Potting method of longan 1 Longan soaked in water for two days has gradually cracked and needs to be replaced every day.
2. Soak in water for about a week, with the bud tip facing up, and arrange the seeds into the pot from outside to inside.
3. Spray water twice a day and germinate after one week.
In ten days, the bud will begin? Compare avatars? .
5. The biggest attraction of longan potted plants is the colorful leaves. The new leaves are red, then yellow, then green.
The main points of potted longan are as follows: First, clean the longan seeds you have eaten and remove the pulp. If the pulp is not clean, the water will stink easily and the seeds will go bad easily. Soak in clear water for seven days and change the water every day.
After soaking for seven days, the longan nucleus will crack a crack.
First, put the nutrient soil into the basin and water it thoroughly.
Plant longan seeds with buds facing up and tightly circle them.
Then cover the surface of longan seed with a thin layer of nutrient soil, spray water, cover with pebbles, press by hand, and spray water on the pebble layer for soaking.
Just put it in the living room or desk and wait for germination. You don't need to take it directly to the balcony to bask in the sun.
After two days, longan will begin to sprout. The bud hasn't broken the stone yet. In two days, it will rush out of the stone. In five days, longan will sprout into a sample.
It's almost the same when it starts to thicken. Then just remember to water it and let it grow quietly!
High-yield cultivation techniques of longan ⅰ. The requirements of longan tree on environmental conditions;
1 and temperature are important factors affecting the growth, flowering and fruiting of longan. When the average temperature reached 20-22℃, it was more suitable for the growth of longan. When the temperature drops to 0℃, longan seedlings are vulnerable to freezing injury. Drop to -0. At the temperature of 5℃ to -4℃, longan trees were frozen to varying degrees.
For example, in early spring, longan needs a low temperature of 8- 14℃ for a period of time to facilitate flower bud differentiation. If the temperature exceeds this temperature range, the higher the temperature and the longer the duration, the easier it is for longan trees to "sprout". Longan should avoid low temperature and rainy weather when flowering, and the optimum temperature is 18-27℃. In the temperature range of 25-32℃, the new shoots of longan grow rapidly, and the fruit has high sugar content and good quality.
2. Longan's demand for water is a subtropical fruit tree which is drought-tolerant, wet-loving and waterlogging-afraid.
In the annual development process, the requirements for water in each growth stage are different. Autumn shoots mature in June 165438+ 10 every year until April of the following year, so as to avoid the germination of winter shoots and increase the accumulation of nutrients in branches and leaves, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruit setting; The rest of the time, especially in July and August, more water is needed. If water is scarce, it will affect the growth and development of roots and branches, and affect the yield and quality of fruits; If in the late stage of fruit development, long-term drought and showers will also cause fruit cracking and fruit dropping.
3. Longan has a wide adaptability to soil, and the requirements for soil types are not strict. It can also grow in barren, dry and acidic hilly red soil. However, slightly acidic soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter content, loose soil and good drainage is suitable. The pH value is 5. 5-6。 Between five o'clock.
Second, the management method of longan tree:
1, young longan tree management:
① Weeding of young longan trees:
Young longan trees should be cultivated regularly to loosen the soil and weed, and it is recommended to cover them all year round, especially one and a half years after planting, with a thickness of 5- 10 cm and thin soil on it. The cover plate should be about 15 cm away from the trunk to avoid burning the trunk or termite damage. Weeding between rows should be carried out 3-4 times a year. A combination of herbicide and artificial germination can also be used.
(2) watering and fertilizing young longan trees;
Young longan trees should be watered to prevent drought in the early stage of planting, and watered in time when it doesn't rain for a long time, especially when planting is late in winter. Drainage should be done in rainy season to prevent water accumulation. Fertilization can start one month after sowing, master? Two fat tips? That is, when the top buds of branches germinate and turn green, apply fertilizer once each.
When young longan trees are fertilized, they should be covered with soil in open ditch, semi-open ditch or side ditch (about 5- 10 cm deep) slightly away from the crown (called drip line here). In addition, topdressing outside the roots can also be combined with pest control.
③ Pruning of young longan trees:
Cultivate a dwarf trunk with a height of about 30 cm, leaving 3-4 main branches (primary branches) evenly distributed on the trunk, leaving 2-3 auxiliary main branches (secondary branches) for each main branch, and cutting off the rest branches. The main branch and the auxiliary branch form the skeleton of the crown. Young trees of longan varieties often grow vigorously and have long branches, so attention should be paid to timely and moderate pruning to promote branching.
When pruning, pay attention to keep the main branch and auxiliary branch at the bottom in the crown permanently. Erase the roots and buds, remove the flower heads, and trim off the invalid branches such as cross branches, over-dense branches, twigs, pest branches, shade branches, drooping branches, curved branches, etc., so as to make the crown sparse and ventilated. When the angle of the main branch is too small (70 degrees with the extension line of the main branch), it can be supported by bamboo or wood to raise the branch and narrow the angle.
2. Management of adult longan trees:
① Fertilization amount of adult longan:
To produce 1000 kg fresh longan fruit, each longan tree needs to absorb nitrogen (N)4 from the soil. 0-4。 8 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 1. 46- 1。 58 kg, potassium (K2O)7. 54-8。 96 kg, and the ratio of N, P and K is 1: 0. 28-0。 37: 1。 76-2。 15。 Combined with the absorption and utilization rate of various elements and the absorption capacity of roots, stems, leaves and flowers, the required fertilizer amount for producing 1000 kg longan is calculated as follows: pure nitrogen (N) 16-20 kg, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) 10- 12 kg. The ratio is nitrogen (N) 1: phosphorus (P2O5)0. 6: potassium (K2O) 1: calcium (calcium oxide) 0. 8: magnesium (MgO)0. 2。
Adult fruit longan trees are generally fertilized 3-4 times a year, ranging from 2-6 times. But in general, it focuses on promoting flowers, stabilizing fruits, strengthening fruits (promoting shoots) and cultivating autumn shoots, and the amount and types of fertilization vary according to the difference of each critical period.
② Flower-promoting fertilizer for longan (fertilizer before flowering):
It is applied from the end of 12 to the middle and late October of/kloc-0. Its function is to promote the differentiation of flower buds, make the ear of flowers develop healthily, improve the quality of flower organs and reduce flower dropping. Be careful not to apply nitrogen fertilizer on one side, or you will get shot easily. The application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for about 25% of its annual fertilization amount. After application, water it or apply it after rain, and sprinkle fertilizer around the crown in the rhizosphere. It is ideal to open a circular ditch with a depth of 50 cm around the crown and plant it with weeds. Fertilization period should be determined according to the tree potential, leaf color depth, rain and other conditions. If the trees are vigorous, the leaves are green, or the weather warms up early or there is a lot of rain, it is generally not appropriate to apply them early. On the contrary, if the tree is weak or the weather is cold or the hormone spraying is over-controlled, fertilization should be carried out early.
③ Fruit-stabilizing fertilizer for longan (fertilizer after flowering):
The application at the end of flowering period is mainly used to provide sufficient nutrients for fruit trees, supplement the consumption of nutrients by flowering, improve the fruit setting rate of young fruits and promote the appearance of summer shoots. The application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounted for 15%, 25% and 25% of the annual application rate respectively.
(4) Longan fruit fertilizer (shoot-promoting fertilizer):
Apply it 40 days after the female flower withers or after the ear skeleton is formed, and before the second physiological fruit drop. The purpose is to supplement the nutrition of the tree in the late flowering stage in time, ensure the nutrients needed for the growth and development of young fruits, reduce the secondary physiological fruit drop, promote the growth of fruits and increase the yield of the year. It laid a foundation for germination of autumn shoots and cultivation of good fruiting mother branches after harvest. The application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounted for 15%, 25% and 25% of the annual application rate respectively. The amount of fertilization this time can be determined according to the situation of tree potential and leaf color.
(5) longan fruit fertilizer:
This fertilizer can be applied 10- 15 days before harvest. It is the main fertilization period in a year, and its main function is to supplement the nutrient consumption of trees after fruit picking, restore the vitality of trees, make autumn shoots develop healthily, and cultivate strong fruiting branches for the coming year. At this stage, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer should be applied together. It can also be divided into pre-harvest fertilizer and post-harvest fertilizer, but pre-harvest fertilizer is the main one.
Fertilization suggestions in the above four periods are not always the same in every orchard. According to the specific situation of your orchard, that is, the growth of fruit trees and the amount of fruit hanging, fertilization should be flexible. But among them, flower-promoting fertilizer, fruit-strengthening fertilizer and fruit-picking fertilizer must not be ignored.
⑥ winter shoot control and flower bud differentiation methods of longan:
Winter shoots generally refer to branches that can't be flowered in winter (1 1- the following year 1). The temperature is high in most winter years in Hainan, and longan is prone to appear winter buds, which is not conducive to its flower bud differentiation. Taking effective technical measures to control winter shoots is one of the key links in longan production in Hainan.
Method 1, water and fertilizer production, root cutting, root exposure and bud control:
When planting autumn shoots of longan, nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied, but phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied appropriately, and nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied after the last autumn shoot matures, and the water supply should be controlled appropriately. From 5438+00 at the end of June to 5438+01kloc-0/0 at the beginning of June, after the last autumn shoot of longan ripens, the whole garden is ploughed and the roots are cut off. The method is to loosen the surface soil of the tree disc, cut off the upper root system and let it bask in the sun until the leaves are dry.
Method 2, ring cutting ring control tips:
The middle-aged and young longan trees are girdled in June 5438+065438+ 10, and the first fruiting tree can also be carried out when the last autumn shoots turn green and mature. Ring cutting is to cut the trunk and trunk branch cortex (bark) into a circle with a sharp electric blade or ring cutting knife, and the depth shall be subject to the xylem (wood), not too deep or too shallow. Branches grow vigorously, leaves are dark green and shiny, and can be cut twice, with the spacing of 10- 15 cm. The first fruit tree can be carried out on the trunk or backbone branch with a diameter of 6- 10 cm, and the middle-aged and young trees can be carried out on the thick branch with a branch diameter of 10- 15 cm. Old and weak trees should not be cut down. The trunk or main branch of the first fruit tree can also be tied with 14- 16 iron wire 1-2 times. Tighten the wire evenly until it sinks into the bark slightly, and the wire can be untied after about 1-2 months. If you find that the leaves turn yellow, you should immediately untie the wire to prevent the leaves from falling.
Method three. Artificial removal of winter buds:
When pulling out the winter stall, wipe the winter tip with your hands or bamboo poles in time.
Method 4, chemical shoot control and flower promotion:
Chemical agents for controlling shoots and promoting flowers include plant growth regulators, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and even pesticides, which are used alone or in combination. Among all kinds of shoot control and flower promotion agents, ethephon is the most commonly used The application principles of ethephon are: short tender leaves in winter shoots, low concentration, long spreading leaves in winter shoots and high concentration; Sensitive varieties and weak trees, high temperature and drought should also reduce the concentration; Take spraying wet leaves as the degree. The concentration and method of ethephon can only be popularized in a large area after local experiments.
⑦ flower and fruit protection methods for longan trees:
Method 1. Fertilization before flowering, fruit stabilizing fertilizer and fruit strengthening fertilizer should be applied well, and foliar topdressing should be combined with disease prevention and insect control.
Method 2. The key pests and diseases are Toona sinensis, scarab, inchworm, leaf roller moth, stem borer, Phytophthora freeze injury and so on.
Method three. During the flower and fruit period, it is necessary to prevent water accumulation in the orchard and prevent drought; In case of drought, blow-drying wind, especially dry and hot wind, water should be given first, and water should be sprayed on the canopy to wash flowers at 8- 10 in the morning.
Method four, there are sparse thorns and short thorns. When the panicle length of the former is less than 5- 10 cm, the internodes are still short, and the top is about 13 cm, which promotes the emergence of lateral panicles and delays flowering. The latter should be topped when the ear length is more than 65,438+00 cm, and the ear length is 8-65,438+00 cm, so you can walk back and forth on the ear top with firm and soft bamboo branches dried in the morning dew? Sweep? , discount ear top. Right? Shrubs or dense spikes should be thinned, leaving about 1/3 spikes. In winter, if chemical control is used to promote flowers in winter shoots, the inflorescence is often obviously shortened and the fruit setting rate can also be improved.
Method five. When the flower heads are pulled out and the upper leaflets grow obliquely upwards, it can be tested to spray 100-300ppm ethephon or 0. 5- 1。 0% saline, remove the lobules on the ear, but the concentration of ethephon should not be too high. But it can only be used in large quantities after the test is successful.
Method 6. Put a beehive every 600- 1200 square meters in flowering period, and the beehive can be increased or decreased according to the size and flower amount of longan trees. During the release of bees, longan orchard and other nearby orchards or vegetable gardens should stop spraying drugs to prevent bee poisoning or honey pollution.
Method seven. In case of rainy weather during longan flowering, flowers should be shaken in time after the rain, and the accumulated water and withered flowers on the flower spike should be shaken off to prevent retting or rotting flowers.
Method eight. Longan can be sprayed with 90% trichlorfon 600-800 times in flowering period, which can control litchi, stinkbug and scarab. Can it be sprayed once in flowering period? Audition champion? 800 times of seaweed fertilizer rich in flowers and fruits, sprayed in young fruit stage? Audition champion? The seaweed fertilizer rich in flowers and fruits is 800 times +0-2 times that of 65438, which is beneficial to fruit setting.
Method 9. For mature fruiting trees, especially the first fruiting trees, girdling should be carried out 10- 15 days after the female flowers wither, and the second girdling should be carried out 40-50 days after the vigorous flowers wither. It is advisable to cut a circle on the big branch or main branch with an electrician's knife until it reaches the xylem. The first fruit tree with strong growth potential can peel off the spiral ring on the trunk or main branch in winter or before flowering. 20. 3 cm, generally circumcised 1- 1. 5 turns, with an interval of 4-5cm,
Method 10. Longan fruit ripens late and is easily affected by typhoon before harvesting. For trees with many fruits, by thinning some flower heads, the flower heads are evenly distributed, so as to prevent the flower heads from colliding with each other and causing fruit drop when the typhoon comes; Before harvesting, bamboo poles can be used to support or tie ropes to avoid being blown off by the wind.
Today the pruning method of longan tree:
The pruning focus of longan adult trees is to cultivate summer shoots as the basic branches of autumn shoots. Pruning in spring, summer and autumn. When the amount of flowers is too large in spring, some ears will be thinned. At the same time, the ineffective branches are thinned and the weak unfinished spring shoots are cut off.
If there are too many fruits in summer, a considerable number of ears should be thinned and empty ears should be cut off at the same time. Pruning the ear of flowers and fruits in spring and summer, or cutting off some annual branches at the end of 1, can promote spring shoots to extend summer shoots, or take summer shoots as the base branches of bearing mother branches.
No matter litchi or longan, when cultivating new shoots, we should also pay attention to timely pruning, that is, thinning the shoots to prevent the new shoots from being too dense. In principle, two new shoots should be left for each branch, 65,438+0 for small branches and 3 for strong branches. Generally, thinning is carried out before the new buds turn green.
Three, longan tree diseases and insect pests control methods:
1, Phytophthora longan cream:
Phytophthora longan mainly occurs in nearly ripe fruits, and sometimes damages leaves, spikes, fruiting branchlets, fruit stalks and olives. Under the condition of high humidity, the disease caused a large number of fruits to fall and rot, and the fruit loss reached 30-80%. When the fruit is damaged, the disease can occur in any part of the fruit, but it usually starts from the pedicel of the fruit. At the beginning, the lesion was brown, irregular and had no obvious edge. After that, the whole fruit turned brown, the pulp rotted and pulpy, and the wine was strong and sour. The diseased fruit exudes brown liquid, which can produce white downy mildew in the early stage of the disease, hence the name. Sick fruits fall off easily. The disease is a fungal disease, and the pathogen is Phytophthora litchi.
Prevention and control methods (1), strengthen pruning after picking the fruits, make the crown ventilated and transparent, and remove the diseased fruits, rotten fruits and litter on the trees and the ground, take them out of the garden, bury them deeply or burn them centrally, and then spray 0 on the trees and the ground. 3-0。 5 Baume stone sulfur mixture disinfection.
Control method (2): spraying pesticides at the spring shoot stage, bud stage, young fruit stage and near maturity stage of longan, and using 64% antiviral alum 500 times solution or 58% tebufenozide 800 times solution or 40% ethyl phosphate 250-300 times solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution at the initial stage of fruit tree diseases. It is best to use fungicides in turn to improve the control effect. After the ears start to droop, in case of rainy weather, spray once every 7- 10 days, 2-3 times in total.
2, longan tree ghost broom disease:
Ghost broom disease of longan mainly harms leaves, new shoots and flower spikes. The diseased leaves are deformed, twisted and easy to fall off; The diseased branches are atrophied, curled, bald and leafless, and the bald branches are like brooms; The diseased ear can't bear fruit, and the branches die, which seriously affects the tree potential and yield. The disease is caused by virus, which spreads through scions and seedlings. Litchi stinkbug, Litchi stinkbug, Litchi stinkbug and other pests that suck mouthparts are the main vectors.
Control method (1): before grafting, the scion was soaked in 1000 unit tetracycline or hot water at 50-55℃ for 5- 15 minutes for disinfection.
Control method (2). For longan trees with mild illness, the diseased branches and ears should be cut off in time and burned centrally, and the plants with serious illness should be pulled out and burned; If diseased plants are found in new areas or orchards, they should be pulled out and burned in time. At the same time, 20% methomyl 3000-4000 times solution or 40. 7% Robam 1000 times solution is mixed and sprayed on the whole plant, every 7- 10 day/time, 2-3 times.
3, longan tree gall mite (red spider):
The longan tree gall mite is also called felting disease, oil residue head and rubber disease. Young mites or adult mites suck the juice of tender shoots, leaves, flower spikes and tender fruits of longan. Damaged leaves are often deformed, and the fluff is yellow-brown to dark brown. After the flower is damaged, the calyx expands, the petals and stigma are underdeveloped, and it will soon dry up and cannot bear fruit. Even if they do bear fruit, the fruit will not be so big as to fall off. In severe cases, more than 80-90% of the flowers will not bear fruit, or the whole plant will not be able to pull out the ear.
Control method (1): after picking fruits and in winter, cut off damaged branches and leaves, sweep away fallen leaves and burn them centrally.
Control method (2): spray seedlings with 800 times of 20% dicofol to reduce the source of insects.
Control method (3): When cutting new shoots or heading, use 800 times solution of 20% dicofol, 40% dimethoate or 50% dichlorvos 1000 times solution, 5% fenvalerate 1500-2000 times solution, or 73% kmart/kloc.
Management method of longan planting (1) Establishment of fruit trees
1. Garden selection and soil preparation before planting. Generally speaking, the slope of hilly areas is 25? Imagine that longan can be planted in a place where the soil layer is deep and the wind disaster and frost are not serious. However, we should try to avoid the tuyeres and low-lying areas where cold air is easy to accumulate in winter, so as to avoid losses in frozen years. Orchards with large areas should be comprehensively planned, and field roads, irrigation and drainage systems, windbreaks and different varieties at maturity should be reasonably arranged. Before planting, dig a planting hole, one meter deep and one meter wide. At the same time, landfill garbage, green manure, livestock manure and other organic fertilizers, and do a good job of soil maturation. Longan planting techniques
2. Planting: rectangular planting is often used: about 20 plants are planted per mu (reasonable density can be varied) and 4? Planting with 6 meters row spacing. One-year-old grafted seedlings should be selected. When planting, they should be planted upright, with proper depth (cover the soil with bare roots), then build a planting pier with a high outside (30 cm above the ground) and a low inside, and finally irrigate enough root water and cover it with straw and weeds. Suitable for planting in March-May before spring bamboo shoots germinate, with high survival rate and fast growth. After planting, strengthen water management and erect supports in windy places. Longan planting techniques
(2) plastic trimming
1. Young trees are naturally round-headed, with stems 50-60 cm high. Each tree selects 3-4 main branches with uniform distribution direction, each main branch selects 2-3 auxiliary main branches with uniform distribution direction from about 40 cm away from its branches, and each auxiliary main branch selects 2-3 tertiary branches from 30 cm away from its branches, and so on. 30 ~ 40 cm should be left when the young branches grow vigorously in summer. In order to prevent the canopy from drooping, the oblique drooping side branches should be cut off, so that the whole canopy can form a compact and natural round head shape that is dwarfed without drooping. At the end of 10, all immature late autumn shoots should be removed. Longan planting techniques
2. Pruning of fruiting trees: usually carried out in March after frost breaking and before germination in spring, mainly pruning dense weak branches, clustered branches, short branches of pests and diseases, drooping branches, and knocking off moldy piles, and paying attention to keeping certain robust riding branches and plants growing normally in the indoor room to form a three-dimensional fruiting crown. Young trees with short crown and easy operation should be trimmed and shortened in summer, autumn and winter to grow summer shoots in vain.
3. Sparse flowers and fruits: The phenomenon of longan fruiting in different years and alternate years is more serious, and the important reason is that its new shoot growth and fruiting habits are not harmonious. Sparse some flowers and fruits in the new year to promote the emergence of summer and autumn shoots as fruiting branches in the next year, which is helpful to overcome the phenomenon in different years. What is the sparse time? Qingming? Where to? Grain Rain? For the best.
When thinning the panicles, we should first remove the sick and weak panicles, and master the principle of keeping less on the crown and outside, more on the lower part and inner chamber, and distributing evenly. Generally, all flower heads should be thinned by 60-70%, and a few more trees can be left appropriately. Fruits and vegetables are carried out in early June. At this time, the fruit is as big as soybeans, and it will basically not fall again. Break off a part of the ear that is too dense and the empty ear with few fruit sets. If there are too many fruit grains in one ear, remove a part. Longan planting techniques
4. Controlling winter shoots to promote flowers: Under normal climatic conditions, that is, under the condition of proper low temperature and dryness in winter, longan can bloom normally as long as the cultivation and management measures are proper. However, with the increase of abnormal climate frequency and the appearance of warm winter and warm spring, it is difficult for ordinary cultivation measures to ensure the normal flowering of longan every year and effectively overcome the phenomenon of bearing fruit in different years. In normal years, the temperature, humidity and light are normal, which accords with the photoperiod, low temperature and moderate drought required by longan flowering. Various nutrients, protein and hormones in longan trees and their proportions can meet the needs of longan flowering.
However, when the weather is abnormal, the normal growth of trees is disrupted, the proportion of various nutrients and hormones needed for flowering is out of balance, and nutrition grows too vigorously in winter. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to control the winter shoots to promote flowers through manual regulation. At present, most people mainly adopt chemical regulation (such as spraying hormone drugs such as ethephon and paclobutrazol) and cultivation measures to reduce the consumption of nutrients (mainly organic nutrients) needed for longan flowering, maintain hormone balance, make longan smoothly change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and offset the negative impact of abnormal weather on longan flowering.
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