Classification of walnut

Walnuts are divided into walnut group and Juglans mandshurica group, and the walnut group is divided into 1 walnut group and 2 iron (soaked) walnut group. Juglans mandshurica components 1 Juglans mandshurica 2 wild Juglans mandshurica 3 Juglans mandshurica 4 Keppel 5-heart Juglans mandshurica.

2. Excellent varieties and strains.

Walnuts cultivated in China are divided into 1 walnut 2-bubble (iron) walnut population, 1 early-fruiting population and 2-late-fruiting population. Flowering can be divided into male flowers and female flowers.

The following are the main excellent varieties and strains of walnut population, which have nothing to do with variety quality, because the climate is different in different places and cannot be generalized.

1. Late result group

1 Jinlong 1 .2, produced in Shanxi. Gift 1.2, made in Liaoning. 3 Qinhe 1, Xiluo 3, the origin is Shaanxi. 4 and

Jing 746, Yu 786, etc.

2. Early fruiting group

1 Lu Guang. 2 Xiangling. 3 Lin Zhong 1, No.5,4 Liaoning 1, No.2,4,7,5 Shaanxi Nuclear 1. 6 Xifu 1. 7 penicillin 2. 8 golden elephant, golden phoenix. 9 Beijing 86 1. 10 thin shell incense. Bofeng. 1 1 green wave. 12 xinxin 2 13 aza343. 14 temperature 185, new morning peak, etc. . . . .

Walnut (iron) soaking group

1 Pickled walnuts, 2 fragrant walnuts, 3 sets of walnuts, 4 large white walnuts, 5 yellow-skinned walnuts and 6 smooth pickled walnuts generally bear fruit a little later.

Let's talk about the opening characteristics of walnut male and female flowers first.

Walnuts are generally hermaphroditic. And hermaphrodite flowers. The flowering period of walnut male and female flowers is different (bisexual flowers). Male flowers bloom first, female flowers bloom first, and male and female flowers bloom at the same time, which is called hermaphrodite flowers. There are few hermaphrodites. Walnuts usually bloom once a year. Early fruiting varieties have the characteristics of secondary flowering, but generally do not bear fruit. Even if it bears fruit, it is not easy to plant.

Walnut pollination

Walnut is an anemophilous flower, and the best pollination distance is within 100 meters. Some walnut varieties can produce viable seeds without pollination, which is called parthenogenesis, which is generally the phenomenon of male walnut varieties.

Growth and Development Characteristics of Walnut

1 rapid fruit growth period

Generally, it takes 30-35 days from early May to early June, and it can grow to 90%.

2 hard shell stage of fruit

It usually takes 30-35 days from the beginning of June to the beginning of July. The size is basically fixed.

3 oil conversion period

Generally, it takes 50-60 days from the beginning of July to the end of August, that is, the long kernel becomes fragrant and can be eaten. It will mature in half a month. You can harvest it,

The green husk will turn yellow and open. Don't close it too early or too late. Does not necessarily affect the quality.

Soaking walnuts means that the fruit will take 50-60 days longer. Everything else is similar. I won't write if typing is difficult.

I won't say anything about grafting walnut seedlings and rootstocks. I'll just say what kind of technology I'm using

Still want to talk about grafting methods, walnut grafting is divided into outdoor grafting and indoor grafting.

The survival rate of outdoor grafting is generally unstable. Indoor grafting can improve the survival rate. Indoor grafting can be divided into seedling grafting and sub-seedling grafting. The advantage of seedling grafting in my indoor grafting is high survival rate. The disadvantages are complicated working procedures, high cost, controllable greenhouse ground temperature and high technical requirements. Buyers can see obvious grafting marks. The advantages of sub-rootstock grafting are high survival rate, lower cost than rootstock grafting (cost per plant is about 1 yuan), short seedling raising period and higher technical requirements.

Walnut seedlings are 60CM high and the base neck thickness is 1.2CM, which is Grade A, while the small ones are Grade B. Extra-small ones will be bought next year.

Comprehensive management technology of walnut

Walnut blossoms and bears fruit.

Walnut fruit dropping is concentrated in 30-40 days after drying. The causes of walnut fruit drop are often poor fertilization, malnutrition, temperature at the bottom of flowering period, drought and so on. The solution is to strengthen the management of soil, water and fertilizer. Spraying fertilizer on leaves (adding 0.2%-0.3% boric acid) to assist artificial pollination, combing off too many male flowers at flowering stage is beneficial to improve fruit setting rate.

Walnut integrated management

Walnut application fee

1 basal fertilizer can be used in spring and autumn, and it is recommended to finish half of it before defoliation after harvest.

Topdressing is usually applied 3-4 times a year. The first time is from walnut germination to a few days before flowering, and the available nitrogen accounts for 50% of the annual consumption. Be careful not to plant too many seedlings that year. Be careful to burn seedlings. The second time was in June, accounting for 30% of the annual consumption. The third time was in July, accounting for 20% of the annual consumption. This time, compound fertilizer is better. For the fourth time, apply available nitrogen immediately after the fruit is harvested, without applying too much, and apply base fertilizer 20-30 days later. If you apply enough farmyard manure, you won't be short of trace fertilizers. I won't talk about it.

water management

To sum up, don't let the trees lack water before and after germination. Generally, in the dry season in the north, water should be watered twice, before germination and before flowering. May-June, that is, one month after flowering, should be watered once. There is also the fourth topdressing and watering after harvest. There is much rain in the south, so you can water less. At other times, water the leaves when you see them. The dry season varies from place to place, so you can decide for yourself according to the situation there. Don't let the surface water and groundwater level of walnut trees be high. The groundwater level should be lower than the surface1.5m. 。

Plastic trimming

My seedlings are all early-bearing varieties and don't grow too high. There are many branches in the early stage, and the torn branches are in a lower position. My method is to let them grow freely for three years. When you see straight branches and few branches, you can pinch the buds and let them grow more branches. After three years, you can only prune branches that are too dense and too weak, and generally don't let them bear fruit in the first three years. They grow very well. Don't let weak single plants bear fruit. If you are in a hurry, pick flowers manually. When you grow up with the tree, you can cut off the branches that can't be sunburned and the branches that are in a low position, otherwise the tree is too short to work under it. As for the types of trees, you only need to make an orchard grow almost tall and short, so that trees can be trampled well. I believe it's not too difficult, so I won't say it. The summary is one sentence: you grow up too fast.

Management techniques of high-yield trees and aged trees. I won't say it, because there are too many words to type.

Let's talk about how small trees in the north spend the winter.

Young trees are generally not particularly frost-resistant, and the phenomenon of freezing damage is that the epidermis of new branches wrinkles and dies, commonly known as peeling. Prevention methods are as follows:

1 Burying the soil for cold protection means bending the seedlings without shortening them before freezing. Generally, it is effective to bury 20CM-40CM thick soil, but it is laborious.

The second is to cultivate the soil to prevent cold, that is, to bury the tree directly without bending, and the tree will not work if it is high.

Painting white to imitate cold is also done before freezing. The formula is salt 1 kg, quicklime 12 kg, water 30 kg, and some pesticides are added.

Early fruiting variety Baohuaguo

1 artificial pollination:

Pollen collection: collect the male flowers that have just been pollinated, put them in a dry place and dry them in a sunless place. When the temperature is 20-25, 1-2 days, the pollen will be scattered and packed in small glass bottles. Be sure to ventilate the pollen.

Pollination method

The ratio of pollen to water is 1: 5000. 0.02% boric acid can be added to water, and the effect is better.

2. Pesticide application: spraying IAA. 2. Spray 5-7 mg per liter twice at the initial flowering stage of 1, and spray NL- 1 rare earth at the initial flowering stage with 300-800 mg per liter.

Let's talk about walnut pest control first.

1 biological control: it is to protect the natural enemies of insects.

Agricultural control: Burn the diseased branches cut from leaves in winter.

3 manual control: it is to catch bugs.

Mainly focus on chemical prevention and control.

Control of main pests

1 Anoplophora punctata, used in winter: lime 1 0kg, sulfur1kg, half a kilogram of salt, 20kg of water to brush the trunk base, and used 1% Green Wei Lei No.2 in June.

Spraying the trunk with 200 times liquid can drive away adults.

Walnuts raise moths, which are as long as small beetles and harm fruits. At the beginning of June, kill fenpropathrin and fenpropathrin with 2000 times solution, or kill urea No.3 with 2000 times solution, and spray it every 10- 15 days for 2-3 times in total. At the end of July, use 1000 times phoxim or 5000 times solution to kill the ground under the spraying tree. Fill the trees with human urine and feces to seal the soil in winter, and fill the trees with dichlorvos twice in April-June.

There are many kinds of insects. It's too much trouble to say one I'd better sum it up. You are also easier to remember.

Insect control is mainly from April to June, 10, and now it is 10. Nothing to do in January. There is nothing in February. Spraying carbaryl 400 times before the tree germinates in March 15, and spraying it around the trunk and roots. Pour dichlorvos under the tree around April 15 and kill the underground. From April, spray the following drugs once every 15 days, and change to spray. Drugs include: 50% triazophos EC, 50% triazophos EC, triadimefon, phoxim, etc. , 165438+ 10/0 when defoliation stops, 165438+ 10/0, 0 kg of lime, 0 kg of sulfur 1 kg of salt and 20 kg of water. In February 65438, the tree was irrigated with human urine and feces to seal the soil. Insect control will be fine for a year. In June, spray the trunk with 1% green Wei Lei No.2 200 times liquid, don't forget. The leaves, diseased fruits and cut branches of pests and diseases falling under the tree should be collected in time and burned centrally. The root-knot nematode of walnut is a tumor with the size of mung bean at the root. When roots rot, trees will die. Generally speaking, there is something wrong with seedlings. It is effective to spray trees with 10% aniline phosphorus granules 6- 10 kg or 46% triazophos EC 3-6 kg.

Prevention and control of walnut diseases;

From the arrival of the local rainy season to the end of the rainy season, spray the following drugs once every half month, and pay attention to changing the spray, such as 40% carbendazim wettable powder and 70% thiophanate methyl.

Strengthening the management of soil, water and fertilizer can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases and improve the yield. Speaking of this, everyone will understand that walnuts are not so good.

Let's answer some common questions.

Walnut Management-Weeding: Weeding methods include manual weeding and drug weeding. Manual weeding is generally twice a year, once in May-June and once in August-September in the solar calendar, combined with interplanting crop management. Herbicides are generally sprayed twice a year, and the commonly used herbicides are mainly dead leaves and glyphosate. When using drugs to weed, the dosage should be strictly controlled to avoid toxic seedlings. The dosage of the drug has been indicated in the instructions and should be used when using it.

Prepare according to the instructions. Rational use of herbicides in walnut orchard can greatly save labor, control the breeding and flooding of harmful weeds, and ensure the normal utilization of light, heat, water and fertilizer by walnut trees. However, if the herbicide used is wrong or the operation is wrong, it will pose a great threat to walnut trees.

Herbicides available in walnut orchard;

1. soil sealing: it can be sprayed on the ground before the grass seeds germinate in spring to form a drug film to kill the germination of weeds, which is effective for most monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds. The first choice is sec-butylamine (also known as Butyrine and Dilecao), and acetochlor (walnut trees are very sensitive) should never be used, including around intercropping crops and walnut orchards, otherwise it will easily lead to falling flowers and fruits and abnormal leaves.

2, killing green, broad-spectrum type: "paraquat" and "a fire" are both effective, but we must pay great attention to it, choose to spray on windless and breezy days, and don't fly.

Scattered on walnut leaves and green branches (old trunks are not afraid).

3. Contact killing plus sealing: If the best period of ground sealing is missed and weeds have sprouted, the method of "contact killing plus sealing" can be adopted as soon as possible. The specific operation is: spray the mixed solution of paraquat and sec-butylamine on the ground, killing one and sealing the other.

4. Perennial weeds: "glyphosate" has a good effect. This pesticide belongs to systemic conduction broad-spectrum herbicide, which is absorbed by leaves and spreads all over the body, causing physiological obstacles and root rot. It must be operated in windless days, completely avoiding walnuts and crop leaves. For the purpose of environmental protection, slope land should be used carefully. Finally, walnut seedlings are tender, not only the leaves and stems are delicate, so the use of herbicides must be strictly operated and not careless, otherwise it will cause great losses; Conversely, the use of herbicides can greatly save labor costs and ensure the healthy growth of walnut seedlings and trees.

Let's talk about the problems that are easy to occur in the process of planting walnut seedlings:

1, whether the seedlings are healthy: whether the walnut seedlings are healthy is mainly reflected in several aspects, including whether they are healthy, whether there are pests and diseases, whether the roots are relatively complete, and whether there is root rot. Of course, the problematic walnut seedlings will not have a good survival rate. At the same time, we should pay attention to the quality of seedlings.

2, there is a problem with the planting depth: if the planting is too shallow, the seedlings are easy to lose water and dry up; If planted too deeply, the survival rate will be high, but the seedlings will not flourish in the future, and their vitality will be weakened, especially in clay land. The depth is based on the soil trace of nursery seedlings. The sandy land can be planted at a medium depth of 3-5 cm, and the loam and clay land can maintain a normal depth.

3. Too little watering: the main performance is slow germination, and the new one is not bright and does not stretch until death. It is suggested to maintain moderate soil moisture, which can refer to ordinary crops. Walnut trees are relatively drought-tolerant, but their seedlings need moderate water to slow them down.

4. Excessive watering: characterized by neat germination and rapid budding, but gradually the new basal leaves shrink and fall off until the whole plant dies. Digging the root system will find that the new root is very thin, and it will not take root until the root is retted (the root system decays as a whole). It is suggested to maintain moderate soil moisture, and the harm of over-watering even exceeds that of over-drought.

5. Burn the roots with manure: the seedlings germinate slowly or quickly in the early stage, but then wilt and the new leaves fall off until the whole plant dies. When the root system is dug out, the new root will not germinate or the top of the new root will be passivated, aged and rotted. If you dig again, you will find traces of manure fermentation. It is suggested that without experience and technical guidance, base fertilizer should not be applied in the first year of planting walnut seedlings, chemical fertilizer should be applied after ensuring the survival of seedlings, and organic fertilizer should be applied gradually in autumn and next year. Of course, it is more reasonable to dig a big pit in advance and apply decomposed organic fertilizer when conditions, experience and technology permit.

"How to Peel Walnuts", it takes about 130 days for walnuts to pollinate from female flowers to mature fruits.

Before saying "how to peel the green skin", let's talk about the basic standards of walnut maturity. It is generally believed that the inner diaphragm turns brown-most of the exocarp naturally cracks, which is the right time for picking. The reason why the time is so different is that the maturity standard has a certain relationship with the specific use of walnuts. For example, walnuts used for oil pressing can be properly "overcooked", that is, most walnuts can only be picked when cracks have appeared, and the color of walnut inner seed coat can be slightly dark to yellowish brown. Kernel walnuts should be picked earlier, and the inner diaphragm will turn yellow-brown. At this time, the color of nuts is white and attractive, and the taste is fragrant but not greasy, but the oil yield will be slightly lower.

There is a proverb in JD.COM called "Dew hits walnuts". In fact, walnuts should be treated differently not only according to their different uses, but also according to many other factors, such as different varieties of walnuts have different maturity, sunny slopes ripen earlier than shady slopes, and drought ripens earlier than places with sufficient water. Then, how to peel the picked walnuts is nothing more than the following:

1. Peel fresh walnuts: In recent years, the proportion of fresh and tender walnuts used for fresh food and cooking is increasing, and a small amount can be peeled by hand. If the quantity is large, the best way is to peel it with special machinery. The mechanical principle is very simple, just like the toothbrush we use every day, except that the bristles are steel wires. The steel wire is planted on more than two steel rollers and poured with green walnut. The motor drives the steel roller to rotate, brush off the green skin, and then rinse.

2. Remove the green peel from the dried walnut: (1). If you choose it earlier, you can also use "brush skin". However, if this method is used carefully for varieties with thin walnut shells, it may lead to cracking of the shells and contamination of nuts. (2), natural shedding method, that is, when the fruit matures naturally, the green husk naturally cracks and the fruit falls off, this situation should be collected in time to prevent the kernel from browning, and can be combined with shock to fall off; (3) Stack peeled walnuts in a cool place with a thickness of 50-60 cm. When the straw curtain or leaves cover more than 10cm for about 7 days, most of the shells can be knocked off and observed to avoid rot and deterioration caused by excessive stacking; (4), (Recommended method) Peeling with Ethephon, picking walnut green fruits in time, soaking in 0.3-0.5% concentration of Ethephon aqueous solution for 30 seconds, and then composting, more than 90% of walnut green fruits will peel in 5 days or 2-3 days at most, with high temperature and rapid peeling. This method has the advantages of high efficiency, good quality, less land occupation and labor saving. After peeling walnuts, rinse them with clear water in time, and select reasonable and properly handled walnuts. It is best not to bleach them and dry them directly. Walnuts go bad easily in the sun and exposure. If the color after rinsing is not ideal, it can be soaked in bleaching powder saturated solution with 10 times of water for 8- 10 minutes, taken out, rinsed with clear water and dried. China is the best container for bleaching solution, and ironwood is not allowed. Thin-shelled walnuts should be carefully bleached.

The reason for the huge price difference of walnut seedlings,