The names ferrous metal and nonferrous metal often make people misunderstand that ferrous metal must be black, but it is not. There are only three kinds of ferrous metals: iron, manganese and chromium. And none of them are black! Pure iron is silvery white; Manganese is silvery white; Chromium is grayish white. Because the surface of iron often rusts, it is covered with a mixture of black ferroferric oxide and brown ferroferric oxide, which looks black. No wonder people call it "black metal". Usually referred to as "ferrous metallurgy industry", it mainly refers to the steel industry. Because the most common alloy steels are manganese steel and chromium steel, people regard manganese and chromium as "ferrous metals".
Except for iron, manganese and chromium, all other metals are non-ferrous metals.
In nonferrous metals, there are various classification methods. For example, according to the specific gravity, aluminum, magnesium, lithium, sodium, potassium, etc. Those whose specific gravity is less than 5 are called "light metals", while copper, zinc, nickel, mercury, tin, lead and so on. If the specific gravity is greater than 5, it is called "heavy metal". Gold, silver, platinum, osmium and iridium are more expensive and called "precious metals"; radium, uranium, thorium and polonium are radioactive and called "radioactive metals"; niobium, tantalum, zirconium, lutetium, gold, radium, hafnium and uranium are more or less found in the earth's crust.
Ferrous metal minerals include: iron ore, manganese ore, chromium ore, vanadium ore and titanium ore;
China ranks first in the world in titanium and vanadium reserves, accounting for about 70% of the world. Titanium ores in China are distributed in 10 provinces. Titanium ore is mainly titanium ore, rutile and ilmenite in vanadium-titanium magnetite. China's titanium and vanadium resources are mainly distributed in western areas such as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi, and Panzhihua is the main storage area. Panzhihua titanium dioxide reserves are 898 million tons, including 597.8 million tons in the table, accounting for 93% of the national reserves and 59% of the world reserves. The total vanadium reserves are V2O5,259.6 million tons, accounting for 58% of the national reserves and 34.7% of the world's. It was recently released in China.
China is rich in manganese resources. At present, there are 2 13 manganese ore areas with a reserve of 560 million tons. Ranked second in the world. The proven manganese ore areas in China mainly include: Wafangzi manganese mine in Liaoning; Fujian Liancheng manganese mine; Hunan Xiangtan, Minle, Agate Mountain, Xiangtaoyuan and other manganese mines; Guangdong has manganese mines such as Dai Xiao and Xinchun. Manganese mines such as Bayi, Xia Lei and Lipu in Guangxi; Gao Yan manganese mine and Jiaodingshan manganese mine in Sichuan; Guizhou Zunyi manganese mine. Guangxi has the most manganese deposits in China, and Xia Lei manganese deposit in daxin county is the largest manganese deposit in China. Chongqing Xiushan is located in the "Golden Triangle of China Manganese Industry" in Chongqing, Hunan and Guizhou. It is the largest production base of manganese ore and electrolytic manganese in the world at present, and is called "the first manganese capital in the world". The proven reserves of manganese ore in its territory are as high as 50 million tons, and the total predicted prospective resources are 20 1773500 tons. 1/4 of the national total reserves.
Among ferrous metals, only iron ore and chrome ore are in relative shortage in China.
Iron ore The proven iron ore areas in China are 1834. The total ore reserves are 46.3 billion tons, ranking fifth in the world. Large and super-large iron mines mainly include: Anshan-Benxi Iron Mine in Liaoning, Jidong-Beijing Iron Mine in Hebei, Handan-Xingtai Iron Mine in Hebei, Lingqiu-Pingxingguan Iron Mine in Shanxi, Wutai-Lanxian Iron Mine in Shanxi, Baotou-Baiyunebo Iron Rare Earth Mine in Inner Mongolia, Lutong Iron Mine in Shandong, Ningwu-Lu Lu Longitudinal Iron Mine, Huoqiu Iron Mine in Anhui, Erdong Iron Mine in Hubei, Xinyu-Ji 'an Iron Mine in Jiangxi and Minnan Iron Mine in Fujian.
China is short of chrome ore resources, with proven reserves of 6.5438+03095 million tons and retained reserves of 6.5438+0095.110,000 tons, mainly distributed in Tibet, Xinjiang and other places. There are 56 chromite producing areas, mainly including salto Sea in Xinjiang, Luobusa in Tibet, Hegen Mountain in Inner Mongolia and Jill on Gansu Avenue. But there are few rich mines, which is far from meeting the needs.
2. Nonferrous metal minerals include copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, nickel, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt, tin, bismuth, molybdenum, mercury and antimony; These include:
The reserves of tungsten, magnesium, tin, bismuth and antimony in China rank first in the world.
China is the country with the richest antimony resources in the world. The total antimony reserves are 2.78 million tons, ranking 1 in the world. Antimony reserves account for 40% of the world total. Antimony producing areas are 1 1 1. It is distributed in 18 provinces (regions) in China, mainly in Xikuangshan and Banxi in Hunan Province. Large factories in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Yawan Antimony Mine in Gansu and Xunyang Mercury Antimony Mine in Shaanxi. Xikuangshan, Hunan Province is a super-large antimony deposit. Guangxi has the largest antimony reserves, accounting for about 4 1.3% of the whole country.
China is the country with the richest tungsten resources in the world. There are 252 proven mineral deposits distributed in 23 provinces (regions). The total reserves are 2.529 billion tons, ranking 1 in the world. The output also ranks first in the world. China's tungsten reserves are four times that of other countries in the world combined. In addition to the original super-large tungsten polymetallic deposit in Shizhuyuan, Hunan Province, Zhangye has initially proved that there is a super-large tungsten deposit with an estimated mining capacity of 6.5438+0 million tons. The proven tungsten deposits in Jiangxi mainly include Xihuashan, Piaotang, Dajishan, Pangushan, thrush 'ao, Hukeng, Xiatongling and Fumeishan. Xingluokeng, Fujian Province; Shizhuyuan, Xintianling and Yaogangxian in Hunan Province; Sawboard Pit and Lianhua Mountain in Guangdong Province; Daming Mountain and Coral in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Tagouer Tungsten Mine in Gansu Province
China's tin production accounts for more than 30% of the world total. By the end of 1996, the cumulative proven reserves of tin mines in China reached 5,603,700 tons, and the retained reserves were 4,074110,000 tons. The basic tin reserves account for 24% of the world's basic tin reserves (7.7 million tons). There are 293 proven tin mines in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, mainly large factories, corals and waters. Dongchuan, Yunnan; Hunan Xianghualing, Hongqiling and Yejiwei tin mines. Gejiu tin super-large deposit in Yunnan is a world-famous tin capital; Guangxi is one of the regions with the richest indium and tin resources, ranking first in China. Nandan Dachang mining area has a metal reserve of over 700,000 tons, which is the largest tin deposit in Guangxi.
China has the largest magnesium reserves, and magnesite is the main raw material for extracting metallic magnesium. Two-thirds of the world's magnesite reserves are concentrated in China, and the output of 1/2 is provided by China. China plays an important role in the magnesite market in the world. By the end of 1996, there were 27 magnesite mining areas in China, with magnesite reserves of 3 million tons/kloc-0 million tons, distributed in 9 provinces (regions), among which Liaoning magnesite is the most abundant, accounting for 85.6% of the country. Shandong, Tibet, Xinjiang and Gansu followed closely. Among more than 20 mineral deposits, 10 has 94% reserves. The world's light-burned magnesium production capacity is about 2 million tons, and China's output accounts for about 50% of the world's total output.
Bismuth: It is reported that China's bismuth reserves account for at least 18.2% of the world's total reserves, and it also ranks 1 in the world. Among them, the estimated total amount of tin and bismuth resources in Jinbantang mining area of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province is 820,000 tons (including 65.438 million tons of bismuth), with a potential economic value of 7 billion yuan. China has become the absolute leading country of bismuth in the world. The exploration results make Jinchuantang Mine the largest bismuth deposit in the world (the world's bismuth reserves are less than 80,000 tons, the resources are 280,000 tons, and the bismuth reserves in the approved list of this mine are 959 10 tons).
China is rich in molybdenum resources. By the end of 1999, China's total molybdenum reserves were 8.336 million tons, ranking second in the world. The annual output of metallic molybdenum in China is nearly 30,000 tons, ranking second in the world. There are 222 molybdenum deposits distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Mainly in Daheishan, Jilin; Yangjiazhangzi and Lanjiagou in Liaoning Province; Jinduicheng, Shaanxi Province; Molybdenum deposits such as Luanchuan, Henan. The molybdenum resources in Henan Province are the most abundant, accounting for 30. 1% of the total reserves in China.
China's lead-zinc mine reserves are the second in the world, and it also has advantages. There are more than 700 lead-zinc mines, mainly including Xilin, Heilongjiang Province; Hongtoushan and Qingchengzi in Liaoning Province; Caijiayingzi, Hebei Province; Baiyinnuo, Dongsheng Temple, Jiashengpan and Tanyaokou in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Xicheng (Changba), Gansu Province; Lead cave mountain in Shaanxi province; Xitieshan, Qinghai Province; Shuikou Mountain and Huangshaping Mountain in Hunan Province; Fankou, Guangdong; 5 departments in Zhejiang Province; Cold water pit in Jiangxi province; Qixia Mountain, Jiangsu Province; Large factories in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Lanping, Huize and Dulong in Yunnan Province; Lead-zinc mines such as Daliangzi and Xiacun in Sichuan Province. Jinding, Yunnan is a super-large lead-zinc deposit discovered in recent years.
China is one of the countries with rich mercury resources in the world. The total storage of mercury is 8 1.400 tons, ranking third in the world. There are 103 proven mercury producing areas, which are distributed in 13 provinces (regions), mainly Wanshan, Wuchuan, Danzhai and Tongren in Guizhou. Hunan Xinhuang and other mercury mines are the largest in Guizhou, accounting for 40% of the national mercury reserves.
China's copper and bauxite reserves are also very large. At present, 9 13 copper producing areas have been proved, and the accumulated proven copper reserves are 73.7252 million tons (1997), mainly including: Duobaoshan, Heilongjiang; Jintagetu Mountain and Huogeqi in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Hongtoushan, Liaoning; Tongling copper mine concentration area, Anhui province; Dexing, Chengmen Mountain, Wushan and Shuiping in Jiangxi Province; Hubei Daye-Yangxin copper concentration area; Shijiazhuang, Guangdong; Zhongtiaoshan area, Shanxi Province; Dongchuan, Yimen and Dahongshan in Yunnan Province; There are many marathons, chardonnay and pine trees in Yulong, Xizang Autonomous Region. Ashele and other copper mines in Xinjiang. Dexing copper mine in Jiangxi and Yulong copper mine in Tibet are both super-large deposits. In recent years, a number of large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered in the East Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, Zhongdian in Yunnan and along the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet, and the newly proven copper resources are12 million tons. Up to now, more than 80 copper deposits/kloc-0 have been discovered in Tibet, of which more than 30 have reached the prospective scale of large and medium-sized deposits. The potential of copper resources in Tibet is expected to reach more than one-third of the whole country. At present, China's copper reserves accounted for 12. 1% of the world's reserve base in that year, ranking third in the world after Chile and the United States.
Bauxite has 365,438+00 producing areas, mainly including: Ji, Shigong, Wang Xiang, Xihedi, Taihu Stone, Guopianliang-Leijiasu, and wide lawn; Caoyao, Maxinggou, Jiagou, Shi Si, Zhulingou, Jiagou and Zhijian in Henan; Zibo, Shandong; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Pingguo Nadou; Guizhou Zunyi (Tuanxi), Dai Lin, Xiaoshanba and other bauxite areas. The total reserves of bauxite are 2.27 billion tons, ranking seventh in the world. But it can't meet the demand and still needs to be imported in large quantities.
After the discovery of large-scale nickel mines in Jinchuan and Xinjiang, the nickel reserves in China have greatly increased, and there are nearly 100 nickel mines. Mainly Hongqiling and Red White Pine in Jilin Province; Jinchuan, Gansu; Kalatongke and Huangshan in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Lengshuijing and Yangping in Sichuan Province; Nickel mines such as Baimazhai and Mojiang in Yunnan. Jinchuan Nickel Mine in Gansu Province is the second largest nickel mine in the world, but China's total reserves are only 7.84 million tons, ranking ninth in the world. In 2004, China produced 60,000 tons of nickel every year, consuming1450,000 tons. It also needs a lot of imports.
By the end of 1996, there were 50 cobalt mining areas/kloc-0 in China, distributed in 24 provinces (regions), of which Gansu Province has the largest reserves, accounting for about 30% of the total reserves in China. The reserves of cobalt metal are 4,765,438+0.6 million tons, and the resources of cobalt metal are about 6,543.8+0.4 million tons. In recent years, the annual consumption of cobalt in China is stable at about 65,438 0.200 tons, and the domestic cobalt production includes about 600-700 tons of cobalt oxide every year. Domestic cobalt production can't meet domestic demand, and it needs to import about half every year.