Growing environment 1. Geographical environment 1. Latitude and elevation The altitude of grape planting is generally between 400 and 600 meters. Likes light and temperature, and has strong adaptability to soil. Originated in West Asia, most vineyards in the world are distributed between 20 ~ 52 degrees north latitude and 30 ~ 45 degrees south latitude, and most of them are in the northern hemisphere. Most grapes in China are between 30 and 43 degrees north latitude. Grape planting bases are mainly distributed in Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province and Turpan, Xinjiang. The altitude of grape planting is generally 400 ~ 600 meters. Grapes in China vary greatly in altitude, about 200 ~1000 m. Grapes in Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province are distributed in the plain. Grapes in Huailai, Hebei are distributed at an altitude of 1 100m, Xu Da, Shanxi 1200m and Shannan, Tibet 1500m. Latitude and altitude are important factors affecting temperature and heat in a large range. 2. In the case of similar topographic conditions, the microclimate in different slope directions is obviously different. Usually the slopes facing south (including due south, northwest and southeast) receive more light and heat, and the temperature is higher on weekdays. The warming effect of sloping land is closely related to its slope. Generally, every tilt to the south 1 degree is equivalent to a forward 1 latitude. The most heated inclination angle is about 20 ~ 35 degrees (within the range of 40 ~ 50 degrees north latitude). Grape is more suitable for slope cultivation than other fruit trees because of its drought tolerance and thin soil, which can develop roots in a relatively small range. However, the greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion. Therefore, priority should be given to the land with a slope below 20 ~ 25 degrees when planting grapes. Influence of water surface: In large water areas, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, etc., due to the absorption of a large amount of solar radiation energy, the temperature is lower than that of land in daytime and summer, while the temperature is higher than that of inland at night and winter. Therefore, the coastal climate near the water area is mild and the frost-free period is long. The vineyards near the big water surface reflect a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet light in the deep water, and the berries are colored and of good quality, so when choosing vineyards, try to be close to big lakes, rivers and oceans. 3. Soil conditions Grapes can grow on various soils such as flood plain, saline-alkali land and rocky slope, but different soil conditions have different effects on the growth and fruit of grapes. Grapes are very adaptable to soil. Except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, all kinds of soil can be cultivated, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2 ~ 3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties. Second, the natural environment 1. Climatic factors Climatic factors are one of the main indicators of grape variety zoning. The French believe that only grapes planted in specific soil can produce world famous wines with unique flavor. However, for the vast grape producing areas in the world, this situation of dividing grape regions by soil is not universal and absolute. The factors affecting grape quality and wine quality are comprehensive. Only in most cases, climate often plays a leading role in the growth of grapes and the quality of wine, and climate has become the most important and active factor among many factors. Weather conditions such as light, temperature and precipitation are necessary for grape growth and fruiting, especially in summer and autumn. 2. Illumination solar energy is the only energy for grape photosynthesis. It is the driving force of energy and material circulation of grapes, and 90% ~ 95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%, and grapes are light-loving crops. Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques. 3. Temperature is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruit of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20 degrees and 5 1 degree north latitude. 3. Precipitation and seasonal distribution strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning.