Grape is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world. It is said that the Han Dynasty was introduced to China, and it has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years. At present, grapes are cultivated all over China, and the main producing areas are Hebei, Shandong, Liang Shan, Liaoning, Henan, Gansu and Xinjiang. In recent years, several southern provinces have also listed grapes as newly developed fruits and actively developed and produced them. From 65438 to 0999, the national output reached 2708kt, and that of Hebei Province reached 447kt.
Grape fruit is beautiful and delicious, sweet and sour, rich in nutrition, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst, which is beneficial to digestion. The content of soluble solids is above 15%, especially in the gap between watermelon, litchi and longan, which is deeply loved by consumers. Grapes are particularly adaptable, and can be planted in alpine mountain areas and coastal plains, with early fruiting and long life. Generally, it can be put into production in one or two years after planting, and it will enter the rich period in 3-5 years, and its life span can reach 100 years. Courtyard cultivation can be used to beautify the environment and increase income.
2 biological characteristics
2. 1 environmental conditions
2. 1. 1 terrain conditions
2. 1. 1. 1 latitude and altitude
Most vineyards in the world are located between 20 ~ 52 north latitude and 30 ~ 45 south latitude, and most of them are in the northern hemisphere. The altitude is generally 400 ~ 600 meters, and the grapes in China are mostly between 30 ~ 43 north latitude. The altitude changes greatly, about 200 ~1000 mm.
2. 1. 1.2 aspect ratio and gradient
In the case of similar topographic conditions, the microclimate in different slope directions is obviously different. Usually, the south slope has more light and heat, and the daily average temperature is higher, especially the plant tissues are obviously warmed by radiation, while the north slope is generally cooler due to insufficient sunshine. The warming effect of slope is closely related to its slope. The most heated slope angle is about 20 ~ 35 (40 ~ 50 north latitude). However, the greater the slope, the heavier the soil erosion and the more difficult the soil management of grapes. Therefore, priority should be given to the land with a slope below 20 ~ 25 when planting grapes.
2. 1. 1.3 Influence of water surface
Large waters, such as oceans and lakes, absorb more solar radiation energy and have greater heat capacity. The temperature in day and summer is lower than that in the open air, while the temperature in night and winter is higher than that on land. Therefore, the adjacent waters have a mild climate and a long frost-free period. Due to the deep water, the vineyards near the water surface emit a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet rays, and the berries are all colored and of good quality.
2. 1.2 Soil environment: Grapes can grow on all kinds of soil, and grapes can be successfully planted in many lands that are not suitable for planting field crops, such as deserts, river beaches, saline-alkali land and rocky slopes.
2.2 climatic conditions
The climatic factors that play a major role in the growth, development and fruiting of grapes are light, heat and precipitation.
Grapes are light-loving plants. Grapes are very sensitive to light. Sufficient light, healthy growth of branches and leaves, enhanced physiological activities of trees, and enhanced cold resistance. When the light is insufficient, the branches become thinner, the internodes become longer, the leaves turn yellow and thin, the photosynthetic efficiency is low, the fruits are colored or not, and the quality becomes cracked.
The most important climatic factor affecting grape yield is temperature. Grapes are warm-loving plants and need high heat. The active accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ required by different grape varieties from germination to full maturity is different. The requirements are 25 ~ 29℃ for early-maturing varieties, 29 ~ 33℃ for middle-maturing varieties and 33 ~ 37℃ for late-maturing varieties.
Grapes are drought-tolerant fruit trees, and some varieties can tolerate higher temperatures. It is generally believed that under mild climate conditions, the annual precipitation of 600-800mm is more suitable for grape growth and development.
3 Main varieties and characteristics
(1) Cabernet Sauvignon
Also known as Cabernet Sauvignon. It is a hero variety that makes Bordeaux, France famous in the world, and it is also one of the best red wine varieties in the world, and it is an excellent black wine variety. The total area exceeds 6.5438+0.4 million hectares, ranking ninth.
Small ears and small fruit; Blue-black thick fruit powder with thick skin; Rich in tannins; The flesh is hard and the juice is a bit astringent; Medium sugar and high acid. On the tree potential, the branches are upright and productive. Strong disease resistance, drought tolerance, late germination, 8 ~ 10 days later than plum juice or fine wine, and rarely encounter spring frost. So far, 25 strains have been selected.
It shows good adaptability and resistance in Shandong, Hebei and other places in China, and is suitable for large-scale trial planting. Bordeaux Cabernet Sauvignon and other red varieties have their own flavor, called grass flavor. Known as Cabernet Sauvignon in China, it is one of the favorite flavors of wine lovers.
(2) Riesling:
Originated in Germany and cultivated in Europe, it is an excellent white variety. The total area is 67,000 hectares. It is one of the best varieties for brewing dry white wine. Its wine quality is delicate, mellow and elegant, and the fruit aroma is rich and lasting.
Small ear, small fruit, yellow-green; The meat is soft, juicy and fragrant; The sugar and acid potential are moderate, mature in the middle and late stage, and the tree potential is moderate. It is the most hardy variety in western Europe. Weak disease resistance, suitable for planting in hilly areas with less rainfall in mature period.
(3) Rose fragrance
Originally from England. It is a hybrid of black Han and white rose, belonging to Eurasian species. Widely cultivated in the world, it is also the main variety in many grape producing areas in China.
The ear is medium and large, conical, and the fruit grains are densely planted or densely planted, with an average ear weight of 350g and a maximum of 820g g.. The fruit is stout, with an average grain weight of 5 grams and a maximum of 7.5 grams. The peel is medium thick, purple-red or purple-black, the fruit powder is thick, the meat is crisp and juicy, and it has a strong rose fragrance. The sugar content 18% ~ 20%, the acid content is 0.5% ~ 0.7%, and the quality is excellent. The juice yield is above 76%.
(4) Giant Peak
European and American mixed-race, native to Japan. Widely cultivated in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai and other provinces and cities. Ears are big and conical, with an average weight of 400g and a maximum of 550g. The fruit is large and oval, with an average grain weight of 10g and a maximum of 15g. Thick peel, purple-black, thick fruit powder, short fruit brush, easy to thresh during transportation. The pulp is soft, sweet and juicy, and has the smell of grass poison. The quality is above average.
(5) Longan
Also known as Qiu Zi, it is native to China. Eurasian species is the most widely cultivated grape with the largest number of plants in China. Longan grape is an excellent variety for brewing champagne, dry white wine and semi-sweet wine. This tree is very strong. The average ear weight is 694 grams, and the maximum is 1800 grams. The fruit is of medium size, with an average grain weight of 6.09 grams.
4 nutritional value and medicinal value
4. 1 nutritional value
Grape has high nutritional value and is rich in sugar, acid and vitamins. Grape fruit contains about 85% ~ 90% water. Every 100g edible part contains 0.5g of protein, 2g of fat, 9.9g of carbohydrate, and is also rich in vitamins and minerals.
Sugar is the main component of soluble solids, and sugar and glucose in grapes are synonyms. Grapes actually contain invert sugar and, in some cases, a lot of sucrose. Some grape samples found that sucrose accounted for one-third of the total sugar, while others found little or no sucrose content.
Grape juice contains a small amount of acids such as citric acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, but the main acids are tartaric acid and malic acid. Tartaric acid can exist in the form of free tartaric acid or salts such as potassium hydrogen tartrate.
Various volatile organic compounds including esters, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, lactones and other components constitute the aroma of grapes.
4.2 Medicinal value
Grape has high nutritional value, and grape juice is praised as "plant milk" by scientists.
Medical research has proved that grape juice is the best food for patients with nephritis, which can reduce the contents of protein and sodium chloride in blood. Grape juice plays an auxiliary role in the rehabilitation of weak patients, arteriosclerosis patients and nephritis patients, and the incidence of cancer is also significantly reduced in places where grapes are planted and eaten more. Grape is the fruit with the most complex iron element, and it is a nutritious food for anemia patients. Grape juice also helps to enhance liver function and promote bile secretion, and is a nutritious food for patients with gout, arthritis and rheumatism.
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First, grow grapes.
When the ground temperature rises to about 9℃, planting will begin from late February to early March, not later than mid-March. Don't be too early, otherwise it will increase the management trouble. If the grapes enter the bleeding stage too late, the seedlings will flow after injury, which will affect the survival.
Planting specifications. Grape seedlings are planted in the center line of planting ditch, and the spacing between plants depends on the frame. The plant spacing of double cross V-frame is about 1 m, that of single hedge frame is about 1.2 m, and that of shed frame is about 1.5 m. ..
When planting, first pull two lines on the center line of planting ditch, use small bamboo as spacing ruler, and open the pond after positioning. The pond is about 20 cm deep, but you can't reach the top layer of straw to prevent it from rotting. The bottom of the pond should be dug flat, not pointed. The size of the pond depends on the root system of the seedlings. When planting, the seedlings should be placed vertically in the pond, and the roots should be stretched and not distorted. Long roots can be cut, but not randomly. Roots should be evenly distributed in the pond, and seedlings should be straight from front to back and from left to right as in the past. After the seedlings are placed, fill in half of the soil first, then lift the seedlings up slightly, so that the roots of the seedlings can be closely combined with the filled soil, and then fill in the other half of the soil, which is practical. Water should be poured once after planting, preferably with manure, but the concentration should not be high to prevent root injury. Seedlings should be planted shallowly, especially grafted seedlings, and the rootstock should be exposed 5- 10 cm to prevent the scion from taking root. Choose sunny or cloudy planting. The soil is too wet for planting after the rain.
After the seedlings are planted, cover them with black plastic film to raise the ground temperature and promote the early growth of seedlings. After the plastic film is covered, make a hole in the seedlings to expose them.
It is best to treat seedlings with chemicals before planting (those that have been treated and disinfected need not be treated). Soaking the upper part (3-5 seconds) with the mixed solution of Baume sulfur mixture and 0.5% sodium pentachloride and soaking the roots with 50× 10 NAA for 8- 12 hours can improve the survival rate and seedling growth.
Kind of logistics inspection.