Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word euan, no. Jia Xuan was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). The original word Tanfu was changed to You 'an, alias Jiaxuan layman. The same name as Su Shi, also known as Su Xin. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth." He has been to Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and eastern Zhejiang. At birth, Shandong was occupied by nomadic people. 2 1 year-old joined the anti-Jin army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the birth of 13, Shandong was occupied by the nomads. In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), two thousand people joined the northern anti-Jin army and returned to the Southern Song Dynasty the following year. Throughout his life, he insisted on fighting against nomadic people and recovering lost land. Zeng Jin played "Ten Theories on Meiqin", analyzed the situation of the enemy and ourselves, and put forward specific plans for Qiang Bing's rejuvenation; He also went to the Prime Minister's Ninth Meeting to further elaborate the idea of the Tenth Meeting. Has not been adopted and implemented. When serving in various places, he seriously eliminated the accumulated disadvantages, actively prepared for war, was restrained by capitulationists, and even was dismissed. He once lived in Shangrao, Jiangxi for a long time. The great ambition and talent of recovering the motherland were not displayed, and loyalty and resentment created a generation of great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. Bai Pu, formerly known as Heng, was named Renfu, and later renamed Park, Zi and Ming. Born in Zheng Da for three years in Jin 'aizong (1226) and in Dade, Yuan Chengzong for ten years (1306), his whereabouts are unknown. Originally from Li Ao (now Hequ County, Shanxi Province), he moved to Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and lived in Jinling (now Nanjing City) in his later years. He was a famous writer and dramatist in Yuan Dynasty.

Bai Pu was born into a family of bureaucrats and scholars. His father, Bai Huawei, Jin Xuanzong, was a scholar for three years (12 15) and was tried by the Privy Council. Guan Zhongbai was buried between Taihe and Jin Zhangzong. He was a county magistrate, and his uncle died young, but he had a poetic name. The White House and Yuan Haowen are family friends and close friends. Children in these two families often communicate with each other in poetry.

Bai Pu was born in such a family. He should have been carefree and studied for knowledge, so as to become famous in the future. However, when he was a child, he happened to be in the era of war, and he had to endure the time with his family in fear and confusion. Shortly after his birth, Nanjing, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, was surrounded by Mongolian troops. Baihua, who was in the center, was busy with the survival of the Jin Dynasty all day and had no time to take care of his wife and children. In the first year of Jin Aizong (1232), the Mongolian army attacked the city with artillery, and Aizong made up his mind to abandon the north of the city and return to Germany. Bai Hua had to leave his family in Bianjing and cross the river with Aizong alone. In March of the following year, Bianjing City was broken, Mongolian troops were looted, the city's gentry were killed, and wealth was plundered, unprecedented. During the war, Bai Pu lost her mother and son. Fortunately, when Yuan Haowen was in the city, he and his sister were taken in and saved their lives in the mutiny and famine. At the end of April, Yuan Haowen crossed the river with Baipu brothers and sisters, stayed in Liaocheng temporarily, and then lived in Guanshi (now guanxian, Shandong Province) county magistrate Zhao Tianxi. Although Yuan Haowen was also a minister who fled for his country, his life was extremely hard, but he took the Baipu brothers and sisters as his own flesh and blood and took good care of them. Baipu was attacked by the plague and her life was dying. Yuan Haowen held him in his arms day and night, but he broke out in a sweat and recovered on the sixth day after the epidemic. Bai Pu is smart and open-minded, and likes reading since he was a child. Yuan Haowen cultivated him carefully, taught him to read and study classics, and lived a comfortable life, which made him receive a good education from an early age.

Bai Hua, Baipu's father, defected to the Southern Song Dynasty after the demise of the Jin Dynasty and became the prefect of Zhou Jun. However, soon, the commander of Zhou Jun in the Southern Song Dynasty also surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, and Bai Hua then went north to the Yuan Dynasty. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (1237), when Bai Pu 12 years old, he came to Zhending with some desperate ministers of the rulers and attached himself to the Mongolian general stone who was loyal to the truth on earth. In the autumn of the same year, Yuan Haowen returned to Taiyuan from Guanjia, and the road was really settled. So he sent Baipu's brother back to Baihua, so that the father and son who had been separated for several years could reunite. When father and son met, Bai Hua felt great comfort. He wrote a poem "Man Ting Fang Lie Angel", which expressed his feelings at that time: "He is a general in a castle, in the middle of a ten-year dream. A short coat and a horse, and then look at Zhou Zhenshan. Naihan was drunk in those days, and the sarong was still high and wide. Nowadays, the children in front of the lamp are floating and living happily. " He also appreciated Hao Yuan Wen's kindness in raising children for him. He once said in a poem of thanks, "Although I really became a lost dog, Lai Jun once took care of my children."

With the stability of the north, Bai Pu and his son settled down and calmed down. Since then, according to his father's request, he has written poems and fu, and studied the lessons of the senior high school entrance examination. He made considerable progress in the study of law and fu, and soon became famous for his ability to write poems and be good at fu. At that time, Yuan Haowen often went in and out of Beijing to compile Jin Dynasty history books, so he went back and forth to be calm and concerned about his studies. Every time I go to his home, I should guide his academic career. There was a poem praising Bai Pu: "Bai Yuan is an old family and Zhu Lang is a sage." Encourage him to study hard and achieve something. However, the brutal plunder of Mongolian rulers made it difficult for Bai Pu to heal her spiritual wounds. He was full of disgust for Mongolian rulers, and his mother and son were separated in the war, which made him often lament the mountains and rivers and felt even more sad to serve the rulers. As a result, he gave up the struggle for fame and fortune in officialdom and turned to adapt to the subjugation of the country and the adherents, taking words as his major and venting his depression in his chest with songs.

With the growth of age and the expansion of social experience, Bai Pu's knowledge has improved. In the second year of Yuan Shizu's reunification (126 1), Bai Pu was 36 years old. In April this year, Yuan Shizu ordered various Fu Xuan envoys to improve their literary talents so that they could learn from the candidates and listen to their opinions. At that time, he sent envoys from Henan to the center and recommended Baipu as an official, but he declined. He not only disobeyed Shi's recommendation, but also found it inconvenient to stay in Zhending for a long time, so he abandoned his family and went south this year, which further demonstrated his determination to escape from the world and never be an official again. However, the wife's affection for her son as soon as possible can't be cut off, and she is often forced by his contradictory mood and feels very painful.

Nevertheless, he still wants to stay away from the world of mortals. He went to Hankou first, and then to Jiujiang. 4 1 year-old, returning to calm in the north and passing through Bianjing. Then he went south again, traveled back and forth between Jiujiang and Dongting, and settled in Jinling from Yuan Shizu to the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280). Before and after this, perhaps because of his original death, he calmly attended his wife's funeral. Taking this opportunity, he was suggested to be an official in North Korea, but he declined politely. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Jinling. After that, he mainly traveled to Hangzhou and Yangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, and revisited Yangzhou until he was 8 1 year old. Then, there is no way to find his whereabouts.

Bai Pu is a prodigal son, leaving his feelings between mountains and rivers, but he can't really be isolated from the outside world and turn a blind eye to reality. In addition, his footprint is precisely the desolate situation that used to be prosperous, but now it has been looted by soldiers and fires. The contrast between the scene before and after aroused his resentment against the Mongolian ruler. He used poetry to vent this resentment and accused the Mongolian rulers of evil deeds.

In the 14th year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty (1277), Baipu swam to Jiujiang and then to Baling. Jiujiang's former prosperity was swept away, leaving him depressed and deserted. He couldn't help but sigh with infinite sadness: "I don't know how the world has changed, but the soldiers saw Sichuan alone bleeding and sighed that Yueyang Tower used to sing and dance, and the prosperity was over." As for Jinling's nostalgia for the past, Hang Cheng's "Gu Su Works in Linping of Southern Song Dynasty and Six Dynasties" expressed the feelings of adherents from all over the world. "Hurting time and discipline are all between the lines." His emotional injury is revealed in his brushwork.

Bai Pu was, after all, an intellectual in feudal times. Although he feels sad and sad for his different world and desolate countryside, he is more worried about his life experience. Teana Collection can be said to pour out his feelings about the deserted life in various places. In addition to expressing his will and feelings with words and songs, he also created many zaju, which contributed his talents to the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.

Bai Pu played a more important role in the creation of Yuan Zaju. He, Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu have always been regarded as the four masters of Yuan Zaju. According to Zhong Sicheng's Ghost Record, Bai Pu wrote 65,438+05 kinds of plays, namely: Autumn Night Rain by Tang, The Story of Dong Xiuying's Flower Moon East Wall, Tang's Visit to the Moon Palace, Han Yuliu's Red Leaves, and Xue Qiongxi's Moonlit Night. Plus the remnants of "Li Keyong's Arrow Shooting Two Carvings" recorded in "Shi Sheng Xinsheng", * * * * 16 volumes. At present, there are only three kinds of Night Rain in the Autumn of Tang Dynasty, Dong Xiuying's Flowers and Moon Shadow on the East Wall and Pei's Head on the Wall, as well as the remnants of Han Dynasty's Red Leaves and Li Keyong's Two Archery Carvings, all of which are included in the Collation of Baipu Plays.

In Bai Pu's plays, there are many historical legends, and the plots are mostly about talented people and beautiful women. The existing Night Rain in the Autumn of Tang Dynasty is a love story between Tang and Yang Guifei, and it is the story of an "ambitious" woman, Li Qianjin, who broke through the famous religion and chose her spouse. The former is a tragedy, and it is sad and solemn; The latter is a comedy, with ups and downs and enthusiasm. These two works have always been regarded as successful works in love dramas, with strong artistic vitality and far-reaching influence on the development of later dramas.

In the history of China opera, there were pure story plays in Song and Jin Dynasties, but there were no scripts handed down, so we can't tell the situation of these plays clearly. Yuan Zaju has developed to a very skillful level in plot and characterization, which has laid a solid foundation for the art of China opera. From the preserved plays, we can see that they have twists and turns, prominent themes and strong appeal; The characters in the play, whether Tang, jade bone, Yang Guifei, or Li Qianjin, a clever and brave lady, are all lifelike and have their own personalities. So that Emperor Tang Ming, who is now on the stage of drama, can still see the legacy of this image created by Bai Pu.

Compared with Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu's life circle is relatively limited, so it is impossible to draw materials from the lower classes of society and write the earth-shattering Dou E Yuan like Guan Hanqing. But he is good at using historical themes and acting stories, which Guan Hanqing can't match because of his old topics, new ideas, beautiful words and deep feelings. His position and role in the history of literature and drama, as well as his achievements in drama art, have long been important research topics in literature and art.

Bai Pu compiled his ci into a collection before his death, which is called "The Collection of Teana". By the Ming dynasty, it had been lost and the words were chaotic. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yizun and Hong Sheng began to arrange and publish. There are more than 200 poems in the complete works, most of which are sentimental works except for some entertainment and singing. Because of this work, we can learn about Bai Pu's career. His ci works, following the style of Yuan Haowen's long and short sentences, are ups and downs, thick and meticulous, natural and simple.

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. Grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. In his youth, he traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong, met Li Bai twice and forged a profound friendship.

In the fifth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (746), Du Fu came to Chang 'an. The following year, he took the imperial examination of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the obstruction of treacherous court official Li, none of the candidates were admitted. Since then, there is no way to make progress and live in poverty. It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) that he got the position of "from Wei Ling to Fu" and was responsible for guarding the arsenal. In the same year, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Du Fu was visiting relatives in Fengxian County (now Pucheng, Shaanxi Province). In the second year, he settled in Qiang village of Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and defected to Su Zong, who ascended the throne in Lingwu (now Gansu Province). On the way, he was captured by the rebels and taken to occupied Chang 'an, during which he witnessed the killing and looting atrocities of the rebels and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (757) that he ventured to Fengxiang (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was awarded the post of left. Soon after, he was demoted to join the army as secretary of Huazhou for helping to look after the house. Since then, he was very disappointed with the real politics, gave up his official position, moved his family to the west, and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, named Du Fu Cottage. Later, he was recommended by Yanwu as a clerk and Yuanwailang in the collating department. After Yanwu's death, he left Chengdu and his family lived in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Sichuan). Two years later, from Kuizhou to Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong (770), the poet died in a boat on the Xiangjiang River.

His poems are famous for their richness and variety in art, sometimes bold and unrestrained, sometimes gloomy and sad, or colorful or plain. He is good at metrical poetry and the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His poems are harmonious in rhythm, concise in wording and sentences, and "obsessed with human kindness, words are not surprisingly endless", which is a true portrayal of his rigorous creative attitude. In the history of China literature, he is known as a "poet saint". More than 400 of his/kloc-0 poems have been handed down to this day. This is Du Shaoling.

Du Fu Caotang is one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, which is located on the Huanhua River outside the west gate of Chengdu. It is the former residence of Du Fu, a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, when he lived in Chengdu.

Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770), with a beautiful word, was named Shaoling Yelao, and was also called Du Gongbu because he was the inspector of the Ministry of Industry. A native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, lived in the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, had a bumpy life and eventually failed. Because of his brilliant achievements in poetry creation, he is known as the "sage of poetry" and has spread more than 400 poems/kloc-0.

At the end of winter in 759 AD, Du Fu went into exile in Chengdu to escape the Anshi Rebellion. The following spring, with the help of his friends, he built a small house next to the beautiful Huanhua River, which is the Chengdu Caotang, which is called "Wan Li Qiaoxi House, Baihuatan Beizhuang" in his poem. He has lived here for nearly four years, leaving more than 240 poems, such as Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Shu Xiang and other famous works, among which "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" is an eternal masterpiece.

Du Fu lived and made friends in Chengdu, and his poems, paintings and calligraphy were endless. "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets on the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " This poem "Four quatrains (the third)" vividly depicts the spring scenery of the Bo family that the poet saw in the thatched cottage. In 765, Yanwu died of illness, and Du Fu, who lost his only support, had to reluctantly bid farewell to Chengdu.

Today's Du Fu Cottage has been restored many times, covering an area of more than 240 mu, and it is one of the most concentrated tourist attractions in Chengdu. In the thatched cottage, nanmu towering, Meizhu forest, winding streams, staggered bridges and pavilions, Chai Men flower path, winding path leading to a secluded place, elegant and beautiful garden pattern. The building starts from the main entrance, followed by the Great Temple, the Hall of Poetry and History, the Chai Men and the Hall of Ministry of Industry. Among them, the Great Temple and Chai Men are the original buildings of the thatched cottage mentioned in Du Fu's poems. In the middle of the hall of poetry and history is a statue of Du Fu, and there are couplets and plaques inscribed by celebrities of past dynasties in the hall. There is a portrait of Du Fu in the shrine of the Ministry of Industry, accompanied by Lu You and Huang Tingjian.

1985, Du Fu Caotang was renamed Du Fu Caotang Museum, with a collection of more than 30,000 books and more than 2,000 cultural relics. Including fine engraving, photocopying, manuscripts of Du Fu's poems in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as various modern printed editions, as well as foreign language translations in 15 languages and more than 20 Chinese paintings published in Korea and Japan. Du Fu wrote more than 1000 poems in his life, among which "Three Officials" and "Three Officials" are famous. Du Fu's poems fully expressed his deep sympathy for the people and exposed the sharp opposition between the exploiters and the exploited in feudal society: "The drunken road in Zhumen froze to death!" This immortal poem has been remembered by the people of China for generations. "Dare to love death when saving, and be afraid when you are lonely!" This is the full expression of Du Fu's incomparable love for the motherland, and it is also the reason why his poems are so popular. Du Fu's patriotic hot pillow is also very rich in his masterpieces such as Spring Hope and Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", he praised the patriotic spirit of the broad masses of people who endured all kinds of pains, and even showed readers his childlike innocence of patriotism and love for the people. Out of love for the motherland and the people, it is bound to have a strong hatred for the extravagant and dissolute face of the ruling class and the crimes that bring disaster to the country and the people. This point has been vividly demonstrated in the immortal masterpieces "Car Shop" and "Two Ways". A great patriot's concern for the country and the people is bound to be expressed in other ways. Some of Du Fu's poems about things and scenery, even those about couples, brothers and friends, are permeated with deep feelings for the motherland and the people. In a word, Du Fu's poems are an artistic record of the decline of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu bravely, faithfully and profoundly reflected the extremely extensive social reality with the positive spirit of joining the WTO. No matter what kind of sinister situation, he didn't lose heart. In the long history of China literature, the cognitive function, reference function, educational function and aesthetic function of Du Fu's poems are unattainable.

The greatest artistic feature of Du Fu's poems is that poets often hide their subjective feelings in objective descriptions and let things impress readers themselves. For example, in Two Ways, the poet did not directly reprimand Yang's brother and sister for their debauchery, but the author's love-hate attitude has been fully revealed from their specific descriptions of clothes and diet.

Du Fu's poems are simple, popular and realistic, but they are very skillful. He also often uses monologues and proverbs to highlight the characters' personalities.

Du Fu's poems are especially good at describing details when depicting characters, such as a passage describing his wife and children in the Northern Expedition.

Du Fu's poetic style is changeable, but on the whole it can be summarized as depression and frustration. The cadence here refers to the deep meaning of the article, while the cadence refers to the ups and downs of feelings, tone and syllables.

All these have established Du Fu's supreme position as a "poet saint" in China's literary history of more than 3,000 years.

This place.