperature is low in winter (around 15 degrees)
(2) Symptoms: In the early stage of the disease, small milky white spots appear on the body surface or tail fin, covered with a thin layer of white mucus, and gradually Expand to spread throughout the body. The skin surface of the lesion thickens to form large paraffin-like growths. These growths will fall off automatically when they grow to a certain size and thickness, and will ruin the water quality in the water. New growths will grow back at the site of the fall-off. Sick fish infected with pox gradually lose weight, swim slowly, have poor appetite, often sink to the bottom of the water, and die one after another.
(3) Treatment: #0.1~0.3MG/KG long-term medicated bath with chloramphenicol solution.
#Inject chloramphenicol into the fish body, the dosage is 25MG per tail.
(4) Prevention: #Add new water into the pool, and extract debris from the bottom of the pool at any time to improve the water quality.
# Strengthen autumn breeding work and strengthen nutrition so that koi will have a certain degree of fatness before winter and enhance its ability to withstand low temperatures and disease.
#Sprinkle 1~2MG/KG of nitrifuracillin all over the pool to prevent the occurrence of acne.
Common diseases and treatment methods of koi (3)
Fungal disease skin mold
(water mold, white hair disease): growth on the fish body If it is not treated in time, when the bacteria invade the body, the fish will gradually weaken and die. When parasitic on the gills, branchial mycosis is formed, often causing explosive death.
(1) Cause: Skin mold is caused by a kind of filamentous fungus (Saprolegnia, Saprolegnia, SAPROLEGNIA). It mostly occurs in ponds with a large number of fish or turbid stagnant water, such as Fish that are thin or have trauma are more susceptible to infection. The lesions will grow a large amount of cotton-like hyphae, so it is also called white hair disease.
The main reasons why koi carps suffer from skin mold are due to careless handling during catching and transportation, skin abrasions, damage to the gills and body surface due to parasites, or frostbite to the skin due to low water temperature, resulting in water Mold spores invade the wound and cause infection. When the water temperature is suitable (around 15 to 25 degrees), dense mycelium will grow in 3 to 5 days. If the number of infections is large, it will lead to the death of the diseased fish. Saprolegnia exists year-round, and is popular in late autumn and early spring. Fish from eggs to fish of all ages can be infected. When the hatching water temperature is low, saprolegnia easily occurs on fish eggs.
(2) Treatment:
#Wash with 1.5%~2.5% salt water to remove the hair, then apply 2% red liquid, and then use fish soil Mycin medicated bath.
#Use 0.1% to 1% malachite green aqueous solution to apply to wounds and water mold attachments.
#Soak the fish body with 1:15000 malachite green aqueous solution for 3 to 5 minutes.
#Soak the fish body with 10MG/KG potassium permanganate aqueous solution for half an hour.
(3) Prevention:
#When pulling nets, fishing, transporting and stocking fish species, operations must be careful to avoid injury to the fish.
#Soak fish eggs with a 1:15000 concentration malachite green aqueous solution for 10 to 15 minutes, once a day for 3 consecutive days to prevent fish egg saprolegnia.
#For injured broodstock, apply gentian violet or potassium permanganate on the wound to prevent water mold infection.
# Mix 75KG of calamus, 7.5~15KG of salt and 225~300KG of human urine per hectare of pond, and then sprinkle it over the entire pond, once a month.
Common diseases and treatments of koi (4)
Bacterial diseases
Skin inflammation and congestive disease
(1) Causes: Most of the affected fish are large current-year fish and koi carp over one year old. Late spring to early autumn is the popular season, which can cause massive fish deaths. The epidemic is most likely to occur when the water temperature is 20 to 30 degrees. When the water temperature is below 20 degrees, a small number of sick fish will still appear and continue to die. This temperature range is also the peak season for fish growth, so it is very harmful. When the temperature drops to about 10 degrees, this fish disease will no longer occur. This rule can be used to conduct temperature control treatment for sick fish.
(2) Symptoms: skin inflammation and congestion, which is more common around the orbits, gill covers, abdomen, caudal peduncle, etc. Sometimes there is also congestion at the base of the fin rays, and in severe cases, the fin rays are broken. The scales of diseased fish are usually intact and have not fallen off. Sick fish float on the water surface or sink to the bottom, swim slowly, have unresponsiveness, and have poor appetite.
(3) Treatment:
#Soak the fish body with nitrofuracillin or furazolidone 20MG/KG. When the water temperature is below 20 degrees, soak for 20 to 30 minutes; when the water temperature is 21 to 32 degrees, soak for 10 to 15 minutes for prevention and early treatment.
# Sprinkle nitrofurazone or furazolidone throughout the pool at a concentration of 0.2~0.3MG/KG. If the condition is serious, the concentration can be increased to 0.5~1.2MG/KG for prevention and early treatment.
#Soak the fish body with erythromycin at a concentration of 2~2.5MG/KG. The water temperature should be below 34 degrees. Soak for 30~50 minutes, once a day for 3~5 days until the condition improves. .
#Inject streptomycin or kanamycin, 120,000 to 150,000 international units per kilogram of fish weight, usually only once. If the disease is serious, the second injection can be done on the fifth day. .
# Take norfloxacin (norfloxacin) orally, 0.8~1.0G of powder per 10KG of fish weight per day, once a day for six consecutive days.
# Use Rivanol 20MG/KG concentration for soaking. When the water temperature is 5 to 20 degrees, soak for 15 to 30 minutes; when the water temperature is 21 to 32 degrees, soak for 10 to 15 minutes. Effective early treatment.
#Spreading Rivanol at a concentration of 0.8~1.5MG/KG has special effects.
# Using the above treatment method and carrying out a salt water bath at the same time, the effect is remarkable.
(4) Prevention:
#Reasonably maintain the dissolved oxygen in the water at around 5MG/L.
#Strengthen feeding and management to keep the water quality fresh.
#Sprinkle nitrofuracil or furazolidone regularly to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
Erythroderma (hemorrhagic rot disease)
(1) Cause: Erythroderma is caused by PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS. Fish are injured and susceptible to this disease. . Spring and autumn are popular seasons that can cause massive fish kills. This disease is closely related to water quality. It is prone to occur when the dissolved oxygen content is low and the organic matter content is high.
(2) Symptoms: The skin of the sick fish is partially or mostly inflamed and congested, the bases of the dorsal fin, tail fin and other fin rays are congested, the ends of the fin rays are rotten, and the mouth and muscles are normal. The scales of sick fish fall off (difference from skin inflammation and congestive disease), especially on the sides and abdomen of the fish.
(3) Prevention and treatment methods: The same as those for skin inflammation and congestion.
Enteritis
It is caused by Aeromonas punctata. The anus is red and swollen, the intestines are congested and inflamed. In severe cases, the fin base is congested, erythema appears on the abdomen, ascites flows out during laparotomy, and the entire intestine is red or purple.
Prevention and control methods:
#Sprinkle 1MG/KG of bleaching powder all over the pool.
#The water depth per hectare is 1M, and 225~375KG of quicklime is used to sprinkle the entire pond.
#Use 1G of sulfaamidine for every 10KG of fish and make it into bait for feeding.
# Use 50G of garlic for every 10KG of fish, make it into medicinal bait and feed it once a day for three consecutive days.
#For every 10KG of fish, use 50G of dry golden grass and make it into medicinal bait and feed it once a day for three consecutive days.
Myxobacterial gill rot
(1) Cause: Caused by CYTOPHAGA COLUMNARIS, also known as MYXOCOCCUS PISCIOCOLA. Koi are less susceptible to disease and will only become ill when the water temperature is above 20 degrees, that is, from late spring to autumn. The fish died in large numbers without any appearance abnormalities.
(2) Symptoms: The gill filaments of the diseased fish are rotten with some sludge. Sometimes the tissue at the tip of the gill filament rots, causing the edge to be incomplete; sometimes the rot occurs in one or more places of the gill, but not at the edge. The inner epidermis of the operculum is congested and even corroded into a slightly rounded transparent area, commonly known as the "skylight". Due to the destruction of the gill filament tissue, sick fish have difficulty breathing and often have a floating head shape, which causes a large number of deaths.
(3) Treatment:
#Soak the fish body with nitrofuracillin or furazolidone 20MG/KG. When the water temperature is below 20 degrees, soak for 20 to 30 minutes; when the water temperature is 21 to 32 degrees, soak for 10 to 15 minutes for prevention and early treatment.
# Sprinkle nitrofurazone or furazolidone throughout the pool at a concentration of 0.2~0.3MG/KG. When the condition is serious, the concentration can be increased to 0.5~1.2MG/KG for prevention and early treatment.
# Use Rivanol 20MG/KG concentration for soaking. When the water temperature is 5 to 20 degrees, soak for 15 to 30 minutes; when the water temperature is 21 to 32 degrees, soak for 10 to 15 minutes. Effective early treatment.
# Spreading Rivanol over the entire pond at a concentration of 0.8~1.5MG/KG has special effects.
#Spray the entire pond with bleaching powder at a concentration of 1MG/KG. This method is only used for large outdoor fish ponds.
#Use 2.5~3.75MG/KG of rhubarb. For every 0.5KG of dry rhubarb, put 10KG of light ammonia water (0.3%) and soak it for 12 hours, then sprinkle it with the medicinal residue all over the pond. This medicine is suitable for use in large outdoor ponds, especially in the breeding of koi that have developed resistance to furans for many years.
#Soak with 2% salt for 5 to 10 minutes, which is effective for prevention and early treatment.
(4) Prevention:
# Disinfect the fish pond regularly to keep the water clean and reduce the chance of germs.
#The use of fresh feed and live biological bait has a significant effect on preventing this disease.
White-headed and white-mouthed disease
(1) Cause: Caused by CYTOPHAGA SP., also known as MYXOCOCCUS SP. Koi fry are very sensitive to this disease and it is one of the main diseases in the fingerling stage, while large fish usually do not suffer from the disease. At the beginning, only two or three died, but the number increased to dozens on the next day, and a large number of deaths occurred on the third day. The onset was rapid and the severity of the attack was rare. The disease occurs when the water temperature is above 20 degrees, from late spring to autumn.
(2) Symptoms: The head and mouth ring of the sick fish are milky white, and the lips seem to be swollen, so that the mouth cannot be opened and breathing is difficult and the fish has a floating head. Some sick fish have congestion on the top of their skulls and around their eye circles, showing symptoms of "red heads and white mouths". Sick fish are usually unsocial.
(3) Prevention and treatment methods: The same as those for myxobacterial gill rot.
Erectile scales (pine scales, vertical scales)
(1) Cause: Erectile scales are caused by Pseudomonas PUNCTATA, which mainly harms large individuals. Koi is popular every year from late autumn to the following spring when the water temperature is low.
(2) Symptoms: The surface of the sick fish is rough, the scales are erect, and the appearance is pine cone-shaped. In severe cases, the eyes are protruding, the breathing is rapid, the back is turned over, and even death. The squama is edema, with clear or bloody exudate accumulated inside it. If a little pressure is applied to the scales, the fluid will be ejected from the squamous sac. The sick fish sinks to the bottom of the water or loses its balance, with its belly pointing upward, and finally collapses and dies.
(3) Treatment: Same as skin inflammation and congestion, the effect will be better if combined with salt water immersion.
(4) Prevention:
#Prevent fish injuries.
#The broodstock spawning pond should be dried in winter and disinfected with quicklime or bleaching powder.
# Add 5% crude chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline to the feed.
#Take vitamin E orally. Use 0.3~0.6G per 10KG of fish weight per day for long-term use, and increase to 0.6~0.9G (for 10~15 consecutive days) as an auxiliary treatment drug when sick.
Printing disease
(1) Cause: Printing disease is caused by Aeromonas punctata subspecies (AEROMONAS PUNCATATA PUNCTATA). It is mainly caused by improper operation and injury to the fish body. And infection causes disease. It is the popular season from late spring to autumn, and it mainly harms large fish above one age.
(2) Symptoms: The lesions are often located above the anal fin on the side of the body, on both sides near the anus, and rarely in the front of the body.
Initially, the skin is inflamed and erythema appears. As the disease progresses, scales fall off and the muscles rot. The lesions appear round or oval, with bleeding and redness, as if they are stamped with a red seal. In severe cases, the muscles in the lesion area are often broken through, and bones and internal organs are visible. Sick fish become thin, lose appetite, swim slowly, and eventually die of exhaustion.
(3) Prevention and treatment methods: It is the same as skin inflammation and congestion. In addition, applying potassium permanganate solution to the affected area has a significant effect.
Rot rot (canker disease): It is very similar to printing disease, and the treatment method is similar. The difference is that the back of the diseased fish is red, swollen and rotten, the lesions are irregular, and the dorsal fin falls off in severe cases.
Leukoderma: Caused by Trichobacterium albicans, the skin from the back of the dorsal fin to the base of the caudal peduncle fin turns white and appears as white mist. The scales are rough when touched and there is no mucus. It is a dying disease. Fish often have an inverted shape with their heads downwards and tail fins upwards.
Prevention and treatment methods:
#Be careful when operating to prevent fish injuries.
#Soak the fish body with chlortetracycline 12.5MG/KG or oxytetracycline 25MG/KG for 30 minutes.
#Sprinkle 1MG/KG of bleaching powder or 2~4MG/KG of gallnuts all over the pool.
Perforation disease (cave disease)
(1) Cause: Perforation disease is caused by MYXOCOCCUS PISCIOCOLA. The epidemic period is from September to June of the following year. It is prevalent when the water temperature is low and is a very harmful infectious disease. The cause is mostly surface injuries, especially abrasions caused when catching fish with a net.
(2) Symptoms: White spots the size of rice grains are initially found, and then expand and become red around them. When the condition worsens, the scales fall off and the skin is exposed to form ulcers, which can appear on the head, gill cover, back, and abdomen. Lesions can appear from the fins to the caudal stalk. The ulcers are not only limited to the dermis, but also go deep into the muscles. In severe cases, they can reach the bones and internal organs, resembling a cave.
(3) Treatment:
Soak with a mixture of #20MG/KG furazolidone and 1.4% salt for 20 to 30 minutes, once a day.
# Add 20MG/KG potassium permanganate to the above mixture and soak for 10 to 30 minutes. Suitable for juvenile fish in the early stages of disease.
(4) Prevention:
# Feed fresh food to enhance nutrition and disease resistance.
#Reasonable and intensive cultivation, the dissolved oxygen in the water should be maintained at around 5MG/L.
#Dead fish must be buried deeply and added with quicklime for disinfection and sterilization. The water of the sick fish pond should be sprinkled with bleaching powder at a concentration of 10MG/KG throughout the pond, and can be discharged into the sewer after disinfection.
Tail rot disease
(1) Cause: Tail rot disease is caused by Myxococcus columnar bacteria and occurs all year round. The entire tail fin is rotten, but the diseased fish is still alive, which reduces the ornamental value of the koi.
(2) Symptoms: tail fin scales fall off and become inflamed, muscles are necrotic and rotten, the base of the tail fin is congested, the fin rays spread out into a broom shape, and in severe cases, the entire tail fin rots. The scales of the sick fish are normal, and some scales fall off.
(3) Prevention and treatment methods:
#It is roughly the same as skin inflammation and congestion.
#Use 1% malachite green aqueous solution to smear the broken fin area once a day for 3 to 5 days, combined with the prevention and treatment of skin inflammation and congestive disease.
#If part of the tail fin is rotten and incomplete, it should be cut off with scissors to make the fins flat, and then treated with the above method. After a period of time, the fins can heal, and the regenerated fins will be the same as the old fins. A trace will be left in the process. Although the ornamental value is reduced, it can be retained as broodstock to breed offspring.
Common diseases and treatment methods of koi (5)
Diseases caused by protozoa
Filarial worms (porus, white cloud disease): Oral Filarial worms (ICHTHYOBODO) often inhabit the skin and gills of fish. When the number is small, they will not cause disease. However, when the environmental water quality is poor or the health of the fish is poor, they often reproduce in large numbers, destroy the gills and skin tissues, and cause mucus secretion. It increases and forms white mist-like attachments, so it is called white cloud disease. This disease is mainly parasitic to freshwater fish, especially koi, which often occurs after moving to a pond, so it is also called new water disease. After being infected with this disease, koi become lethargic and sink to the bottom corner of the pond, so it is also called sleeping sickness.
(1) Cause: ICHTHYOBODO NECATRIX is the most common type of filariasis. The insect body is oval in shape, with 2 or 4 flagella, and can rotate and swim. There is a round nucleus in the insect body. The insect body that is fixed on the host is pear-shaped, the flagellum is not obvious, and it can swing up and down, left and right on the tissue. The optimum temperature for oral filariasis is 2 to 30 degrees, and the water temperature at which the worms begin to breed is 12 to 20 degrees. It is easiest to reproduce in large numbers at 24 to 25 degrees and pH 4.5 to 5.8. It reproduces by longitudinal binary fission, without the need for an intermediate host, and can directly infect the transferred host; when the environment is not suitable, it can form resistant cysts and attach to the fish body or the bottom of the pond. Late autumn to spring is the popular season for this disease.
(2) Symptoms:
#In the early stages of infection, the fish will be itchy and rub against the bottom and walls of the pool.
#There is a layer of milky white or gray-blue mucus on the skin of the sick fish, which makes the sick fish lose its original luster. The injured area of ??the fish body becomes congested and inflamed, and is often infected with bacteria or saprolegnia, forming ulcers and worsening the condition.
#When a large number of worms invade the skin, a large number of worms also appear on the gills. Because the gill tissue is destroyed, the breathing of the fish is affected, so the sick fish often swim close to the water surface with a floating head.
# Loss of appetite, listlessness, retracted tail and pinched fins, gathering in the corners of the bottom of the pool, slow reaction, fish gradually lose balance, lying on the bottom of the pool, and finally collapse and die.
(3) Diagnosis:
#The worms are small and can only be seen under a microscope. Take body surface mucosa or gill tissue for microscopic examination.
#Is there any situation where people gather together and fall asleep?
#When the black and red parts of the koi suffer from this disease, it is easier to detect; but when the white part is affected, it is not easy to identify. When it is found to be white cloud disease, it has already It cannot be saved.
(4) Treatment:
# Soak in 2% salt water for 5 to 15 minutes or 3% to 5% for 1 to 2 minutes for several days.
#Use potassium permanganate with a concentration of 20MG/KG. When the water temperature is 10 to 20 degrees, soak for 20 to 30 minutes; when the water temperature is 20 to 25 degrees, soak for 15 to 20 minutes; the water temperature is above 25 degrees. , soak for 10 to 15 minutes.
#Use 300,000 to 500,000 units of penicillin per 100L of water for long-term immersion.
#50MG/KG methylene blue or 0.2MG/KG malachite green solution for half an hour, several times.
#Formalin concentration 20~30MG/KG, use once every 2~3 days, several times in a row.
(5) Prevention:
#Enhancing the water flow can reduce the attachment and parasitism of filarial worms.
#Reduce stocking density.
#Maintain water quality clean and stable and reduce irritation to gills or body surface tissues.
CHILODONELLA CYPRINI: CHILODONELLA CYPRINI attaches to the gills and body skin of fish. When the water quality environment is poor, the fish density is too high, or other factors, it destroys the host parasite. Ecological balance often breeds in large numbers and causes disease.
(1) Cause: Cyprinus carpinosa (also known as heartworm) is the most common in koi breeding. The body of the insect is oval or kidney-shaped, about 50~70UM in size. The back is ridged without cilia, and the ventral surface is flat. There are several ciliated bands on the left and right sides. The cell mouth is located at the front end of the ventral side, with a funnel-shaped oral tube, and a large nucleus in the form of an egg. Round. They feed on organic matter in the water and cell debris peeled off from fish bodies. Reproduction is mainly by asexual transverse fission, but sexual conjugation also occurs. In adverse environments, spherical or oval cysts may form.
This disease is a common disease of fish. It mostly occurs in small tanks and pools with dirty water, and it is most harmful to young fish that are born in the same year. The water temperature for breeding is 12 to 18 degrees. Starting from the discovery of a few worms, after 3 to 5 days of massive reproduction, the fish will die in large numbers. When the water temperature in outdoor fish ponds is above 25 degrees, the disease usually does not occur, but it can occur in indoor tanks and pools. The epidemic season is from December to May of the following year.
(2) Symptoms: The sick fish is thin and has a darker body color. There is a thin milky white substance on the body surface, causing the sick fish to lose its original color. In severe cases, the fin rays of the sick fish cannot be fully extended.
Pathogens parasitize on the body surface and gills, destroying tissues and making it difficult for fish to breathe. Therefore, sick fish swim close to the water surface with a floating head shape, and cannot return to normal even if the water is changed.
(3) Diagnosis: The worms are very small and can only be seen under a microscope by scraping the mucus from the body surface or cutting the gill tissue.
(4) Prevention and control methods: The same as those for oral filariasis.
Vorticella: Also known as bell worm, cup body worm and tongue cup worm, VORTICELLA is a common sessile ciliate in the water and can be attached to the wall and bottom of the pool. , on plants or other items in the water, feed on organic debris and microorganisms in the water, and can easily reproduce and breed in large numbers in high water temperatures and eutrophic environments. They are attached to the surface skin, fins and gills of fish, especially Fish are more susceptible to infection when injured, causing problems in disease management.
(1) Cause: The body of the bell-shaped worm is thick at the front and thin at the back, cup-shaped or trumpet-shaped, about 100~400UM in size, with a mouth plate at the front end, a mouth groove at the bottom, and villi around the mouth plate. The membrane formed can swing to drive the water flow, filtering out bacteria, microorganisms, tissue debris and other organic matter in the water. An attachment is formed at the bottom and is fixed on the epithelial cells of the host. A large nucleus is in the shape of an inverted triangle or oval and is located in the center of the insect body. When the insect body shrinks, the oral disc shrinks first, and then the oral cilia retract, leaving only a small hole at the top, making the contracted insect body appear eggplant-shaped. There are two modes of reproduction: asexual longitudinal binary fission and sexual conjugation. Common ones include EPISTYLIS, ZOOTHAMNIUM, VORTICELLA, APIOSOMA, etc.
Normal fish rarely have bell-shaped epiphytes. When a large number of epiphytes occur, it is mostly because the body surface is injured or the protective mucosa on the body surface is damaged during transportation, and the mucus protection is lost. It will cause a large number of bell-shaped epiphytes.
(2) Symptoms:
#In the early stage of infection, white spots the size of rice grains appear on the body surface and proliferate outward.
#The affected area gradually expanded, and the wound was accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, causing flushing and bleeding.
#The scales fall off, the affected area has bleeding ulcers, and there is epiphysis of saprolegnia, algae or other protozoa.
(3) Diagnosis:
Scrape the mucosal tissue of the affected area and examine it under a microscope. You can observe clusters of contracting bell-shaped worms with long, branch-like shapes at the lower end of the worm body. The stalk connects the worm bodies together. In addition to bell worms, mixed infections of oral filarial worms, schistosomiasis, and trichozoa and epiphytes of saprolegnia and filamentous algae can often be observed.
(4) Treatment: Bellworm epiphytic infection is generally difficult to treat. In addition to drug control, it must be coordinated with the improvement of the water quality environment and the control of secondary bacterial infections.
#Improve the water quality environment: Properly changing the water to reduce the content of organic matter in the water, increasing the intensity of the water flow, etc. can reduce the epiphysis of bell worms.
#Formalin: 20~30MG/KG concentration, medicinal bath for 12~24 hours, can reduce the epiphysis of bell worms.
#Control of secondary bacterial infection: When there are inflamed ulcers on the body surface, furazolidone 2~5MG/KG solution must be used together with long-term medicinal bath.
#For epiphytes of chronic local wound ulcers, the affected area can be disinfected with iodine, etc., and then antibiotic ointment, such as erythromycin, can be applied to protect the wound.
(5) Prevention:
#Change the water regularly and clean the filter pool to reduce the accumulation of organic matter and maintain clean water quality.
#Be careful when moving the pond and transporting it to prevent fish injury or mucosal damage.
#When the fish is injured or the mucous membrane is damaged, disinfect it with drugs as soon as possible to prevent infection by bellworms or other secondary pathogens.