Private medical institutions founded by Putian people in Fujian. Since 1980s, barefoot doctors in Putian have been using local newspapers, internet and small advertisements to publicize the therapeutic effects of various specialized diseases, which was all the rage for a while, but was criticized for the poor patient experience.

Most of these hospitals are private hospitals specializing in andrology, gynecology, infertility and plastic surgery. When the state's investment in public hospitals is decreasing year by year, and hospitals outsource unprofitable departments, Putian itinerant doctors took the opportunity to become "doctors" in regular hospitals.