Maintenance supervision, first of all, should be familiar with the law of maintenance work, scientifically and reasonably set up supervision links, and secondly, establish practical supervision methods according to the growth characteristics of different plant species and varieties and the changes of seasons and climate. This paper puts forward the supervision idea of maintenance project from four aspects: supervision links and specific supervision measures of trees, street trees, pests and weeds control.
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1. Supervision link of tree maintenance
1. 1 irrigation and drainage
(1) Newly planted trees should be irrigated in a timely manner according to the weather, site conditions and drought resistance of tree species, so as to keep the available water in the soil.
(2) The trees that have been planted and survived in the green space should be irrigated in time when the soil is very dry due to long-term drought or poor site conditions.
(3) When the air is dry in summer, some tree species with thin leaves and easy sunburn should also be sprayed with leaves and branches. Build a shade shed when necessary, and spray water on the shade shed at noon to increase air humidity and reduce water evaporation in plants.
(4) Before irrigation, loosen the soil. Irrigation should be done in the morning and evening in summer and at noon in winter. Irrigation should be thoroughly watered at one time, especially in spring and summer.
(5) After the rainstorm, the water around the trees should be removed. The water around newly planted trees should be removed as soon as possible.
(6) Hazardous sewage cannot be used as irrigation water. When irrigating, we should pay attention to protect the soil at the roots of trees from being washed away.
1.2 intertillage weeding
(1) Erect weeds affecting plant landscape in all kinds of green spaces must be eradicated. All kinds of wild vines that affect the growth of trees should be removed in time.
(2) The soil near the roots of trees should be kept loose, and the soil that is easy to harden should be loose once a month in the transpiration season. The depth of intertillage is 10-20cm, which does not affect the root growth.
(3) Intertillage weeding should be carried out in sunny weather or Chu Qing, and the soil should not be too wet. Be careful not to cut the bark or break the branches. Debris and stones in the ground and soil should be removed in time during intertillage.
1.3 fertilization
(1) Top dressing during the growth period of trees can be carried out according to the growth potential of plants.
(2) Fertilization amount should be determined according to tree species, tree age, growth period, fertilizer source and soil physical and chemical properties. Generally speaking, if the DBH of trees is lower than 65,438+0.5 cm, compost should be suitable for every 3 cm DBH. If the DBH is higher than15cm, compost should be applied every 3cm DBH. In order to enlarge the crown and ornamental flowers and fruits, the amount of fertilization should be appropriately increased.
(3) Trees and shrubs should dig fertilization ring ditches, the outer diameter should be suitable for the crown width of trees, the depth should be above the dense root layer, and the width should be about 25-30cm. After fertilization, the ring ditch should be filled up.
1.4 Trimming and reshaping
(1) Trees should be stabilized by pruning. Prune once a month from May, mainly pruning budding branches, drooping branches, dead branches, side edges and lower edges. Flowering plants should be pruned before flower buds germinate. Pruning is to balance the tree potential, adjust the ventilation, light transmission and fertilizer and water distribution of trees, adjust the relationship between plant communities, promote the growth of trees and promote the differentiation of flower buds. The pruning of trees and shrubs in all kinds of green spaces is mainly natural trees. For ornamental purposes, according to the characteristics of tree growth and development, the crown can be trimmed and shaped to form and maintain a certain shape.
(2) Trees should adopt different shaping measures according to their different growth habits. For tree species with particularly strong terminal bud advantage, it is necessary to retain their terminal buds and maintain their tower-shaped and conical crowns; Tree species with weak terminal bud advantage but strong branching ability and easy to form tufted crowns should be renovated into spherical, hemispherical or natural crowns. For spherical plants that have been shaped, coring should be carried out at the right time when shaping and pruning, and the gap points should be hung; Small flowering trees that like light are generally shaped and trimmed into natural and happy shapes, and can also be shaped according to different functional requirements. Trees modeling should be in harmony with the surrounding environment to enhance the landscape effect.
(3) The degree of tree pruning should be determined according to the growth habit, age and tree species characteristics of the main and lateral branches. In plastic surgery, in order to balance the growth potential of main branches and keep the crown uniform, the pruning principle of "heavy pruning of strong main branches and light pruning of weak main branches" should be adopted; However, if we want to adjust the growth potential of side branches, we should adopt the principle of "lightly cutting strong side branches and re-cutting weak side branches". Old trees can be pruned a lot to restore their vitality. Pruning during hibernation is mainly plastic surgery, which can be slightly re-pruned; Pruning during the growth period is mainly to adjust the tree potential, so pruning should be light. Trees with bleeding should be pruned in summer and autumn. Cold plants are usually pruned in spring.
(4) For the formed tree species, mainly prune long branches, pests and diseases branches, cross branches, node branches, drooping branches, sprained branches, dead branches and rooting and sprouting branches. Except for special needs, excessive pruning is generally not suitable. For different species and combinations of trees, attention should be paid to adjusting plant communities, highlighting levels and achieving mutual coordination and unity when pruning.
(5) Pruning of flowering shrubs should be conducive to the formation of short branches and flower buds, and to the flourishing and even distribution of branches and leaves. Pruning should follow the principle of "top-down, inside-out, from weak to strong, from old to new".
(6) When pruning, the incision must be close to the joint, and the incision should be on the opposite side of the bud cutting, with an inclination of 45, and the incision should be smooth. Generally, branches with flowers and trees larger than 6cm should be cut, and branches with rare flowers and trees larger than 3cm should be coated with special preservative for gardens. For large branches that are too thick, the method of cutting branches should be adopted to prevent tearing, and the operation must be safe.
(7) Tree pruning shall comply with safety operation specifications to prevent safety accidents.
1.5 protection measures
(1) On the eve of warning of disastrous rainstorm such as typhoon, tall trees should adopt the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention". For some trees with shallow roots, windward, huge crowns, dense branches and poor site conditions, measures such as upright posts, binding, thinning branches and righting can be taken according to the situation. Before the typhoon season comes, we should do a good job in typhoon prevention.
(2) For all trees vulnerable to freezing injury, measures to prevent freezing injury should be taken according to different tree species in winter, such as root cultivation, grass covering, trunk trimming and pruning. The cold protection work should be completed in early February of 65438. For wintering trees, depending on their cold tolerance and weather conditions, the bandages will be removed gradually and immediately after the vernal equinox, and the removal and removal will be completed by early April at the latest. For newly planted precious trees, windbreaks can be built in the northwest of the trees if necessary. (3) In order to prevent the branches from being damaged by snow pressure, the snow on the branches and leaves should be removed in time during heavy snow; Trees in danger of lodging should be supported and protected by pillars. Snow removal shall not damage the canopy.
1.6 replanting trees
(1) Trees that died due to municipal administration, traffic, diseases and insect pests should be removed in time, replaced with plants of the same variety and basically the same specifications, and management should be strengthened.
(2) When replanting the missing trees, the supervisor shall record, verify and sign on the spot.
2. Maintenance and supervision of street trees
(1) Apply organic fertilizer once a year, with cake fertilizer of 0.25kg per plant, topdressing once, compound fertilizer and mixed urea of 0. 1kg per plant, hole application and water spraying fertilizer, then cover the soil, drench thoroughly, prevent and control pests and diseases in time, maintain the natural growth state of trees, and cut off yellow in time.
The main branches of street trees are 3.5m high, and the crown should generally grow naturally. In case of overhead lines, they should be cut into cups. Street trees should be budded at least 3 times a year, and the length of adventitious buds should not exceed 15cm. In sparse or missing branches, some adventitious buds should be reserved purposefully to make them supplementary branches. Don't pull the bark when wiping the bud, and don't leave residual branches. Pruned branches on street trees should be removed in time.
(2) Quality requirements
① Good growth potential. The growth exceeds the average growth of this tree species and this specification.
2 leaves are strong.
③ The branches are thick.
(4) The street trees are basically intact without dying, with reasonable pruning and beautiful tree shape, which can solve the contradiction between trees and wires, buildings and traffic in time.
(5) The garbage generated by maintenance work can be cleaned up if it is repaired in time, and it can be cleaned up frequently.
⑥ There are no nail marks on the trunk of street trees, and there are no piles, cribs, scaffolding, fences and other phenomena that affect the maintenance, management and growth of trees within 2m from the trunk under the trees.
(3) Disaster prevention measures
① typhoon prevention
A. From July to September, Shanghai is often affected by typhoons. Before the arrival of the typhoon, it is necessary to check the support and fixation of street trees in time, pay close attention to the weather forecast, and take comprehensive measures such as erecting columns, binding, strengthening the soil, thinning branches and piling for street trees with windward crown, too dense branches or short planting time. Especially for those old and big trees, triangular wire rope hanging piles and other protective measures are applied. When the roots of trees are low-lying and prone to waterlogging, soil must be added before the typhoon comes.
B.when the typhoon comes, we should patrol the scene closely. Once the danger is found, it should be eliminated in time. After the typhoon, rescue should be carried out according to the priority. The inclined trees should be stabilized in time, the fallen trees should be moved in time, and the broken branches and leaves should be removed in time to ensure the normal operation of the road.
② snow protection
A. pay close attention to the weather forecast. In order to prevent the branches from being damaged by snow pressure, the patrol of street trees should be strengthened in advance when heavy snow is predicted, and corresponding preventive measures and key monitoring measures should be taken for possible disasters.
B. In case of severe snowstorm like the Spring Festival in 2008, timely measures should be taken to reduce the snow load and break branches after freezing. Trees in danger of lodging should be supported and protected by pillars.
C. After heavy snow, the fallen and dumped trunks should be trimmed and moved in time, and the snow and ice at the roots of street trees and the broken branches and leaves should be cleaned in time to ensure the normal operation of roads.
③ Drought and cold prevention.
For newly planted street trees and trees with thin skin that can't stand the sun, the roots should be properly watered according to the weather conditions, mainly spraying water on the crown and leaves to avoid root rot caused by excessive watering. In winter, cold protection measures such as basal soil raising, grass covering and pruning are taken for different tree species.
3. Supervision link for prevention and control of pests and weeds
3. 1 for pest control
(1) Maintain ecological balance and implement the prevention and control policy of "prevention first and comprehensive management". Make full use of the diversity of vegetation in the park, protect and multiply natural enemies, and inhibit pests and diseases.
(2) Do a good job in the prediction of garden pests and diseases, and do a good job in the prevention and control of garden plant pests and diseases in time according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases. The control effect should reach more than 95%.
(3) It is strictly prohibited to use highly toxic, highly residual highly toxic and chemical pesticides prohibited by relevant departments in open areas. The use of chemical pesticides should be carried out in strict accordance with the relevant safety construction operation procedures.
3.2 Use of herbicides
(1) When using herbicides, we should know their performance, applicable weed species and ecological habits, species of flowers and trees in the application area and their sensitivity to herbicides. First, small-area efficacy and injury tests should be carried out to determine the types, concentrations and methods of use of drugs, so as to be safe and effective. It is forbidden to use herbicides with high toxicity to people and animals in open areas.
(2) The standard measuring tool should be used to prepare the medicament according to the concentration ratio determined by the experiment and the required dosage of the day. The prepared medicine should avoid exposure to the hot sun.
(3) Strictly prevent drugs from polluting flowers and trees. For sensitive flowers and trees, it is necessary to draw protective lines or set protective objects for isolation. Spray the medicine evenly, pay attention to the wind direction when there is wind, and it is not suitable to spray when there is strong wind.
(4) When working on the lawn, there should be a protective pad under the medicine barrel, and the liquid medicine should not overflow.
(5) After chemicals are used up, the tools should be cleaned immediately, and the washed water should not be poured near the roots of plants and on the lawn or in the water.
4. Supervision measures for greening maintenance
(1) Assist the owner to implement the maintenance unit and full-time maintenance personnel, and establish the maintenance responsibility system and post responsibilities.
(2) Review the annual maintenance plan formulated by the maintenance unit, focusing on the maintenance measures under the conditions of greening varieties, environment and seasonal climate factors.
(3) examine and approve the monthly maintenance plan made by the maintenance unit according to the approved annual maintenance plan, and sign the monthly maintenance workload statistics report.
(4) Strengthen the maintenance and supervision of the patrol station system.
(5) The supervision engineer shall investigate, confirm and supervise the problems existing in the maintenance of greening projects such as daily watering, weeding and intertillage, pruning and replanting, tillering, pest control, fertilization, typhoon prevention and cold protection, supervision and maintenance, and make supervision records.
(6) The supervision unit shall establish a monthly maintenance supervision system, and report the contents of monthly maintenance work: planned completion, maintenance achievements, safety situation, maintenance work priorities for next month, maintenance workload verification visa, etc. to the competent department in time.
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