Cultivation and management techniques of winter peach
Tao Dong is a deciduous perennial tree with strong adaptability, cold tolerance and drought resistance. It is a kind of tree that likes temperature and light, and its PH value is 7.5-8. Peach fruit is rich in vitamins, amino acids, protein and other nutrients. The content of vitamin C is 3.4 times that of kiwifruit and 6.3 times that of apple. Winter peach ripens late, and ripens in 165438+ 10. Other fruits are harvested when they are ripe, which just fills the gap that there is no fresh fruit in winter.
First, the planting technology of winter peach
(1) Preparation before planting peach seedlings
1, deep ploughing and soil improvement. Before planting, the soil should be deeply ploughed, matured and improved. Deep tillage can improve soil structure and physical and chemical properties, and promote microbial activities.
2. Determine the planting line. According to the specified row spacing, the planting lines shall be demarcated with measuring ropes, that is, reference lines shall be set at representative places or 2.5-3 meters along the ditch, and then all planting lines shall be measured according to the specified row spacing, marked with stakes or marked with lime powder.
3. Dig planting ditches. According to the measured planting rows, the planting ditch is 60-80 cm wide and 70 cm deep, and the planting pit is 70-80 cm wide and 70 cm deep.
4. Selection of seedlings. Choose the first-class seedlings that are robust, free from pests and diseases, with large roots, many fibrous roots and full buds.
(2) Determination of planting density. Generally, the plant spacing should be 5 m× 5 m or 5 m× 6 m, with 27 or 22 plants per 667 square meters.
(3) Time and method of colonization
1. Planting time: Generally, peach seedlings are planted after defoliation and before germination. The specific planting time can be spring planting or autumn planting.
2. Planting method: After digging a planting pit with a depth of 20 cm and a width of 20 cm, plant according to the specific steps of three burying, two steps and one seedling raising.
(4) Management of peach seedlings in the year of planting
Dry the seedlings in time after planting. The survival of peach trees should be investigated after leaf spreading in spring, and the missing trees should be replenished in time. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen pest control, fertilizer and water management and intertillage weeding. From late May to early June, when the branches grow to 50 cm, three main branches are selected, and the rest are cored and dug.
Second, the comprehensive management of winter peach
Summer management
1, pest control. In order to prevent the occurrence of Tetranychus urticae, the whole garden was sprayed with Baume-sulfur mixture. Dig up the root soil and check for root rot. If yes, scrape it off, coat it with 50 times of 40% sodium aluminum foscarnet solution, carefully check whether there is a cow hole, dig out the larvae with a knife, plug the wormhole with dichlorvos cotton wool or aluminum phosphide (1/8- 1/4), and seal the wet mud after plugging.
2, plastic trimming. After germination, the germination under the plastic belt of the newly planted young trees should be erased to reduce nutrient consumption. From the end of April to the end of the month, when the branch reaches 3-5 cm after the bud moves, according to the requirements of plastic surgery, select 1 extension branch with slightly upright lateral branches, erase the bud with bad direction and angle, adjust the main branch and extend the extension direction and angle of the branch. From the cut, unclog the cluster branches and pest branches, and shrink the long fruit branches and middle fruit branches of the last fruit.
3, intertillage weeding. Attention should be paid to prevent new roots from being injured in intertillage weeding, and chemical herbicides can be used if conditions permit. If there is too much rain and there is water in Taoyuan, it should be drained in time.
(2) Winter management
1, apply base fertilizer. On June 5438-/KLOC-0-0, base fertilizer was applied, including soil miscellaneous fertilizer, manure and calcium superphosphate. The amount of application depends on the size, growth and fruiting of the tree. Fertilization method: Young trees should be applied in circular furrows, while big trees can be applied in radial furrows. Take the trunk as the center and dig 4-8 radial furrows 50 cm away from the trunk.
2. Dig deeply and cultivate. Improve soil by applying base fertilizer and deep ploughing. At the same time, raise the soil to prevent soil erosion and water accumulation. In autumn and winter, it is generally 1 time, and the lifting height is generally not more than the root neck.
3, Qingyuan, cold. Clean up dead branches, pests and leaves, carefully scrape off old bark, remove wintering eggs, burn them centrally, and paint young branches white to reduce sunburn and freezing damage.
Step 4 harvest. 165438+ 10 When the fruit is ripe, it can be harvested. Selecting fruits, grading in time and packaging.
Third, shaping and pruning
(1) fixed work. Seedlings should be fixed after planting, and the height of the fixed stem is generally 20~50 cm.
(2) tree shape. According to the growth and fruiting characteristics of fruit trees, it is also suitable for different planting forms and densities. Winter peaches can generally be grouped and beaming.
(3) winter scissors. From June 65438+ 10 to February 65438+2, pruning methods such as short cutting, thinning and retraction can be used to prune the extension branches, fruiting branches and fruiting branches of the main branches.
1. Trim the extension of the main branch. To maintain the growth and pruning of the extended branches, generally cut 30-40 cm. When the extension branch angle is appropriate, the lateral buds should be left, and the branches should be bent and extended left and right to prevent the branches from dying due to excessive extension. If there is a strong branch at the lower part of the extended branch, the update can also be retracted.
2. Prune the fruiting branches. Generally, the following two methods are adopted. (1) single branch regeneration, the long fruit branches should be lightly cut and kept for a long time. When the fruit is pruned in the growing period after harvest, it will shrink at the new branches, and the newer branches will be cut short. ② Double-branch regeneration. In a fruit branch group, if there are two long fruit branches, one leaves 15-20 cm for fruiting, and the other leaves 2-3 buds for short cutting as spare branches to make them grow. After the fruit is harvested, when pruning during the growth period, the fruit will be thinned and branches will grow from the base. Re-cut new shoots from the prepared branches.
3. Culture and regeneration of fruit branches. The proportion of different fruiting branches is closely related to shape tolerance. Results The position of the branch group should not be too high. Generally, there is no branch group at the top of the longitudinal and lateral branches, and it is better to stay at the position diagonally above both sides of the longitudinal and lateral branches. Branches cannot take uniaxial extension.
Pruning of fruiting branches is mainly to renew and maintain fruiting ability. When the germination rate of the fruiting branch group decreases and the fruiting part moves up, it means that the fruiting branch group is weak and needs to be retracted and updated. Cut off 65,438+0-2 flourishing fruit branches together with the mother branches, and keep the middle, lower, middle and short fruit branches away. The slender or strong upper branches and weak lower branches of the lateral branches should be retracted and trimmed in time. Strong branches of suitable height can be thinned out.