1, temperature: wampee is native to tropical and subtropical areas in southern China and likes warm and humid environment. The most suitable area is the area where the annual average temperature is above 20℃ and the monthly average temperature is above 12℃. Adult trees below 0℃ are in danger of freezing injury, and young trees have poor cold tolerance. 2. Moisture: Moisture has a great influence on the growth and development of wampee. Wampee is an evergreen fruit tree, with large growth and many flowers and fruits, which needs a humid environment and sufficient water. Wampee grows well in areas where the annual rainfall is more than 1500mm and is evenly distributed. If there is drought in early spring, it will affect the development of flower organs, flowering and fruit setting, summer drought will affect the development of fruits, autumn drought will affect the emergence of autumn shoots and the yield of the next year, and winter drought will cause deciduous leaves and weaken trees. Too much water and too concentrated rainfall are not conducive to the growth, flowering and fruiting of wampee. If the spring rain continues, it will affect the quality of flowers, pollination and fruit setting, and heavy rain in summer will cause fruit dropping and cracking. 3, lighting: yellow skin is a light-loving crop. In the case of sufficient light, the branches and leaves in the crown can absorb scattered light for photosynthesis, expand the photosynthetic area, enhance the accumulation of nutrients in the tree, expand the fruiting area, and improve the quality and yield of fruits; Insufficient light affects photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation of plants, which is unfavorable to plant growth and development. 4. Soil: wampee has low requirements for soil, and clay loam, sandy loam and gravelly soil can be planted on slopes, ponds and in front of and behind houses. However, different soils have different effects on the longevity and yield of wampee plants. Planting on sandy loam with good drainage, fertile soil and deep soil layer has strong tree potential, long life and high and stable yield. Planting wampee on cohesive soil with poor soil quality, poor drainage and much accumulated water will lead to short life and low yield. Therefore, if we plant wampee on the barren hillside, we should dig a pit and bury a lot of organic fertilizer to improve the soil before planting. When planting wampee in flat land or paddy field with high groundwater level, organic fertilizer should be applied, soil should be raised and the pier should be raised for planting. Third, the planting technology of wampee 1, planting time: spring sowing is the best. Spring sowing is usually carried out in March-May, when there is more rain, the temperature rises, it is easy to take root and the survival rate is high. When transplanting, the root system of nutrient bag seedlings is less affected, and the garden with irrigation conditions can be planted in spring, summer, autumn and winter. 2. Planting density: generally, 50-80 plants are planted per mu, mostly in the form of wide rows and narrow plants. The plant spacing can be 3m× 4m or 2.5m× 3.5m When planning close planting, about 1 10 plants are planted per mu, and the plant spacing can be 2m× 3m. 3. Seedling raising: select excellent varieties suitable for local cultivation. Seedlings should be short and dry, with lush foliage and no pests and diseases. 4. Preparation of planting holes: after the planting position is determined according to the plant spacing, holes are dug according to the specifications of length, width and depth of 65, 438+0m and 0.8m respectively, soil miscellaneous fertilizers are applied in layers and returned to the soil, and the last layer is returned to the soil. Each hole is buried with 50 kg of green manure+50 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer+0.5 kg of lime+0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and the planting hole after ploughing is about 20 cm higher than the ground. When planted in a flat orchard with high groundwater level, the planting holes are layered with decomposed compost and in-situ soil or foreign soil, forming a pier with a height of about 30 cm and a bottom width of 1m 5. Planting: When planting, the roots of wampee seedlings should avoid contact with fertilizers, the seedlings should stand upright, and the roots should naturally extend around. The planting depth should be covered with fine soil to the root neck and maintained at the same depth as the seedling stage. Be careful when planting, and compact the fine soil gently. After planting, water the roots, and cover the trees with grass to keep them moist to prevent sun and rain. Four. Cultivation and management techniques of wampee (I). Young tree management 1. Fertilization: Young trees are fruit trees that last for 2-4 years from planting to first fruiting. Young plants grow vigorously, quickly forming roots and crowns, and pumping branches 3-4 times a year. Plants with vigorous growth, especially orchards with early fruiting and high yield, often begin to bear fruit 1-2 years after planting, so a large amount of nutrient supply is needed to meet the needs of plant growth and development. However, young roots are underdeveloped, shallow in distribution and weak in absorption. Therefore, fertilization of young trees should be based on the principle of diligent application and thin application, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, calcium fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer. Fertilizers can be organic fertilizers, such as human and animal urine, bran fertilizer, compound fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, foliar micro-fertilizer, etc. The purpose of fertilization is to accelerate the vegetative growth and promote the early fruiting, high and stable yield of plants. Fertilization period: Fertilization can be started after the survival of planting 1 month, and then fertilization can be carried out before each new shoot germination and after the new shoot turns green. That is, "one point with two fertilizers" or "one point with three fertilizers". Fertilize the soil twice and fertilize outside the roots once. Fertilization before germination can promote shoot elongation and leaf spreading. Fertilizing in the green period of new shoots can make the leaves of new shoots green, improve photosynthetic efficiency and make the branches thicker. After the new shoots turn green, fertilization can accelerate the maturity of the new shoots, increase the thickness of leaves and the accumulation of organic matter, shorten the shoot emergence period, and be beneficial to the multiple germination of the new shoots. In addition, organic fertilizer should be applied deeply every winter. 2. Moisture management: wampee is suitable for growing in a humid environment, but water accumulation is prohibited. Young trees grow vigorously, with shallow and few roots, which are easily affected by soil moisture changes. The air humidity is low and the soil is dry. At this time, the water consumption of trees is high. If the water supply is not timely, the leaves will wither and the plants will die when there is serious water shortage. Too much water and poor soil permeability will lead to root rot and plant death. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen soil moisture management, irrigate during drought, drain during waterlogging and keep the soil moist. After planting, attention should be paid to maintaining soil moisture from the first time when new buds mature. After plants survive, they should be drained in time according to the soil moisture and the growth and development of branches, so that the soil will not accumulate water and remain moist, which is conducive to the normal growth of plants. 3. Soil management: (1), loosening soil: the soil is loose and breathable, which promotes the growth and development of roots. Young wampee orchards should be loosened several times a year, generally combining weeding and intercropping crops. In summer and autumn, loosen the soil after rain to prevent soil hardening. The depth of rhizosphere scarification should be shallow, and 5- 10 cm is appropriate. (2) Soil improvement: the deep soil layer is conducive to expanding roots and taking root. By improving soil, thickening plough layer, increasing organic matter content, improving soil fertility and creating good conditions for root growth. Generally, soil improvement will be carried out once a year from the second year after planting, and the whole garden will be completed within three years. The soil improvement time of hilly orchard is: from the second year of planting, when the branches stop growing in autumn and winter; The method is to open an annular groove around the original planting hole, or dig a strip groove with a depth of 40-50 cm and a width of 30 cm between rows (plants). Layered application of forage, crop straw, garbage and appropriate amount of lime. Rotate the position every year, and within 2-3 years, the whole park will be deeply cultivated and improved once. In flat orchards or paddy orchards with high groundwater level, foreign soil should be used to thicken the plough layer and apply decomposed organic fertilizer, preferably once a year. 4. Pruning of young trees: Huangpi is an evergreen fruit tree with a round crown, short stems, dense branches and strong terminal shoots, which is beneficial to early fruiting and high and stable yield of Huangpi. The method is as follows: after the seedlings are planted and survive, the seeds are picked or cut short at the height of 40-50 cm to promote the germination of the buds under the nodes; When the main branches are mature, core or chop at 15~20 cm to promote the germination of buds under the cutting mouth, and then select 2-3 robust and reasonably distributed branches from each main branch to cultivate secondary main branches; In this way, the tertiary branch and the quaternary branch are cultured by the above method. Pruning young trees in winter mainly means pruning and thinning branches or branches with unreasonable distribution, pruning branches with diseases and insect pests, weak branches, cross branches and drooping branches, so as to make the trees beautiful and the branches distributed reasonably. (2), fruit tree management 1, fruit tree fertilization (1), first fertilization: the time is around the great cold. The purpose is to promote flower bud differentiation, which is beneficial to the development of flower organs and fruiting branches. Fertilizer is compost and manure, mainly organic fertilizer. Or combined with soil improvement, chicken manure, bran fertilizer, mushroom residue and forage grass are mixed with appropriate amount of compound fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer and lime. Fertilization methods are as follows: Huangpi Garden with low groundwater level should be deeply dug and applied, with a hole length of 60 cm, a depth of 30-50 cm and a width of 40cm；; The Huangpi Garden with high groundwater level should be fertilized near drip line and then covered with exotic soil. Fertilization rate: 10 kg of livestock manure +0.5 kg of bran cake+10 kg of mushroom residue+15 kg of forage grass +0.25 kg of lime, buried in holes layer by layer, and then covered with topsoil. (2) The second fertilization: the time is after the full flowering period. The purpose is to replenish a large number of nutrients consumed by flowering trees in time, strengthen flowers and fruits, and keep leaves green. Fertilizer is mainly compound fertilizer. Fertilization method is: daub near the crown of drip line, or open a shallow hole near drip line. Fertilization rate: compound fertilizer 150 ~ 200g/ plant. (3) The third fertilization: the time is in the fruit expansion period, that is, after the physiological fruit drop. The purpose is to promote fruit expansion, normal fruit development and increase yield. The fertilizer should be a compound fertilizer mainly composed of potassium and nitrogen. Fertilization method: apply it near the crown of drip irrigation line; Fertilization amount: compound fertilizer 150 ~ 200g/ plant. (4) fourth fertilization: the time is after the fruit is picked. The purpose is to restore tree vigor, promote autumn shoots and cultivate timely and robust fruiting mother branches. Generally, the amount of fertilization is large, but it depends on the age of the bearing tree, the number of fruits and soil conditions. The fertilizer is decomposed human and animal manure or decomposed bran water, and is matched with nitrogen-based quick-acting fertilizer. Fertilization method: spraying water for fertilization and spreading dry fertilizer; Fertilization amount: the water and fertilizer should be 10 times of the decomposed bran water, and the fertilizer should be 15kg per plant. It should be sprayed in the shallow ditch near drip line around the crown or directly on the tree tray. If dry fertilizer is applied, 200-300g of ternary compound fertilizer (15: 15: 15) or 200g of urea are applied to each plant. (5) Fifth fertilization: the fertilization time is after the autumn shoots germinate. The purpose is to promote the senescence of autumn shoots, promote the secondary autumn shoots in time, and cultivate fruiting mother branches. Fertilization amount and fertilization amount refer to the last fertilization. 2. Water management of fruit trees: The water management of wampee fruit trees should be based on reasonable irrigation and drainage according to different growth periods and water requirements, so as to facilitate high and stable yield. In the second year, from 65438+February to 65438+1October, irrigation should be reduced and appropriate irrigation should be used to make the soil slightly dry, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation. February-April is the flowering and fruit-setting period of wampee. During this period, spring shoots germinate, flower spikes grow and develop, flowers bloom and fruits set, spring rains continue, and the air humidity is high. Pay attention to clear the accumulated water and keep the soil moist after the rainstorm. May-June is the fruit expansion period, during which water supply should be sufficient, and water should be sprayed when the weather is dry and there is no rain; This period is also a rainstorm season, so we should pay attention to drainage to prevent rotten roots and cracked fruits. July to 10 is the harvest period and the autumn shoot flowering period, so as to ensure sufficient water supply for plant growth, and drain water in heavy rain to prevent fruit cracking and root rot. 3. Soil management (1), scarification: After the wampee enters the fruiting period, with the expansion of the crown, crops are generally not interplanted. In order to keep the soil loose and breathable, loosening soil is often combined with fertilization or weeding. Loose soil should be shallow, generally about 10 cm deep. (2) Soil improvement: Orchards in hilly and sloping fields and orchards with low groundwater level and shallow tillage layers in the whole park should continue to be deeply cultivated to improve soil fertility. The method is the same as deep ploughing young trees to improve the soil. (3) In the flat orchards and paddy orchards with high underground water level, the soil cultivation should be strengthened. In autumn and winter, apply organic fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer on the border, then cover the pond or exotic soil, thicken the plough layer, reduce the groundwater level and improve the soil fertility. 4. Pruning of fruiting trees and cultivation of fruiting mother branches: The growth rate of yellow-skinned fruiting trees is slow, and the annual bamboo shoots are not strong, especially after entering the fruiting period, which usually only produces bamboo shoots 2-3 times a year. The first time is the spring shoot, that is, the fruiting branch, with spikes at the top; The second time is summer shoots, and yellow-skinned fruit trees rarely send summer shoots. Only plants with few fruits or plants without fruits in that year will germinate summer buds. The third time is the autumn shoot, which is the fruiting mother branch of the following year. The vegetative growth and reproductive growth of crown mainly depend on spring shoots and autumn shoots, and the pruning of wampee trees should be light rather than heavy. The purpose of pruning wampee fruit trees is to reduce pests and diseases, quickly restore tree vigor, promote autumn shoots, cultivate robust fruiting mother branches, and ensure robust, high-yield, high-quality and long-life trees. The main methods are as follows: (1) winter pruning: combining with clearing the garden in winter, it is mainly to cut off dead branches, pests and diseases, shady branches and weak branches to ensure ventilation and light transmission of trees, reduce pests and diseases and unnecessary nutrient consumption in the next year, so as to facilitate photosynthesis, promote autumn shoot growth and flower bud differentiation, and lay the foundation for high yield in the next year. (2) Pruning in growing season: Pruning fruiting mother branches in time after picking fruits or fruits to promote autumn shoots and cultivate robust fruiting mother branches. (3) Pruning of young fruit trees in the growing season: Young fruit trees with wampee are still in the vigorous vegetative growth period. The vigorous early autumn branches can be pitted to promote the germination of the second autumn branch with 2-3 buds under the cut, and increase the number of the last branches (bearing mother branches) and flower heads, thus increasing the yield of young wampee. Specifically, fertilization should be applied once before fruit picking to ensure soil moisture, so as to promote the early autumn branches to germinate in time after fruit picking, and pick the core in time after the autumn branches mature, so as to promote the two buds under the incision to germinate the late autumn branches and become fruiting branches in the second year, or to promote the buds under the incision to directly develop into flower heads in the second year. 5. Flower bud differentiation: Autumn shoot is the fruiting mother branch of Huangpi fruit tree in the second year, and it is easier for Huangpi autumn shoot to differentiate through flower bud. The main measures to promote flower bud differentiation are as follows: (1) Cultivating robust fruiting mother branches: fertilizing before and after fruiting, and fertilizing in time during the growth and development of autumn shoots to promote timely and robust fruiting mother branches. The germination period of autumn shoots is controlled from fruit picking to the end of 10, and 12 stops growing and maturing. Robust autumn shoots are generally about 15cm long, with a base diameter of 0.4-0.8cm and 6-8 compound leaves. They are dark green, robust and free from pests and diseases. (2) Pest control: During the germination, growth and development of autumn shoots, we should strengthen the inspection of the occurrence of pests and diseases, and immediately spray pesticides when finding pests and diseases, so as to reduce the population density and reduce the occurrence of diseases. (3) Appropriate water and fertilizer production: The flower bud differentiation period is from June12 to June of the following year 10. After the autumn shoots mature, reducing irrigation and fertilization will promote the branches to enter the dormant state, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation. 6. flower thinning and fruit thinning to ensure fruit: (1) flower thinning: wampee has a large spike with many florets, each spike is more than 1000, and the flowering period is long, especially for young trees. The flowering period of the same spike can often be as long as 15-20 days, and the fruit setting rate is 3%-6%, which is relatively high. Because of the long flowering period, it not only causes fruit drop, but also leads to different sizes and maturity of fruits in the same ear. In order to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the consistency of flowering and ripening of the same ear, appropriate methods of thinning flowers or cutting short ears can be adopted. That is, from the initial flowering stage to the flowering stage, about 1/3 of the total amount is cut from the top ear. If there are leaflets on the ear, they should be removed at the same time. (2) Fruit thinning: Fruit thinning can increase the size and maturity of fruit. Fruit thinning can be carried out after physiological fruit drop. Generally, abnormal fruit, diseased fruit and small fruit are thinned first, and then dense fruit is thinned according to plant growth, nutritional level and fruit hanging amount. (3) Fruit protection: attention should be paid to insect prevention, disease prevention, bird pecking, fruit cracking and mechanical damage during the fruit expansion period to maturity. The method is: ① fruit bagging. A cylindrical bag made of white newspaper, about 35 cm long and 25 cm wide, covered with fruit ears and tied at the top. ② Tree disk coverage rate. Fruit ripening is the rainy season, and there are often heavy rains. The tree tray is covered with plastic film to prevent rainwater from infiltrating into the soil with the largest distribution of root groups, reduce soil moisture in the tree tray and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking after rain. ③ Strengthen soil moisture management. During the fruit development period, spray water during drought and drain water during waterlogging to keep the environment and soil moist. (4) the weather is sultry, pay attention to check and prevent pests and diseases that harm fruits. Generally, it is not appropriate to apply pesticide within one month before fruit picking. If pests occur, cut off the fruits in time to reduce the spread of pests. Five, wampee 1 pest control. Anthracnose of wampee: Anthracnose of wampee is a common disease in production, which can be infected at all growth stages. The control methods are: (1), scientifically use fertilizer and water, enhance tree vigor, improve plant disease resistance and prevent pathogen infection. (2) Do a good job in rural cleaning, cut off diseased branches and leaves in time, deal with rotten fruits, and reduce the source of overwintering diseases. Apply pesticides in time to protect new buds and young fruits. New shoots should be applied in time at the early stage of germination and flowering and fruit setting. The medicament can be selected from 70% thiophanate WP, 50% triamcinolone acetonide 500-600 times, 75% chlorothalonil 700- 1000 times or 50% carbendazim WP 500 times. 2. Gummosis of wampee: (1). Strengthen cultivation management. Apply more organic fertilizer properly, keep proper moisture, enhance tree vigor and improve plant disease resistance; Don't cause mechanical damage when cultivating soil and weeding in intertillage to prevent bacterial infection. (2) Apply pesticide in time to protect the trunk. It is warm and rainy in spring, so it is necessary to protect the trunk with pesticides in time. Spray 0.5% Bordeaux solution, 50% carbendazim or 600-800 times of 50% carbendazim alternately for 2-3 times, every 7 days/kloc-0 times. (3), timely treatment of sick trees. Check in time, scrape off the diseased tissue with a knife or bamboo stick, and then smear the wound with medicine the next day. The medicament can be coated with Bordeaux solution (i.e. 500g copper sulfate, 50g lime and 20l water), or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 100 times, or 70% thiophanate wettable powder 100 times. (4), pull out the diseased plants. Plants that have been seriously ill and withered should be pulled out in time and burned centrally. Use 1∶ 10 lime sulfur powder to eliminate the pathogen. 3. Yellow bark tip rot: commonly known as "dead top disease", generally occurs in the main producing areas of yellow bark. The control methods are: (1), clear the garden in winter, remove diseased branches, leaves and residues, and focus on incineration to reduce pathogens. (2) Strengthen management, prune in time, prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, appropriately increase application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and improve plant disease resistance. (3) Apply pesticide in time to protect the new buds in the bud stage. The medicament can be 500-600 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 500 times of 40% mirex, or 0/000 times of 70% thiophanate wettable powder/kloc-,or 300 times of sulfur rubber suspending agent. 4. Yellow skin soot disease: (1). It is the basic work to control aphids and scale insects and reduce the source of insects. (2), strengthen inspection, early onset can be timely pesticide control. The medicament can be 300 times of sulfur rubber suspension, 500 times of 40% mirex or 600 times of 30% copper oxychloride suspension. 5. Phytophthora flavescens: (1) Strengthen the cultivation management, timely prune, and do not apply nitrogen fertilizer unilaterally, so that the plants can grow normally and the canopy is ventilated and transparent. (2) Clean the countryside, cut off diseased branches and fruits in time, and reduce germs. (3) Apply pesticides in time. Spray 1-2 times in the bud stage, young fruit stage and yellowing stage of wampee to prevent diseases. The medicine can be 40% ethyl aluminum phosphate 300 times solution, 58% erysipelas manganese zinc 600-800 times solution, or 64% antivirus alum 500-600 times solution. 6. Bemisia tabaci: (1) Avoid mixed planting with rutaceae fruit trees such as citrus and reduce insect sources. (2) Strengthen management, use fertilizer rationally, put bamboo shoots evenly, and reduce the spread hazard. (3) Apply pesticides in time. Apply pesticides before and after the drainage of new shoots to reduce the damage of new shoots. The pesticide can be 40% isocarbophos EC 1000 times, 40% omethoate EC 1000 times, 20% mirex EC 1000 times or 50% dichlorvos EC 1000 times. 7. Yellow-skinned scale insects: (1) Do a good job in cleaning the countryside and reduce the source of insects. (2) Chemical control: In the germination stage of spring shoots, focus on pesticide application to reduce the annual occurrence. The pesticide was killed 800- 1000 times with 40% and 0/000 times with 40% isocarbophos/kloc-. 8. White moth wax cicada: (1) Cut off insect branches in time and burn them centrally. (2) Grasp the initial incubation period of nymph, and carry out chemical control before the concentrated damage is dispersed. 80% dichlorvos 800 times solution, 10% methomyl 2000 times solution or 40% dimethoate 1000 times solution can be selected as the medicament. 9. Yellow-skinned aphids: (1) Check the prevention and control of aphids frequently, and find out early that winged aphids are chemically controlled in the early stage after they move into orchards. (2) The surface of aphid is smooth and waxy. When applying medicine, a small amount of binder, such as diesel oil, soap powder, flour, etc., can be added to the liquid medicine. The medicament can be 800- 1000 times of 40% dimethoate EC or 1000 times of 50% acephate EC. 10, Curcuma longa: (1) Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, cut off the branches and leaves with insects, and burn them centrally to reduce the source of insects in the orchard. (2) Apply the pesticide in time during the shoot-taking period of wampee. Especially in spring and autumn, we should do a good job in protecting the shoots. The medicament can be 600-800 times of 90% crystal trichlorfon, 3000 times of 20% metoclopramide, 500 times of 25% dimehypo or 3000 times of 2.5% dipyridamole. 1 1, Spodoptera flavipectus: (1) Strengthen orchard management, remove weeds and shrubs nearby, especially the plants of Paeoniflora, and reduce the wintering sites of pests and the habitats of adults. (2) Applying pesticides to control larvae in larval stage to reduce adult density. The pesticide can be 800- 1000 times of 90% crystal trichlorfon, 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos EC and 20% metronidazole EC. (3) Bagging as early as possible in the fruiting period to prevent harm. 12, Starscream: (1) Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter to reduce the source of overwintering insects. (2) Strengthen the cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and enhance the ability of plants to resist pests and diseases. (3) Apply pesticide in time to protect new buds and ears and reduce the impact on yield. The key time of applying pesticide is in warm spring and cool autumn, which is the occurrence period of juvenile mites. Selection of chemicals: 40% dicofol 1000 times solution, 73% propargite 2000-3000 times solution, 5% nisolone 1000-2000 times solution, 5% chlorfenapyr 1500-2000 times solution. (4) Protect natural enemies and use biology to control pests. There are many natural enemies of red spider, such as predatory mites, mite-eating ladybugs, lacewings, bedbugs and parasitic fungi (Cladosporium). 13, Monochamus alternatus: (1) Strengthen the cultivation management, carefully clean the fields in winter, paint the trunk white, and reduce the insect source. (2) artificial capture. Capturing adult tissues artificially during adult development; Larvae can be caught with iron wire according to the damaged part, or the insect hole can be blocked with cotton balls dipped in pesticides such as dichlorvos to kill the larvae.