(1) After defoliation, remove the stem, scrape off the bark, cut off the branches of diseases and insect pests, dead branches and damaged branches, clean up the dead leaves in jujube orchard, and burn them centrally to eliminate winter diseases and insect pests.
(2) After scraping the old bark, paint the trunk (the proportion of whitening agent is 0.5 parts of vegetable oil, 3-5 parts of sulfur mixed stock solution, 0. 1 part of salt, 0/0 part of quicklime/kloc-0, and 30 parts of water), and brush off the wintering Calligonum and Calligonum from the trunk.
(3) Before freezing, deeply turn over the tree tray, pick out insect cocoons and pupae, and eliminate pests such as jujube inchworm, green blind stinkbug, peach moth, jujube gall midge and peach moth. Overwintering in soil, watering frozen water for 65438 0 times.
④ 1 65438+1In late October and early March, the whole tree was sprayed with 5 Be sulfur mixture1time to eliminate overwintering spider mites, scale insects and dry rot.
⑤ In the middle and late March, wrap 6- 10cm wide plastic tape on the lower part of the leaf, and turn the upper part upside down to prevent the jujube inchworm from climbing the tree. At the same time, bind a pyrethrin ring p 1000 times, and change it every half month/time, killing jujube inchworm and jujube weevil.
⑥ Before germination, water and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and urea or diammonium 150-250g should be applied to 3-year-old trees. As a result, 500- 1000g of urine was applied to trees. In jujube orchards with lobular disease or yellow leaf disease, zinc sulfate or ferrous sulfate 500- 1000g was applied to the trees, and it was applied at multiple points in circulation. Before watering the saline-alkali land, spray 20-30ml of Hekang saline-alkali eliminator on each plant land. Water the young trees and cover them with plastic film.
April (budding period)
(1) before germination, trim, cultivate and adjust the skeleton structure to make the layout reasonable and ventilated. 1-4-year-old young trees are generally not sparse; More than 5 years old, treated with dense branches and long branches; In 7-8 years, the fruiting branches were updated in time, and the trees were not pulled out to open branches.
(2) Spraying 0.3-0.5 times of sulfur mixture at the initial stage of seed germination to control red spiders and scale insects.
(3) Trapping and killing adult jujube armyworm with black light.
(4) After germination, the inappropriate or redundant jujube heads should be erased in time.
⑤ Spraying 5% carbendazim EC 1000 times or 10% imidacloprid 4000-6000 times or chlorpyrifos 1500 times and mirex No.3 2000 times in the middle and late April to control jujube inchworm, red spider, jujube armyworm, jujube weevil and green.
⑥ In late April, phoxim particles were scattered in the tree tray within the range of 1m, and the unearthed date gall midge and date weevil were killed by shallow hoeing.
In the first half of May (branch-drawing and leaf-spreading stage)
(1) In early May, spray 0% Caltex Diclofenac EC 99.65438+200-300 times (or 1000 times) to control jujube gall midge, red spider, gypsy moth, green blind stinkbug, jujube inchworm, etc.
② In the middle of May in the dry year, the jujube orchard was watered 1 time before flowering, diammonium phosphate 150-300g for young trees and 500- 1000g for fruit trees. For the vertically growing jujube tree head, the branch opening angle should be extended to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the tree body, alleviate the growth potential and promote fruit setting.
Late May (before flowering)
① Picking jujube heads in late May, and picking secondary branches from late May to early June. Hanging dates and removing stones are carried out in the middle and late June. The sooner you pluck the heart, the better the effect of flower and fruit protection.
② Spraying 10% liuyangmycin 1000 times+10% nicotine emulsifiable concentrate +800 times nail tray or 2000 times acaricide +800 times nail tray before flowering to control jujube ticks, jujube armyworm, red spider and jujube black spot.
(3) From late May to early June, after the rain, it is best to spray phoxim particles in the tree tray within the range of 1m from the trunk to kill pests such as peaches.
June (flowering period)
(1) When each jujube hangs 3-8 flowers, girdle or girdle. Generally, the girdling width is110, and the maximum width should not exceed 1cm. It is advisable to heal in 25-30 days, and the girdling of big trees and strong trees can be appropriately wider, while the girdling of small trees and weak trees should be narrower. Trees that are too thin or too weak for girdling can be girdled with 2-3 knives at intervals of 3-5cm on the trunk or main branch, 1 week later 1 knife. After girdling 10 days, applying 1000 times of guochong can prevent onychomycosis. Generally, jujube trees can only be girdled 1 time a year, and individual trees that are too prosperous can be girdled twice.
② Spraying gibberellin 1 times 1.5 mg/kg when the date blooms to 5-8 in the first half of June, and adding 0.2%-0.3% borax and 0.5% glucose at the same time to improve the fruit setting rate.
③ When the flowers are nearly 50% open, clean water can be sprayed 2-3 times every two days in the evening, or 0.3% urea or 600 times jujube Feng Te can be added to protect the flowers and fruits.
④ Insects such as scarab, yellow spot stinkbug and jujube weevil were captured artificially in late June.
(3) Spraying acaricide 2000 times+Bao 2000 times+iprodione 600 times+jujube Feng Te 800 times from late June to early July to control jujube armyworm, peach moth, cotton bollworm, beet armyworm, red spider, turtle streak, macular stinkbug, ring rot, rust and jujube leaf spot.
⑥ From late June to early July, young trees were applied with 150-250g diammonium phosphate and 500g potassium sulfate, and the fruit trees doubled. Combined with fertilization, water 1 times fruit-promoting water. After watering, the jujube orchard is paved with 20-25 cm thick wheat straw or weeds, and the grass is covered with soil and compacted to prevent wind and scraping.
July (young fruit period)
① Spraying 1 times Bordeaux mixture in early July to prevent jujube rust. Black light was used to trap and kill adults, and BT emulsion was sprayed for 500 times to control nymph of peach moth.
(2) thinning fruit in the first half of July, with strong trees per jujube 1 fruit, medium trees with two jujubes 1 fruit and weak trees with three jujubes 1 fruit, so as to increase the weight of single fruit and reduce fruit drop.
③ In mid-July, spraying Junteke 600 times+100- 140 international unit agricultural streptomycin and jujube Feng Te 600 times to control beet armyworm, cotton bollworm, jujube rust, jujube leaf spot, ring rot and fruit shrink.
④ Spraying 400 times of Ludebao+Baiweite 1500 times in late July to control jujube rust, jujube leaf spot, ring rot and red spider.
August (fruit expansion period)
① Spraying 1% Nongkang 75 1 aqueous solution 300 times+100- 140 international unit agricultural streptozotocin to control jujube fruit shrinkage and jujube leaf spot.
② Spraying 65,438+00% nicotine emulsifiable concentrate or 65,438+00% cycloserine in the middle and late August to control jujube tree armyworm, fruit fly, Alternaria leaf spot and fruit diseases.
September (fruit coloring period)
① Spraying diniconazole 1000 times+140 times of international unit agricultural streptomycin +600 times of Zaotefeng+Meilin calcium in early September to control jujube rust, anthracnose, fruit shrinkage disease, peach fruit borer, turtle streak, etc. At the same time, it can improve the quality of fruit and enhance the storability of fruit.
(2) At the beginning of September, grass stems were tied at the base of tree trunks and branches to attract overwintering pests such as jujube armyworm, jujube moth and red spider.
③ In mid-September, 600 times of Verticillium oxysporum and 300 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate were sprayed to control ring rot.
④ In the middle and late September, base fertilizer was applied to jujube orchard, organic fertilizer1-30kg, calcium fertilizer 0.25kg and urea 0. 15-0.25kg were applied to 3-year-old trees, and hole-expanding ring fertilization was adopted. Apply 50-75kg organic fertilizer, 0.5- 1 kg calcium fertilizer and 0.2-0.5kg urea to 4-8-year-old trees. Iron and zinc fertilizer can be applied to trees with iron and zinc deficiency.
10 month (fruit ripening)
① 10/65438+ spraying 600 times of silver fruit+high-efficiency calcium+agricultural streptomycin at the beginning of October to improve fruit quality and storability and prevent fruit rot.
② Winter jujube was harvested in batches at 5438+00 in early and middle June, and the best harvest was after dew drying in the morning.
(3) After the fruits are picked, spraying carbendazim 600 times or thiophanate-methyl 800 times on the trees, collecting and eliminating pests and diseases, and reducing the source of pests and diseases.
Occurrence and integrated control techniques of main pests and diseases of winter jujube
Author: []
1. Occurrence and harm of main pests and diseases of winter jujube
1. 1 Occurrence and harm of main pests
1 jujube geometrid is the main pest in winter jujube production. It uses larvae to destroy the tender buds, leaves and buds of jujube trees, and wraps them with silk to hinder the extension of buds and leaves. When the damage is serious, the buds, leaves and buds of jujube trees can be eaten up, which is extremely harmful.
Jujube gall midge damages young leaves, buds and young fruits with larvae. After the young leaves are damaged, they are distorted into tubes, purple, hard and brittle, and then turn black and wither; After the bud is damaged, the calyx expands and cannot be opened; Young fruits turn yellow and fall off after eating.
3. Callicarpa jujubes. The insect harms nymphs and adults by sucking the sap of 1 ~ 2-year-old branches and leaves, and secretes a large amount of excrement, which causes the parasitism of coal-contaminated bacteria, causing early defoliation, young fruit shedding, weak tree vigor, and even pruning or whole plant death in severe cases.
4 jujube tree armyworm, which harms buds and leaves with larvae, sticks two leaves with spinning and feeds on them; This insect also eats flower buds, bites off flower stalks and decorates flowers on branches with silk. Damaged flowers become dry, but they will not fall off. In the later stage, the larvae gnaw at the peel or eat the fruit, and discharge the feces in the fruit, which leads to the early shedding of the damaged fruit.
Small peach fruit eater, which damages the fruit with larvae, eats it vertically and horizontally, and the fruit is full of insect dung, and the jujube fruit turns red and falls off, so it has no edible value.
1.2 Occurrence and harm of major diseases
1 Jujube Rust The large-scale concentrated rainfall in the main producing areas of winter jujube in summer has caused the occurrence area of jujube rust to expand and do great harm. The disease mainly harms leaves, and convex khaki blisters are scattered or gathered on the back of the injured leaves. It is the pathogen of summer spore piles, mostly occurring on both sides of the main vein, at the tip of the leaf and at the base of the leaf. In the later stage, the leaf epidermis was broken and yellow powdery summer spores were scattered. In severe cases, it will turn yellow and fall off, or even all the leaves will fall off, which will not only affect the yield of the current year, but also affect the growth and fruit of the next year.
Anthracnose of jujube mainly harms the fruits and leaves of winter jujube. When jujube fruit is damaged, pale yellow water stains first appear on the injured part of the shoulder or waist, and then irregular yellow spots gradually form, forming a round and concave disease spot in the middle, which expands and turns black, causing fruit dropping, bitter and inedible. The damaged leaves turn yellow-green and fall off, and some are hung on jujube racks, which are black and burnt. The disease can be infected at flowering stage, but it usually doesn't start until the fruit is near maturity and harvest.
2. Comprehensive control technology of major pests and diseases
2. 1 Cultivation management measures
1 Strengthening soil and fertilizer management, improving garden soil fertility, drainage and drought-resistant irrigation, promoting the robust growth of trees and improving the ability to resist pests and diseases have obvious effects on reducing the occurrence and harm of jujube rust, jujube anthracnose, red spider and jujube beetle.
2. reasonable pruning. By pruning, the garden can maintain good ventilation and light transmission conditions, and timely intertillage and weeding can reduce the occurrence of red spider, jujube rust and jujube anthracnose.
2.2 Physical Prevention and Control
According to the biological characteristics of main diseases and insect pests of winter jujube, physical control methods can be used to control diseases and insect pests. That is to say, in autumn and winter, clean up the dead leaves under the trees in time, combine pruning, cut off the branches of dead fruits and diseases, scrape off the old bark and burn them centrally. At the same time, the soil in the garden was plowed in autumn and winter, which destroyed the overwintering site of pests, reduced the population density and reduced the harm of diseases and insect pests such as jujube tortoise shell, jujube inchworm, peach moth, red spider, jujube rust and jujube anthracnose. When there is ice in winter, knock on the branches in time to shake off dates, turtles and wax scales. During the period of 1 ~ 2 years old, the larvae of jujube inchworm can be shaken off and destroyed in time by using its suspended animation.
2.3 chemical control
Chemical control should choose the right time to achieve the best control effect. Spraying 10% diesel emulsion or 5% Be stone sulfur mixture before germination to control red spider and jujube turtle scale insects. At the beginning of March, a plastic film belt was tied around the base of the trunk. The upper edge of the belt was coated with a layer of insect-repellent medicine belt, and a straw rope was tied below it. Change 1 time every half month, burn the changed ones, prevent female jujube trees from climbing trees, and induce female jujube trees to lay eggs in them and kill them collectively. Spraying 0.067% ~ 0. 1% solution of 50% monocrotophos before the leaves of trees spread, and spraying 50% phoxim on the ground near the base of trunk 1 m in late April, 7.5 kg per hectare, can kill the mature larvae of the pupated jujube gall midge. At the beginning of May, 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion was sprayed on trees from the early incubation period to the shell formation period. 0.03% ~ 0.05% solution, kill it. After the rain in early June, phoxim granules were sprayed on the ground under the crown 1 m to kill the unearthed peach moth. At the end of June, 50% monocrotophos 0. 1% solution or omethoate 0. 125% solution was sprayed on trees to control red spiders and jujube tortoises. Spraying 0. 167% solution or 0.067% fenxiuning solution of 50% bacteria-removing special powder on the crown in mid-July to control jujube rust. At the end of July, the trees were sprayed with 2.5% deltamethrin 0.03% solution to prevent and control peach fruit borer and jujube wax beetle nymph. Spraying 0.2% carbendazim solution or 0.33% ~ 0.5% ethyl phosphate solution on trees in mid-September to control jujube anthracnose.
Several fresh-keeping storage methods of winter jujube
In order to keep the freshness, excellent quality and flavor of winter jujube and reduce the temperature around the fruit, low temperature storage is a simple and common method.
At present, the widely used preservation technologies of winter jujube mainly include modified atmosphere storage, also known as mechanical modified atmosphere storage. This storage method requires that the thermostatic chamber has good heat insulation and gas sealing performance, and should be equipped with gas regulation and monitoring system. It is on the basis of cold storage, with the adjustment of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, with dual storage and fresh-keeping functions. Unfortunately, this method has high cost and complicated technical level, and the storage period of winter jujube is short, generally only about 3 months.
At present, the most advanced storage method of winter jujube-quick freezing preservation method. Using this technology, winter jujube can be stored at low temperature for more than 12 months after proper freezing treatment. Frozen storage can inhibit the life metabolism of jujube, reduce water loss, and preserve the nutritional components and flavor of fruit for a long time. After long-term frozen storage, the thawed jujube fruit is full, bright in color and crisp and sweet in flesh. The preservation rate of vitamin C is 89%, and the decay rate is lower than 1%. After storage, the fruit does not deform and the pulp does not change color, and the average sensory quality can reach 80-95% before storage. The retention rate of water and soluble solid content is not low, reaching 95%. The fruits stored in it have not been treated with any chemicals or radioactive substances, and can be supplied to the market all year round.