At present, the cultivated cherry varieties mainly include China cherry, big cherry, sweet cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry. Because of the different growth and fruiting habits, there are also differences in shaping and pruning. The growth and fruiting habits and pruning of China cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry are basically the same.
(1) China cherry is a small tree or shrub. The growth is weak, the dryness is not strong, the branches are slender, and natural round heads or natural clusters are often used in production. Natural round head, trunk 50 ~ 60 cm, 3 ~ 5 main branches, with fruiting branches on the main branches; Naturally clustered, generally without trunk, there are 5 ~ 6 main branches obliquely growing from the ground, forming a clustered tree, and each main branch has fruiting branches. There are many kinds of cherries in China, which mature earlier than sweet cherries.
China cherry has strong germination ability and can be used for bud regeneration. Dry sweet cherry with weak cold resistance.
(2) Sour cherry is also called European sour cherry. Small trees or shrubs, strong trees, erect or open. Branches are slender and dense, with strong cold tolerance, early fruiting, easy to take root and tiller, and can be used for reproduction or regeneration.
(3) Prunus tomentosa is native to China. A shrub with dense branches and strong germination ability. This species has strong cold resistance, wide adaptability to soil and high yield, and can be used as raw material for peach breeding and dwarf rootstock. Because this species mostly uses seedlings to reproduce, there are many types.
(4) Sweet cherry can be divided into two varieties according to its growth and fruiting habits, represented by Na Weng and Da Zi. The pruning of these two varieties is different.
(1) the types of nanon are crystal and chicken heart. The tree is upright, the young trees grow vigorously, and the ability to form branches is weak, mainly bouquets of fruit branches, and the tree tends to be weak after the result.
For this variety, it is advisable for the central leadership to adopt trunk thinning. During plastic surgery, we should pay attention to opening the angle of the backbone branch by pulling the branch.
Pruning young trees should be moderately short, promote the growth of branches, increase the position of fruit bouquets, pay attention to balance the tree potential when pruning, and prevent "upward force". When the phenomenon of "upward strength" appears, it can be contracted at the weaker branches of the strong branches, or the extended branches can be cut off again. The extended branches of weak backbone branches should be kept for a long time to increase their total growth and promote bold growth. For other branches on the strong branches, especially those with upright back, only 3 ~ 5 cm is left for heavy short cutting, and flowers are slowly released in the next year to promote flower buds. Light cutting and short cutting of weak branches can increase the number of branches and promote the growth of thickening.
Results Branches should be cultured in compact form. When cultivating fruiting branches, medium-strong branches or competitive branches can be used. That is, in 1 year, the medium and strong branches on both sides of the backbone branches are selected, and short nodes of about 20 cm are left; In the second year, the top branch is shortened again as the leading branch of the branch group, the lower branch is sparse if it is too dense, the weak branch is slowly released, and the middle branch is moderately shortened to promote branching; In the third year, the strong branches at the top of the branch group became thinner, and the middle branches and weak branches at the lower part slowly decreased; For moderate and weak branches that have been slowly released and formed leafy branches in the second year, the branches can be shrunk at the weak branches.
On the basis of strengthening the comprehensive management of soil, fertilizer and water, the main branches and fruiting branches of big trees in full fruit stage are pruned in miniature, so as to promote the bouquetlike fruit branches to grow medium and long branches, maintain the growth of trees, maintain the fruiting ability and prolong the fruiting period.
After entering the aging period, we should pay attention to renewal and rejuvenation. If the economic output cannot be maintained, it is necessary to update the whole park in time.
② The types of big purple are early purple, small purple and glass bubble. The posture of the tree is relatively open, the branches are thick, and the resulting parts are easy to move out. After a large number of fruits, the tree potential is easier to maintain.
This variety should adopt natural happy shape or natural clump shape. In the process of plastic surgery, attention should be paid to maintaining the balance between membership and tree length growth, and also to the angle of main branches opening, so as to control the growth of main branches with small opening angle.
When pruning young trees, it is necessary to properly remove the branches that are too dense and flourishing, trim a small amount, and slowly release moderate branches and weak branches to promote the growth of leafy branches. During the growth of new shoots, branching can be promoted by coring to promote flowering and fruiting.
When the bearing branches are cultivated on both sides of the main branches, the medium and strong branches can be chopped; After branching in the second year, the new branches are cored to promote branching; In the third year, the top strong branches are loosened, the moderate branches and weak branches are slowly released, and the scattered fruiting branches are cultivated; After the medium and weak branches are slowly released, they can be cultured into uniaxial elongated fruiting branches.
After a large number of fruits are produced in the full fruit stage, we should pay attention to the slight shrinkage and shearing of the top of the 2-3-year-old branches of the main branches and fruiting branches to restore their growth and fruiting ability and control the outward migration of fruiting parts.
1, shortcut.
Cut off a part of 1 annual branches, that is, short nodes. According to the degree of cutting, it can be divided into light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting and extremely heavy cutting.
(1) is light and short.
That is, the cutting length is less than 1/3 of the total branch length. On young trees, more light and short pruning can alleviate the growth potential and be beneficial to early fruiting. A light and short pruning of the first fruit tree is good for growth and fruit. Chengjiu,
(2) medium and short cutting.
That is, 1/3- 1/2 cut off the branch. When shaping young trees, the extension branches of the main branches and peripheral branches are cut short, which can generally produce 3-5 medium-long branches and 5-6 foliage branches. Generally, 3-5 medium-long branches and 5-6 foliage branches can be produced by cutting short and medium branches in the inner chamber. Cut off the short and medium branches in the bore, and the varieties with strong branches (such as big purple, etc.). ), generally only 1-2 medium-long branches and 3-4 leafy branches are produced. The medium and short cutting of fruiting trees is beneficial to enhance the growth potential, promote the full flower buds and increase the yield.
(3) heavy and short.
That is, 1/2-3/4 cut off the branch. It can reduce the total growth of trees by strengthening the main branches and lengthening the heavy and short branches. Chop the branches on the back of the main branches, and treat the new shoots in the second year by removing the strength and leaving the weakness, removing the straightness and leaving the inclination, so as to cultivate the fruiting branches.
(4) Extremely heavy and short cut.
That is, more than 3/4 branches are cut off, and generally only 4-5 buds are left. Extremely thick and short branches can be used when preparing to loosen over-dense branches or retract multi-branch groups. For the branches to be thinned, the axillary buds at the base are extremely heavy and short-cut, and thinning is carried out after the bearing branches are exposed, which not only maintains the yield of the year, but also enhances the tree potential. Bouquets of fruiting branches can be cultivated by very heavy and short pruning of overgrown trees.
2. Throw it here.
That is, 1 year branches are not cut. After the vigorous and upright branches are thrown out, the number of foliage branches, photosynthetic area and growth increase, which is not conducive to the balance of tree potential and disturbs the tree shape. After the medium growth branches are thrown out, the thickening growth is small, the bouquetlike short fruit branches are increased, the growth is slowed down, and the fruit is early.
3, thinning branches.
That is, cut off the branches from the base. It is mainly used for thinning auxiliary branches, overgrown branches, thin and ineffective branches, pests and diseases, etc. Thinning reduces the number of branches and causes wounds, which has a certain weakening and easing effect on the growth of the whole tree. The bigger and more sparse the branches, the more obvious the weakening and easing effect on the tree potential. Locally speaking, thinning can still inhibit the former and promote the latter, that is, thinning weakens the growth of the upper branch of the wound and promotes the growth of the lower branch of the wound.
4. Shrinkage and shearing.
That is, cut off some perennial branches. Cuttings with reduced branches can revitalize growth and promote the germination of latent buds and the formation of flower buds. Mainly used for rejuvenation of fruiting branches and rejuvenation and renewal of backbone branches.
5. Choose your heart.
That is, before the new top is lignified, a part of the top is cut off. Young trees aim at expanding crown, adding branches and cultivating backbone branches. When the new branches are 30-40 cm long, the heart can be removed. If you want to cultivate fruiting branches, you can carry out two consecutive coring.
6. Pull the branches.
This is a way to manually open the branch angle. It can weaken the apical dominance, slow down the growth potential, improve the germination rate, increase the number of short branches, promote early flowering and fruiting, improve the permeability conditions of the inner chamber, prevent the inner chamber from being exposed and the fruit from migrating outward, increase the effective parts and improve the yield and quality.
7. Carve buds and draw branches.
Cut the 1 knife through the bud to the xylem. In the process of shaping young trees, cutting off the buds on missing branches or smearing branches can promote the development of new branches and expand the crown. For the fruiting tree, bud is carved at the base of 1-2-year-old branches, or new branches are smeared, so that different types of fruiting branches and developing branches germinate in the same year, and fruiting branches are cultivated.
8, twist the tip.
The new semi-lignified shoots are twisted and drooping. Branches with twisted tips grow slowly and accumulate more nutrients, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation. Top twisting should be carried out from late May to early June, twisting straight branches, competitive branches and temporary branches on the back. The degree of distortion should be in xylem, phloem and some cracks, but don't break them.
Attention should be paid to the following issues when pruning.
1, the pruning method should be determined according to the variety characteristics, tree age, tree potential, planting density, cultivation method and cultivation level. In addition, we should pay attention to the reaction after pruning, and adjust in time when problems are found.
2. When thinning branches, it is not allowed to be too much at a time. When thinning is needed, it should also be carried out step by step in different years, and timely and appropriate amount should be mastered to prevent rushing. When thinning large branches, the wound should be smooth without branches, and the wound should be inclined or downward. It is forbidden to cut into "scar" wounds, and apply wound protection agent after disinfection.
3. The twisted top should be located in the semi-lignified part of the new top. In addition, the twist tip should be operated by hand and cannot be replaced by pliers.
4. For some varieties, such as chicken heart, short purple, etc. Picking the heart will weaken the number and growth of developing branches and even form small old trees, so we should pay special attention to it.