Period; Its general life span is 40 years to 100 years, so it is called "longevity tree". Apricot trees are generally 5 to 7 meters high, with sunny crowns, dense branches, wide oval leaves, thin and blunt serrated leaves, and slightly hairy or hairless leaves. The fruit of apricot tree is round, called apricot, with red and yellow skin and meat about half a centimeter thick; There are three kinds of almonds: denuded, semi-denuded and sticky. The surface of the nucleus is smooth, and there are grooves on the edge; Almonds are thin and hard, with almonds in them. Almonds can be divided into sweet and bitter. Apricots generally weigh 20 to 70 grams, and the largest can reach more than 100 grams. Apricot trees have strong adaptability, and the skin of adult apricot trees is thick, which can resist the cold of MINUS 20 or 30 degrees. Apricot trees have developed roots and are buried deep, which is almost the same as the height of the trees, so they are cold-resistant.
Edit the morphological characteristics of this paragraph
Deciduous trees, 5-8 meters high, DBH is 30 cm. Dry skin is dark grayish brown, without terminal buds, and 2-3 winter buds are clustered. apricot tree
Simple leaves alternate, the leaves are oval to nearly round, 5-9 cm long and 4-8 cm wide, with short tips, round or nearly heart-shaped bases, rounded serrations at the edges, pinnate veins, 4-6 pairs of lateral veins, smooth surface of leaves, sometimes hairs between axils, smooth petioles, 2-3 cm long, and 1-6 glands near the leaf base. Calyx narrowly cylindrical, sepals reflexed when flowering; The flowers are white or reddish, with 25-45 stamens, shorter than petals, and the fruit is spherical or ovoid. When mature, it is mostly shallow or yellow-red, slightly hairy. The seed nucleus is oblate, flowering in March-April, and fruit ripening in June-July.
Edit the origin distribution of this part.
Originated in Xinjiang, China, it was widely distributed in Qinling Mountains, north and south of Huaihe River with a small amount of cultivation.
Edit the ecological habits of this apricot tree
It is a positive tree species with deep roots, light-loving, drought-resistant, cold-resistant and wind-resistant, and its life span is as long as 100 years. It is the main cultivated fruit tree in low mountain and hilly areas.
Edit the garden use of this paragraph.
Bloom in early spring, first flowers and then leaves; You can plant pines and cypresses by the lake or cliff beside the pool or in front of the courtyard hall, which is very ornamental. apricot tree
Breeding and cultivation: seed breeding is the main method. Because there are many varieties of apricot trees, seedlings are often used as rootstocks (seedlings of peaches and plums can also be used as grafting breeding), and seeds need to be piled up in wet sand to accelerate germination when sowing. Easy to dry at low temperature.
Edit this paragraph variation
Prunus sibirica
The main differences with apricot trees are: spiny branchlets, small leaf shape, long apex or tail tip, wedge-shaped or wide base, two more flowers in one bud, pink and white color, and fruit without edible value.
Prunus armeniaca
The main characteristics of this variety are small leaf shape and drooping branches. Fraxinus P.mandshurica Koehne is a common tree species in the same genus, which is characterized by dark gray bark, deep cracks and thick cork layer. The leaves are broadly elliptic or ovoid with uneven double serrations. Flowers solitary, sparse, symbiotic, red or light brown. Location: Northeast China and South Inner Mongolia.
The application value of editing this paragraph
Apricot trees generally germinate in early April and bloom in mid-April, with a flowering period of 5 to 7 years. Every year, apricot blossoms bloom on hillsides, river banks and roads.
[1] The face is white, like yarn, like a dream, like fog, and fragrant and refreshing. At the beginning of May, as the apricot blossoms wither. Green apricots are hanging high on the branches. Apricot has two growth climaxes, the first in early May and the second in July, but it is weaker than the previous one. After that, apricot trees are dotted with green apricots, and a bumper harvest is in sight. The breeze is blowing, and the green apricots are swinging on the branches, which is really gratifying. Apricots ripen in the wheat harvest season in May and June every year. From a distance, the trees are all golden yellow. At this time, it is very important to choose them. Apricots are not easy to store and transport, so they should be harvested early with green leaves to avoid falling leaves. Picked red apricots and white apricots should be transported to the fruit market in time. Generally, apricots should be peeled and dried quickly. Apricot is a favorite fruit, which is rich in nutrition and vitamins. Apricots can be made into preserved apricots, apricot jam and so on. Almonds are mainly used to extract oil, and can also be made into food. They also have medicinal effects, such as relieving cough and moistening intestines. Almond is a traditional commodity in China, which exchanges a lot of foreign exchange for the country every year; Apricot wood is hard and is a good material for furniture; Apricot branches can be used as fuel and apricot leaves can be used as feed. Apricot trees are all treasures, and they are farmers' cash cows. With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of foreign trade, there is an increasing demand for apricots and almonds. In the future, all parts of the country can cultivate according to conditions, further improve varieties, do a good job in transplant experiments, and move apricots from the north to the south, so that people all over the motherland can eat apricots and almonds to meet people's needs.
Edit this paragraph for further reading.
Mahogany boat has an article "Mountain Apricot" in his Baidu Mountain Master Space, which combines narrative and description, blends scenes and has a strong local flavor. You can read it to get information and increase your understanding. The interception is as follows: I remember when I was a child, apricot trees brought me a lot of joy. As soon as the east wind blows, you can see from a distance that the shadow of winter has not dispersed in the boundless mountains. Apricot flowers are in bud, full of color, red and beautiful, which is really charming. When spring is more and more like spring, the branches of red apricots are really full of the breath of spring, which is really a taste and weather that exists every day. Slowly, the red apricot tree gradually faded, but it was pale again, which made people think and daydream. Unconsciously, the flowers have blossomed, and Xinger is showing off its branches with a little green. Without your attention, Xinger began to paint yellow and red, and began to mature. The best medicine for this season is June and July in the solar calendar. Because we are in a mountainous area here, apricots from other places came up in May and June. I was still at school at that time, and I was already thinking about it when Xinger grew up. Sometimes I go on Sunday, and sometimes I go after school. At that time, I didn't appreciate the leisure of fruit and green leaves. I have always felt that these beautiful things are natural and will not be lost. Small meat first wants to hug one or even two almond trees with thick bowls, and then see which branch has good fruit, so he climbs hard to the target and keeps stuffing it into his trouser pocket. It's greedy to tie a knot and put it inside if it can't hold it. Think about it, if these Xinger are not delicious, I won't be like this. But to be fair, apricots are rotten, but what is really delicious is really worth remembering. We have apricot trees at home, which were issued by the brigade. That apricot tree grows well, with about two bowls of thick mouths. Its trunk is straight, with branches on it, and it is crooked. From a distance, it looks a bit like a mushroom, more like a folded umbrella. I just described the flowers she opened, and I said the fruits she bore, so I like them very much. Every time she bears fruit, she seems to be filled with joy, but the next year she seems a little tired, and there is no result. The next year, she brought another apricot tree with many fruits. This apricot tree is good, not ripe yet. Adults and children have stoned it. When we went to pick it, there was not much left. ..... There are real apricots in the mountains, which is different from what I just said. It is a kind of medicinal material. The trunk is much thinner and the fruit is slightly larger. It ripens late and tastes bitter. These apricot trees ...
Edit this section of pest control.
The main pests and diseases of apricot trees are: apricot scab, black spot, gummosis, apricot weevil, aphid, red spider, coccidiosis, boat moth and so on. However, scab, black spot and coccidiosis are more harmful, so the following comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent and control them. First, from winter to germination, clear the dead leaves in the orchard, cut off diseased branches, destroy them centrally, scrape off old bark, remove the source of diseases and insect pests in winter, and reduce the base of diseases and insect pests. 2. Spraying branches with 5 Baume sulfur mixture before flowering to prevent overwintering eggs such as apricot scab, black spot and coccidiosis. 3. Apricot weevil was found to be harmful to trees from mid-March to early April. Using its suspended animation, shake the tree in the morning, artificially kill insects and remove fruits, and spray the mixture of 20% fast killing 2000 times and 50% carbendazim 600 times in time. Other pesticides and fungicides can also be used to control apricot weevil and apricot scab, black spot and perforation. 4. Spraying 40% Juma EC with 1 0,000 times and 200 times of Sukeling in mid-April can control apricot scab, black spot, perforation and peach aphid. In mid-May and mid-June, 2000-3000 times of mirex, 0/000 times of mirex/kloc-and 0/500 times of domaine/kloc-were used to control diseases and insect pests such as red spider, ostrich, black spot and perforation, and the adults of red-necked Apriona germari were artificially killed. In the middle and late June and July, the collected but not dispersed ship caterpillars were killed manually, or 2000 times of prochloraz was sprayed in time for control. Seven, spraying before germination, that is, the flower bud expansion period, can use imidacloprid 4000-5000 times solution. Using imidacloprid 4000-5000 times and cypermethrin 2000-3000 times after germination can kill aphids and treat almond bees. Aphids can be controlled by using 1500 times aphid disinfectant after fruit setting.
Edit the summary of high quality and high yield cultivation techniques of young apricot trees in this section.
Apricot is one of the important tree species of deciduous fruit trees. Its fruit is rich and colorful, delicious, and has high nutrition and health care value. Apricot trees are cultivated in the open air and generally mature from the end of May to the middle and late July. In addition, they are not resistant to storage and transportation, and they can eat fresh fruit only for two months in a year. In order to make apricot fruit mature early and prolong the supply period of fresh fruit, shandong institute of pomology began to carry out the cultivation experiment of young apricot trees in Pingdu and other places from 1997, and explored the cultivation techniques of high quality and high yield in apricot protected areas, which was successful.
Cultivation technical measures
The field soil is sandy loam, and the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in 0-40cm soil layer are 43.3× 10-6(ppm) and 6.83× 10-6 respectively. 、 1 17? 6× 10-6, organic matter content 0.68%, pH 7. 14. Planting in early and middle March, using agate apricot, walnut apricot 1 year fast-growing seedlings, preparing soil according to the planned size of solar greenhouse, and improving the sticky or sandy soil by mixing sand or clay. Apply 2 ~ 3m high-quality organic fertilizer with good maturity in the shed? 3。 Dig planting ditch, ridging, and plant seedlings in the north-south direction on the ridge, with the row spacing of 0.9m× 1.5~2m ~ 2m. When the new shoots grow to about 15cm, apply quick-acting fertilizer, and alternately apply underground topdressing and foliar spraying. Usually, the topdressing is about 50g of urea per plant underground, and 0.3% urea and 0.4% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed on the leaves every 10 ~ 15 days 1 time for 3 ~ 4 times in a row. After August, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly used, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves for 2 ~ 3 times. From the end of September to the beginning of June, organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer were applied at 5438+00, 500kg of chicken manure and 75kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer were applied in each shed. After the shed is closed, each plant is applied with about 100g urea before germination, and after flowering and 10 ~ 15 days, each plant is applied with 1 potassium persulfate compound fertilizer 100g, and 0.3% urea and 0.3% ~ 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed at the same time. Water the seedlings once after planting, and then determine the amount and time of watering according to the specific situation. Water the shed once before the plastic film is fastened, and once again when the plastic film is removed after the flowers wither. Appropriate irrigation should be carried out according to the soil moisture condition during the fruit expansion period and hard core period. Prune at the end of May and the beginning of June, select 7 ~ 12 branches (buds) with good angles, and smooth the rest. When the new shoots are 40cm long, choose 2 ~ 4 key cultivation and carry out V-shaped or happy pruning. The other new branches are cored to promote two branches, and the upright branches on the back are repeatedly cored, and too many dense branches are smoothed. Spraying 2000 times paclobutrazol at the beginning of August can inhibit the growth of new shoots and promote flower formation. Spray every 10 day 1 time. If the length is out of control, spray it again. In the middle and late August, the branches are open. 1spraying110% ~12% urea in early October promoted early defoliation. Prune before the shed is buckled, remove too many dense branches and long branches standing on the back, remove pests and diseases, and adjust the tree structure. After the greenhouse temperature rises, the flowering period should be cut off again, and some fruiting branches with excessive flowers should be cut off to control the amount of flowers. Before the fruit expands to maturity, the new shoots should be cored many times to control the vigorous growth of the new shoots, improve the fruit setting rate and the weight of a single fruit, and smooth or twist the new shoots standing on the back to prevent the "trees growing on the trees" from deteriorating the illumination inside the crown. After the fruit is harvested and uncovered in the first half of May, the combination of internal shrinkage and thinning can adjust the growth balance of the tree and prevent the compensatory growth. Flower and Fruit Management The special microclimate in solar greenhouse prolongs the flowering period of apricot trees, but shortens the opening time of a single flower, and the high air humidity is not conducive to pollen transfer and pollination and fertilization. Therefore, the following measures should be taken to strengthen pollination and fertilization: storing powder and feeding; Brush with a feather duster; During the flowering period, the height of the hive is close to the middle and upper part of the crown, so that bees will meet flowers as soon as they leave the hive. Sparse flowers and fruits. Thinning out late flowers and weak flowers, thinning out complicated fruits, small fruits and abnormal fruits, leaving 3-4 fruits in long fruit branches, 2-3 fruits in middle fruit branches and 65,438+0 fruits in short fruit branches, so that the fruits are evenly distributed in the crown. Spray 3 ~ 5 times before germination after insect control in the shed. It is a mixture of sulfur and stone. Before flowering, spray 5% Aphidine 3000 times solution and bactericide Soliba 120 times solution. Persistent calyx is easy to cause fruit rot and should be removed.
Structure of shed facilities and regulation of indoor environmental factors
The structure and construction of the facility adopts bamboo or bamboo-wood cement structure as string solar greenhouse. East-west strike, 50 ~ 80m long, 8.4m span, back wall height 1.6 ~ 2.0m and ridge height 2.8~3.4m. The back roof is 1.2 ~ 1.6m long, the front roof is straight or slightly arched, and the front height is1.0m. There are three rows of columns (front column, waist column, middle column), wooden column or cement column, which form an angle of about 85 degrees with the ground. Brick walls are 50 ~ 60 cm thick, sandwich type and filled with hay or sawdust. When the thickness of the earth wall is 80 ~ 100 cm, it is made of "dry paving" or snakeskin bag. The back roof is about 50cm thick, which is made of corn stalks wrapped in plastic film and pressed with soil. The heights of rear wall vents are 0.6 ~ 1.6m, 6 ~ 10. The top air outlet is a two-piece membrane type, and the joint between the membrane and the back slope is opened during ventilation. The skeleton spacing is 60 ~ 80 cm. The mulching film is black or colorless, and the shed film is a long-life non-dripping polyethylene (or polyvinyl chloride) film. The grass curtain is 3 ~ 5cm thick, 0/.2 ~1.4m wide and at least 0.5m longer than the front roof. Use No.8 iron wire, anchor it, and pad boards or bricks at the contact with the wall, with a spacing of 40cm. The workshop is 4 ~ 8m2, and the two doors are at 90 degrees. The indoor environmental factors in the shed began to be regulated from1997165438+1October 23rd, and began to heat up from 65438+February 25th. First, pull up 1/3 straw mats in the daytime, then pull up 1/2 straw mats, and pull up all straw mats on 1998 1.2, and start to heat up as a whole. Cover the greenhouse with plastic film 20 days before heating up 15 ~ 20 days, so that the ground temperature will rise slowly first, and when the greenhouse heats up, the ground temperature will be coordinated with the temperature. Remove the plastic film after flowering to prevent high temperature from damaging the roots. Different growing periods need different temperatures. Before germination, it was 15 ~ 22℃ during the day and higher than 5℃ at night. Flowering period: during the day 15 ~ 18℃, with a maximum of 23℃ and 7 ~ 8℃ at night. The fruit development period is lower than 27℃ during the day and higher than 5℃ at night. When the fruit is nearly ripe, the temperature is 25 ~ 365438 0℃ during the day and lower than 65438 05℃ at night. If the outdoor temperature is above 10℃ at night, it is not necessary to cover the grass. When the temperature is close to the maximum temperature during the day, to release outdoor air, it is generally against the wind first. If the temperature continues to rise, the foot wind can be released, but it is best to have a film at the foot of the front roof to prevent the cold wind from blowing directly on the apricot trees. When the temperature drops to a limited low temperature at night, use a stove or brazier to heat it. Different growth periods need different relative humidity of air in the shed. About 80% before germination; Flowering period is 45% ~ 65%; The fruit development period is 60% ~ 70%; 50% ~ 60% is close to maturity. When the air relative humidity is too high, it can be reduced by ventilation and plastic film mulching, and flooding should be avoided when watering. When the temperature permits, uncover the straw cover as soon as possible and put it late to increase the light. If there is no rain or snow on a cloudy day, it should be uncovered and scattered light should be used. Use drip-free film and spray waterproof drops before use to reduce the condensation of water vapor on the film. Clean the shed film in time. Control the height of southern plants to prevent blocking the light of northern trees.
Technical effect
1997 planted agate apricot seedlings in March of that year, and1998 matured in the middle and late April. The fruit is neat, with an average single fruit weight of 55.7g and a maximum of 75 g. The fruit surface is even, smooth and without spots. The average result per plant is 765438 0.5, and the highest is 65438 0.30. The average yield per plant is 4.0kg, the highest yield per plant is 7.2kg, the shed area is 650 square meters, and the yield is 1294.3kg, which is equivalent to per mu yield 1327.6kg(666.7 square meters). According to the current garden price of 30 ~ 40 yuan/kg, the output value per mu can reach more than 40 ~ 50 thousand yuan.
Editing this apricot winter cut depends on the age of the tree.
During this period, the pruning of young trees and early fruit trees should give consideration to both shaping and fruiting. The extension branches of main branches and side branches should be lightly cut and extended, and generally two-thirds of the total branch length should be left for short cutting. Sparse crowded branches, multi-branched branches, overlapping branches and strong flourishing branches, and control the growth of competitive branches and upright flourishing branches. For developing branches with moderate growth and relatively wide angle, they should be released slowly to promote the germination of short branches and middle branches, increase the number of fruiting branches, and retract in time after flowering or fruiting to form fruiting branches. The middle and short branches have a large angle and are easy to bloom, so try to keep them. For young trees with weak growth potential, they should be appropriately shortened, dense branches and twigs should be removed, thicker branches should be kept, and upright branches should be flattened as auxiliary branches to promote the development of thick and short fruit branches. In the full fruit period, trees should be thinned and weakened according to the growth of branches and the spatial situation of each part of the crown, so as to maintain stable fruiting parts and growth potential. For weak main branches, lateral branches, perennial auxiliary branches, fruiting branches and drooping branches, the strong branches are partially retracted or raised to restore their growth potential. Update and rejuvenate the lower and inner branches of the crown in time, so that they can continuously produce new robust fruiting branches. Retract or sparse the dense branches and strong branches at the upper and outer parts of the crown to improve the illumination in the inner room. In the aging stage, trees change their heads by using branches with small back angle and vigorous growth in the middle and lower parts, or shrink into upright branches to promote the germination and renewal of cryptobuds. Long branches with suitable positions should be cultivated into main branches and fruiting branches. For the bearing branches and bearing branches, based on the principle of "removing the weak and retaining the strong", we choose to keep the robust branches and buds for updating and pruning. If the tree is extremely weak, the regeneration is difficult to be effective. Under the premise of strengthening fertilizer and water management, the main branches and large branches can be regenerated in large quantities at the annual position of 10 ~ 15, and a large number of new branches can sprout in that year.