Grape planting technology video 1. Basic knowledge:
1, grape growing period 150 days? About 160 days (about 30-40 days for seedling raising), the life span and economic cultivation period of grapes can generally reach 30 to 50 years.
2, the role of grapes: the grape fruit is bright in color and the juice is delicious; Rich in nutrition: its sugar content 10 ~ 30%, organic acid 0.5 ~ 1.4%, protein 0. 15 ~ 0.9%, inorganic salt 0.3 ~ 0.5%, and contains many vitamins and amino acids needed by human body. Wine-making: grapes can be used for wine-making besides raisins and grape juice; Beautifying and shading: planting grapes on the platform at the top of the house can not only beautify the roof, but also shade it;
3. Rational allocation of horticultural grapes:
1) If it is a courtyard, the overall arrangement of planting or breeding grapes and other fruit trees, flowers and trees can be comprehensively considered according to its size, lighting conditions and environmental conditions, so as to make full use of the ground and space.
2) If there is a spacious roof platform, in addition to greening (beautification) and eating, its sunshade function accounts for a large proportion;
4. Planting season: the temperature in spring is between 15-25℃, such as early March to April; Stratification can begin in early April;
Second, the preparatory work:
1. Selection of improved varieties: There are many varieties of grapes, such as Kyoho, Fujiminori and Goldfinger. Early maturity, strong adaptability, can choose high-quality varieties according to local climate and fruit use.
2. Selection of soil layer: Sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose soil (good air permeability and quick ground temperature recovery) is the best soil. 3. Land preparation: land preparation in autumn and winter in the first year. Before soil preparation, apply about 1.500 kg of decomposed fertilizer per mu, then dig deeply about 30 cm, and finely knock the soil into a seedbed with a width of 80 cm and a height of 50 cm.
Three, grape management and planting skills:
Before planting, apply decomposed base fertilizer, cover the soil and compact it, then pour enough root-fixing water, cover the soil to the depth outside the long roots, and there are 3 ~ 4 buds on the ground.
1, fertilization:
1) (basal fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late March in the south, and basal fertilizer can be supplemented in the middle and late April in the north) Apply 50 kg of high-quality farmyard manure? 100kg, urea 0.3kg and calcium superphosphate 0.8kg. The applied base fertilizer should be mixed with soil and then covered with soil. Grapes need a lot of fertilizer, and base fertilizer should be applied before defoliation or germination in winter; Topdressing before flowering for the first time; 2) Top dressing: Top dressing: When the bud eye begins to expand and the temperature is stable at 65438 00℃, the depth is 30 cm near the root tip according to the plant size. In a shallow ditch with a width of 40 cm and 30 cm, bury the fertilizer mixed soil in the ditch, and water and cover the soil after application.
3) in the early stage of young fruit growth, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and plant ash are applied appropriately;
4) When the fruit begins to color, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main ingredients. After reasonable watering and basic fertilizer application, water 1 time to make the fertilizer penetrate into the lower layer, which is beneficial to the absorption of grape roots;
5) Fertilizer control and water control: Generally, it is not appropriate to water fruits within 65,438+0 weeks before and after flowering. After the fruit is set, it can be watered with big water and applied with large fertilizer to promote the growth of the fruit. The rainy season will cause the loss of fertility. According to the loss of fertility and the growth of grapes, the amount of fertilizer should be increased as appropriate. Eat less and eat more? Way, give less and give more.
6) Loosen the soil in time to increase the soil permeability: after heavy rain and rainstorm, the surface of the vineyard will harden, resulting in hypoxia of the grape root system, decreased resistance and easy to get sick. Deep ploughing should be done once before the rainy season. In rainy season, we should pay close attention to intertillage between rainy days to increase soil permeability.
7) Clean up the secondary branches to facilitate ventilation and light transmission: grapes are the easiest to grow in the rainy season, and the incidence of secondary branches is very high. It is necessary to pick the heart in time and erase the deputy tip. For plants with too many new branches, part of them should be thinned to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
2. Fixed shoot: Erase the overgrown and underdeveloped branches as soon as possible, leaving strong branches, so as to grow big grapes. Pick more than 4 inflorescences? Eight leaves. Leave 3 after coring? Four blades were re-cored, and the remaining auxiliary tips were retained 1 blade for coring.
3, thinning flowers, thinning fruits: the new shoots of grapes have skills: the new shoots of grapes must be picked. By removing the core, a large number of nutrients needed for the growth of new shoots can be preserved, which can promote the thickening of leaves and the fullness of flower buds. This is very important to improve the fruit setting rate, yield and quality of grapes. Here is a brief introduction to the practice. Picking time. For the new branches that bear fruit, they are usually picked 3-5 days before full flowering, and at the latest at the early flowering stage. Varieties with serious flower and fruit drop, such as Kyoho and Purple Rose, can collect seeds 8- 10 days before flowering. After the first coring, the leaves can not reach the required number of new shoots until the secondary buds grow out;
4. Remove tendrils: Tendrils not only consume nutrients, but also bring many diseases: annual seedlings should be bound in time after removing tendrils to make the plants grow upright. Insert a thumb-thick bamboo pole on the ground 15 cm away from the root of the seedling and tie the new tip to it. When binding, the new tips should be evenly distributed, and the binding rope should be tied into a loose slipknot on the new tips, leaving a thickened space for the new tips, and the other end should be tied to the diagram. When the new shoots of biennial and perennial seedlings grow to about 60 cm, the new shoots are arched. That is, the new shoots are leveled, so that the ears are at the highest position of the new shoots, and the new shoots are tied to the frame surface in order and at a certain distance. This is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and prevents fruit branches from being blown off by strong winds. 5. Intercropping: After the inflorescence appears, according to the load of the vines, the seedlings should be intercropped as soon as possible. Prolonged vines maintain 1 ~ 2 ears, all bearing branches maintain single ears, and weak branches do not maintain fruit ears. The second and third ears that grow again should be thinned out in time.
6. Key points of Fujiminori grape planting (planting in the same year, two-year income):
1) In winter, when its leaves are completely backward, the plant should be pruned, and each branch has about 3 buds. Weak branches, too dense branches, too prosperous branches and insect branches should be pruned to promote more branches and more fruits.
2) In early spring, deep ploughing and fertilization were carried out beside the grapes, and farmyard manure was the main fertilizer. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it, and loosen the soil once when the soil surface is slightly dry.
3) When several leaves grow, the weak buds should be erased and only the strong buds should be kept.
4) When tendrils grow in leaf axils, they must be pinched off manually to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption.
5) During the period, tie the branches tightly to prevent them from breaking at will, which will affect nutrient transportation.
6) The lower leaves should be removed during the ripening and swelling stages of grapes to avoid the light reaching the fruit and affecting the fruit color.
7) Don't apply fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, before flowering in spring to control the tree vigor, keep it moderate and avoid excessive growth.
8) Don't water or spray chemicals during flowering. Pinch the tip of the ear before flowering, generally pinching off the whole ear 1/5 and 1/4.
9) Before the grapes bloom, leave five leaves above the inflorescence. Peel 7 pieces of Ye Qiang, and wipe off all the other auxiliary buds except one at the top, so that the nutrients can be fully supplied to the fruit. Spraying PBO twice before and after flowering can greatly improve the fruit setting rate. After physiological fruit drop, leave 8 10 leaf coring combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization can obtain high-yield and large-spike high-quality Kyoho grapes.
Four, anti-freezing treatment of grapes:
When the ground temperature of grape roots drops to MINUS 6 degrees Celsius, their roots will be frozen to varying degrees. When it drops to MINUS 8 degrees Celsius, it will completely freeze. Therefore, the temperature of grape roots should be kept above MINUS 6 degrees Celsius during hibernation.
1, timely filling frozen water. Winter grapes should be watered with frozen water once every 0/0 day before being buried in cold-proof soil to prevent root freezing injury and drought in early spring.
2, pay attention to the soil location and soil sealing ditch. Cold-proof soil must be taken from the rows outside the two sides of the vine trunk, and it must not be too close to the roots to avoid damaging the roots and freezing them. After freezing, the soil ditch is filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also helps the roots to overwinter and prevent drought in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grape from freezing injury.
When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. From June+0, 5438 to February of the following year, especially when the weather is particularly cold, some cold-proof objects such as firewood or horse manure can be piled on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen. 6. Prevention of bird damage (when the grapes are about to ripen, birds will pick the ripe grapes and peck them): The bagging effect of grape newspapers is good, which not only reduces sunburn, prevents bacterial infection, prevents bird damage, but also facilitates bag making.
1, bag making: each newspaper can be made into 4 paper bags, the value is less than 1 min, the bag length is 27 cm, the width is 20 cm, and the value is 6? 8 cm thin wire for standby. Roll up the side of the bag with a sewing machine, and nail the lower mouth to the middle with a stapler, leaving 6 cm air holes on both sides. If it is used in an orchard with high temperature and humidity in summer, it can enhance the moisture discharge performance without sealing.
2. Bagging: Bagging soybeans when they are small. Before bagging, prune the ears, thin the seeds and spray fungicides, pesticides and available calcium. Bagging time should be from morning dew to evening, and attention should be paid to avoiding the highest temperature period and direct sunlight when bagging at noon.
3. Bag picking: The bag picking time is determined according to the variety and time to market. The variety with early maturity and easy coloring should be 7? 10 days to pick up the bag; Late-maturing variety, 10? /kloc-pick bags in 0/5 days. After picking the bag, you should pick the leaves and turn the fruit.
Seven, disease prevention and treatment: grape bud eyes can be sprayed 50 times before germination? 100 times Soliba or 3 baume degrees? 5 Baume stone sulfur mixture (0.3% washing powder is better). For orchards with serious diseases such as fruit rot last year, lime should be sprinkled before the disease occurs; Or spray 50% carbendazim 500 times under the frame? Controlling the primary infection source of soil overwintering with 600 times solution.
1, prevention first, timely spraying: residual period 17? 2 1 day, sprayed every 15 days/time. If it rains halfway, shorten the next spraying days appropriately. If there is heavy rain after spraying, wait until it clears. If two adjacent drugs are alkaline or acidic respectively, the interval should be strictly controlled to prevent acid-base neutralization of the two drugs.
2, see the early onset, timely treatment: continuous rain, high temperature and high humidity, the most prone to illness, must be observed every day, see the early onset that is symptomatic spraying. Downy mildew can be prevented by using 70% Cobo 600 times solution, 80% ethyl phosphate 300 times solution or L: 0.7: 1.80 times bordeaux solution;
3. Bordeaux mixture is the main drug, and other drugs are suitable. This method has a good preventive effect. Spray 1 time 1:0.5:240 times before flowering, 1 time 1:0.7:220 times after flowering, and 1 time 1:0.7:200 times during grape expansion. If white rot and anthracnose occur in the middle, it is necessary to spray the medicine. Most of these drugs are acidic, and the interval between them and Bordeaux mixture should be strictly controlled.
4. Clear the garden in time to curb the spread of the disease: if a disease occurs, it is most likely to spread with high temperature and humidity. Clean the garden at any time. Remove diseased leaves, branches and fruits from the garden, bury them deeply or burn them. Clear weeds in the garden in time. When cutting off diseased branches and fruits, always clean scissors and disinfect them to prevent cross-infection.
Five, potted grape management methods:
Potted grapes placed on the sunny balcony are not only very beneficial to the growth of grapes, but also can beautify and shade indoors.
1. Potted soil preparation: The soil for potted grapes requires loose nutrient soil with good ventilation and drainage and high humus content.
2. Proportion of nutrient soil: 40% of edible mushroom residue (leftover from mushroom production, flat shavings) or decomposed sawdust, 40% of humus soil or garden soil (decomposed soil such as vegetable leaves is also acceptable), 65,438+00% of mountain soil, and 65,438+00% of dry cake powder or chicken and duck manure, which are mixed in a unified kiln and decomposed in summer and autumn. 2. Every spring from late February to early March, change the soil, change 30% to 50% of the old soil, and cut off some old roots. According to the size of the pot, apply about 200 grams of dry cake powder to the bottom of the pot, mix well with the soil, then spread a layer of nutrient soil on it and plant the plants back into the pot. Finally, repair the scaffolding. Note: Be sure to change pots and soil every year.
3. Select the fruiting mother branch with the diameter of 1-2 cm and the length of 40-60 cm, pass the branch through the drainage hole at the bottom of the soil basin, tie the branch around below 2 cm, and then cover it with fertile and loose soil. The flowerpot is hung in the air with a bracket. Pay attention to watering frequently, keep the basin soil moist, and the girdling place will take root in about one month. After two months, half of the fruiting mother branches can be cut off outside the drainage hole of the flowerpot, and all the mother branches can be cut off when the fruit is ripe, so that the fruiting plants with 3-5 ears can be obtained. The biggest advantage of this layering propagation method is that as long as it is carried out in March-April, new fruiting plants can be cultivated.
4. Put the basin on the sunny windowsill, with sufficient sunshine for more than 8 hours every day and good ventilation, which can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases: in the high temperature and high humidity season from June to July, in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases such as black pox, the grape ear can be bagged with a white plastic bag, and the bag mouth is tightly tied, and several holes are punched at the bottom of the bag to make it breathable, which can not only prevent diseases, but also prevent bird damage, and the skin is tender and the fruit color is good.
The pruning characteristics of potted grapes in June-August mainly include: bud setting, stone removal, grain thinning, vine removal and new shoots tying. Because potted grapes (or other containers) contain limited soil, they can't contain too much fertilizer and water.
Summer Pruning of Horticultural Grapes: Summer Pruning of Horticultural Grapes mainly includes: budding, fixing branches, picking cores, secondary branch treatment, pruning inflorescences, thinning ears, removing vines, tying new shoots, picking ears and picking old leaves. Similar to Daejeon, even more detailed. In spring, after the grapes germinate, the buds and adventitious buds at the base should be erased as soon as possible, and the secondary buds in the double buds (double buds) and triple buds (triple buds or multiple buds) sprouted on the branches should also be erased as soon as possible, and only 1 robust buds should be kept on each node.
5, fertilization:
1) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied 1 2 times in the early stage of germination to promote the vigorous growth of branches and leaves and facilitate flowering;
2) Before flowering, apply 1 ~ 2 times of thin fertilizer mainly containing phosphorus and potassium;
3) When the flowers wither and set fruit, dry cake water should be applied every 7 days ~ 10 to make the fruit swell. In order to reduce the evaporation of odor, dry cake water should be applied in furrow. First, dig a 2 cm to 3 cm ditch around the basin edge, put the cake fertilizer water into the ditch, and immediately cover the soil, so that the fertilizer will change from light to thick. You can also spread the decomposed cake powder on the surface of the pot soil, let it ripen again in the pot, and mix it evenly with the soil after 7 days to 10.
6. Watering and humidity control: Usually, watering depends on the soil and seedling conditions, so it is advisable to keep the soil moist and slightly dry. Water every day in hot summer. Three volts? When the weather is hot, water it every morning and evening 1 time. Move the basin to the inside of the balcony in rainy season to reduce rain.
The wintering method of grape 1 in winter can master the cold resistance of grape trees.
Only by knowing the temperature index of freezing injury of grapevines can we know fairly well. When the ground temperature of grape roots drops to -6℃, their roots will freeze to varying degrees; When it drops to MINUS 8℃, it will all freeze. Therefore, the temperature of grape root system should be kept above -6℃ during hibernation, which is a safe index for vines not to passively freeze to death.
2. Pay attention to timely filling frozen water.
Winter grapes should be watered with frozen water once every 0/0 day before being buried in cold-proof soil to prevent root freezing injury and drought in early spring. When filling water, it must be filled, subject to the soil. When the ground soil is slightly dry, it should be buried for cold protection.
3. Take off the first layer of winter soil in time.
The suitable cold-proof period of grapes is after pruning in winter and before soil freezing. Generally, it starts from the middle of 10 and ends at 10 or10. First of all, after the grapes have fallen leaves, they should be harvested in autumn in time. After pruning in autumn, remove the dead branches and rotten leaves in the garden, then take the grapes off the shelf, put the vines on the ground, tie them with straw rope or tear film, and crush them. Bury the first layer of cold-proof soil before the first frost. Don't bury too much soil for the first time, and don't expose branches and vines after burying.
4. Bury the second winter soil in time.
Burying the second layer of cold-proof soil, not only in time, but also in quality, is the key to determine the success or failure of grape cold-proof, that is, burying the second layer of cold-proof soil before freezing. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the early burial of young trees and the appropriate late burial of big trees.
When burying the second layer of cold-proof soil, it should be covered with corn straw or hay before covering the soil. According to experiments, this can obviously increase the temperature of grape roots, which is conducive to cold protection. Buried soil width should not be less than 1.8? 2 meters, branches and vines buried soil thickness of not less than 60 cm. The front of the cold-proof soil is trapezoidal, and the upper width is1.2m.. In order to be safe and cold-proof, it is best to bury the cold-proof soil 80 cm deep.
5, pay attention to the soil location and soil sealing ditch.
Cold-proof soil must be taken from the rows outside the two sides of the vine trunk, and it must not be too close to the roots to avoid damaging the roots and freezing them. Where there are irrigation conditions, the frozen trench should be filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also helps the roots to overwinter and prevent drought in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grape from freezing injury.
When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. When entering the following year 1? In February, especially when the weather is particularly cold, you can pile some cold-proof materials such as firewood or horse manure on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen.
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