The working characteristics of backhoe excavator are: backward and downward, forced soil cutting. It is suitable for excavation below the shutdown working face. The basic operation methods include ditch end excavation, ditch side excavation, straight line excavation, curve excavation, keeping a certain angle excavation, ultra-deep ditch excavation and ditch slope excavation.

Generally, the maximum digging depth of backhoe is 4 ~ 6m, and the economical and reasonable digging depth is 3 ~ 5m. Backhoe excavators need to be equipped with earth-moving vehicles for transportation when digging. The main technical parameters to be considered when selecting an excavator include bucket capacity, radius of gyration, digging force, digging height and depth, etc.

2. Front shovel excavator

The front shovel excavator has greater digging force than the backhoe excavator of the same specification, and can also be used for site leveling. The front shovel excavator is characterized by moving forward and cutting the soil forcibly, which is suitable for digging the soil above the parking surface. The main operating parameters include boom length, maximum digging radius, depth, digging height and bucket capacity.

Step 3 pull a shovel

The shovel is suitable for one to three types of soil, and can be used to excavate earthwork below the parking surface of large foundation pits (ditches) and ditches, and to excavate underwater soil, and can also be used to level large sites, fill subgrade, dams and the like. The main operating parameters include boom length, maximum digging radius, depth, digging height and bucket capacity.

4. Long arm excavator

The long-arm excavator is mainly suitable for slope trimming, river dredging and earthwork excavation of building foundation, river and deep ditch in expressway. It can also be used for demolition of high-rise buildings and other operations. The main technical parameters include: total length of boom and bucket, working weight, bucket capacity, maximum digging height, maximum digging depth, total height, etc.

5, earthwork transportation vehicles

When the soil dug by the excavator needs to be transported away, the productivity of the excavator depends not only on its own technical performance, but also on whether the selected transportation mode is coordinated with it.

In order to give full play to the production capacity of excavators, the load of earth-moving vehicles should keep a certain proportion with the weight of soil in each bucket of excavators, and there are enough vehicles to ensure the continuous operation of excavators. The model, quantity and load of earthwork transport vehicles should be selected according to the specific engineering characteristics (construction period, soil quality, transportation distance and market environment).

6. Drum

According to the different principles of force application, rollers are divided into four series: static pressure type, tire type, vibration type and stamping type. The specific model should be selected according to the requirements of construction conditions, compaction parameters, soil quality and construction period.

7. Bulldozer

Bulldozer can dig, move and unload independently, and has the characteristics of flexible operation, convenient rotation, small working face and fast driving speed. It is mainly suitable for shallow excavation and short-distance transportation of one to three types of soil, such as site cleaning or leveling, small-depth foundation pit excavation, small-height backfill and subgrade pushing.

8. Motor grader

Grader is a kind of earth-moving machine that uses scraper to level the ground, which is suitable for building subgrade and pavement, building slope and excavating side ditch. It can also mix pavement mixture, sweep away snow, push loose materials and maintain dirt roads and gravel roads.

9. Scraper

Scraper is a kind of machinery that can comprehensively finish digging, moving, unloading, filling and leveling. Flexible operation, no terrain restrictions, no need for special roads, high production efficiency. Suitable for large-scale leveling, large-scale ditch excavation, field transportation, subgrade filling, dams and other large-scale earthwork projects.

10, loader

Loaders are mainly used for shoveling bulk materials such as earth, sand, lime, coal, etc., and can also shovel light mining materials and hard soil. Loader has the advantages of fast working speed, high efficiency, good maneuverability and simple operation, and is one of the main types of earthwork construction.

The main technical parameters to be considered when selecting loaders are bucket capacity, loading capacity, driving speed, climbing ability, loading height and so on.

1 1, small rammer

Common small rammers are divided into frog type and vertical type, which are compaction machines that tamp backfill layer by layer by impact and impact vibration. Small rammers should be used to tamp the road grooves or edges with less workload or which cannot be reached by road rollers.