Japanese thick plum. Also known as red plum, small plum kernel and longevity plum, they are perennial deciduous shrubs of Leviacaceae. Mainly produced in Henan, Shandong and other provinces, but also in Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong and other provinces. Seeds in ripe fruits are used as medicine. Contains amygdalin, Prunin, fatty oil and volatile organic acids. Pharmacological tests show that Wumei tincture has obvious antihypertensive effect. Plumbagoside has obvious laxative effect. Spicy, bitter, sweet and flat. Has the effects of relaxing bowels, promoting diuresis and reducing swelling. Used for constipation, dysuria and edema.

In addition, the seeds of Kobresia humilis. And Populus tomentosa It is also used in medicine.

I. Morphological characteristics

The height of the tree is about 1.5m, and the branchlets are slender, with many branches, yellow-brown when young, and grayish-brown and hairless in the later period. Leaves alternate, papery, oblong or broadly ovate, sparsely ovate-lanceolate, 3-7 cm long and 2-3-7 cm wide, with a long tail at the top, a round base, shallow and heavy serrations at the edge, and a red glandular tip at the tooth end; Stipules 2, narrowly lanceolate, caducous. Flowers are reddish or nearly white, and 2-3 flowers are clustered, which blooms earlier than leaves or at the same time with leaves; Petals 5; Stamens are numerous. The drupe is nearly spherical, bright red at maturity, sweet and sour [Figure 15—37(A) and 37 (b)].

Figure 15—37(A) Morphological diagram of Prunus humilis

1. Nutrition Section 2. Cut flowers 3. Flower branch 4. Fruit 5. fruit branch

Figure 15—37(B) Morphological diagram of Prunus humilis

1 .cuttlefish 2. Petals 3. Cut flower, showing ovary ovule 4. Stamens and pistils 5. Pistil 6. Fruit 7. Fruit branch 8. Stamens.

Second, biological characteristics.

The crown of the tree is small and slightly open. The taproot is developed, with many lateral roots and wide distribution, but the absorption root groups are mostly distributed on the soil surface. Strong ability to sprout tillers, which can sprout new buds 2-3 times a year. Fruiting branches can be divided into long, medium and short branches. Long fruit branches and middle fruit branches are mostly planted on the upper part of branches, and the flower buds planted on them are generally not full enough, and the fruit setting rate is low. Short fruit branches are mainly planted in the middle and lower parts of branches, with full buds and high fruit setting rate, and are the main fruit branches. There are many flowers and fruits, but the flowers and fruits fall seriously. During the annual growth period (Jiangxi), when the monthly average temperature reaches 7.1℃ (early March), the buds begin to germinate, the leaves begin to spread at12℃ (late March), and the Ye Sheng period is above14℃ (mid-April). From March to April, the flower buds began to open at 1 1.9℃ (end of mid-March), the flowering period was12.8℃ (end of late March), and the final flowering period was13.6℃ (early April). The flowering period is about 65438. It takes about 4.9 days for a flower to blossom from bud. After flowering and fertilization, the fruit began to develop, the ovary expanded from the end of March to the beginning of April, the fruit began to mature in early May and fell off in early June. When the temperature drops to 12.7℃ in autumn, it begins to shed leaves and enter dormancy. The germination rate of seeds is about 80%.

Sexually fond of light, with slender branches and thin yellow-green leaves in a cool environment. The requirements for climatic conditions are not high and the adaptability is strong. It can be cultivated in the north and south of China, with cold and heat tolerance, and can naturally overwinter at-15℃ in winter. At 40℃ in summer, if there is enough water, you can safely survive the high temperature. Drought-tolerant, like wet, avoid waterlogging. The rainy flowering period and poor pollination affect the fruit setting rate. Strong adaptability to soil, sandy loam, clay loam, clay and loess can be cultivated. However, due to the shallow distribution of absorption roots, clay loam with strong water and fertilizer conservation is suitable.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

Both flat land and hills can be cultivated. If it is a piece of cultivation, it is better to have sufficient sunshine, loose soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, strong water retention and soil layer above1m. Before soil preparation, apply sufficient base fertilizer to the nursery, turn it over 20-25-30 cm, rake the broken soil flat, and then make the whole border according to the width of 1- 1.2 m, the height of 15cm and the width of the side ditch of 25-30cm. One month before planting, the planting site should be plowed, and then the pit should be dug according to the spacing of1-1.2×1.2-1.5m, with a diameter of 30cm and a depth of 25cm.

(2) Breeding methods

1. Seed propagation

Sowing can be done in spring and autumn. Spring sowing is from late February to mid-late March, and autumn sowing is from September to mid-February. Because plum blossom is a drupe with hard core and shell, autumn sowing is better. After sowing, the core-shell can be broken by low temperature in winter, which is beneficial to germination and reduces the stratification process. When sowing, furrow should be made on the whole seedbed according to 15cm, with a depth of 4-5cm, and sow every 5cm 1 grain. After sowing, cover with fine soil, the thickness is 3-4 times of the seed diameter (the covering soil in autumn and winter is slightly thicker than that in spring), and cover the border with straw to keep the soil moisture, prevent the soil from hardening and make it germinate neatly. The sowing amount is 5- 10 kg per mu. When the seedling 1/3 is unearthed, the cover grass shall be removed in time. It is best to uncover the grass after 3-4 pm to prevent the seedlings from burning suddenly in the hot sun. When the seedling height is 6cm, the spacing between plants should be 10cm. Pay attention to intertillage weeding during seedling growth, and topdressing with dilute urine water after intertillage in mid-May, late July and late September. After the dormancy period in autumn and winter, it can be planted in the winter of that year or the spring of the following year. If you need to plant big seedlings, you can also transplant them on the nursery ground and continue to cultivate them for one year before planting.

2. ramet propagation

Plum blossom has strong tillering ability and many roots. When dividing plants, the roots and tillers are separated in spring, and each mother plant can be divided into 3-5 plants. After division, plant according to the planting spacing.

(3) Planting

In hibernation. Due to different regions and seasons, it can be divided into spring sowing (before germination) and autumn sowing (in areas with warm climate after defoliation, autumn sowing is suitable, which is conducive to the early recovery of seedling roots. In cold areas, planting in Yichun can avoid freezing injury. When planting, the root system should be damaged as little as possible to keep the balance of water absorption and transpiration and improve the survival rate of seedlings. When planting, first put the dug seedlings next to the planting hole, and then two people cooperate. One person puts the seedlings in the hole, and the other person fills the hole with soil, which is practical while filling, so that the soil and roots are closely connected. The filling should be slightly higher than the hole surface. The planting depth is generally slightly deeper than the imprint when the seedlings are unearthed. After the cave soil falls, it is the same as the original soil trace. After filling the soil, make a soil circle around the trunk and water it. If the seedlings are large, posts should also be set to fix the seedlings.

(4) Site management

1. intertillage weeding

In the annual growth cycle of adult trees, intertillage weeding twice. In late May and 1 1 respectively. If other crops are intercropped, it can be combined with field management in intercropping crops. Intertillage weeding should be shallow and not deep, so as not to damage the absorbing roots on the soil surface.

fertilize the soil or land

Top dressing three times a year. For the first time, when the flower buds are about to germinate in mid-February, 10kg of human excrement and 0.2kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each plant in a disc or radial manner to supply nutrients needed for flowering and sprouting new buds; After the second fruit picking, 0.3kg ammonium sulfate and 0.0 kg fireclay ash 10kg were applied to each plant to promote the recovery of tree potential; For the third time, after defoliation, combined with intertillage weeding and winter yard cleaning, 5 kg of human manure, 20 kg of peat and fireclay ash and 0.4 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer were applied to each plant to provide nutrients for germination in the next spring.

Step 3 mix cropping

Young trees can generally be intercropped with crops such as rape, peanuts, soybeans and vegetables. Through the management of intercropping crops, we can improve the land utilization rate, increase income and promote the growth of young trees. Adult trees are generally not intercropped.

Step 4: plastic trimming

(1) Young Tree Shaping

The plastic method of natural joy is commonly used. That is, when the height of the seedling is about 30cm, the stem is fixed, starting from 30cm above the ground, one main branch is selected every 10cm upward, and 3-4 main branches are selected to extend in one direction. In the second year, the main branches are appropriately shortened to produce extended branches and side branches, which can form a basic tree shape for 3-4 years in a row.

(2) Pruning of adult trees

Pruning is mainly based on thinning, combined with the method of cutting short and changing heads. The upper branches and peripheral branches are often pruned by thinning to improve the lighting conditions in the inner chamber and the lower layer and form high-quality short fruit branches. When pruning the backbone branches and main branches, in order to control the size and suitable growth potential of the tree and make all parts of its crown grow in a balanced way, the pruning method of short cutting and changing heads can be adopted for those with excessive growth. Diseases and pests, too dense branches and delicate branches are all sparse from the base.

(3) Pruning old trees

Most old trees are pruned by retraction and renewal. In the retracted position, the larger branch should be selected, and the branch direction at the branch should also extend outward, and attention should be paid to maintaining the subordinate relationship between the large and small branches. For branches that are too long, they should be trimmed properly. After retraction, the thick branches can generally germinate, thus continuing to culture into a new crown skeleton.

(6) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Leaf shrinking disease

[〔Taphrina pruni (fuck. )Tul。 〕

It mainly harms leaves, flowers, young fruits and twigs. After the onset, the young leaves appear ripple symptoms, and the leaf margin curls backwards. Later, with the growth of leaves, wrinkles intensified and leaves became thicker and brittle. At first, the affected part was brown-green, gradually turned yellow, and finally turned purple, until it turned black and died. After the new shoots are damaged, the fat is slightly bent, the internodes are shortened and the diseased leaves are clustered. After the flowers and fruits are damaged, most of them fall off, the diseased fruits are deformed, and the fruit surface often cracks. Under the conditions of 16- 18℃ and humidity, the disease is more serious. Control methods: spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture 1 time before germination and leaf spreading, spray 30-50 times copper sulfate solution 1 time after defoliation in autumn, and spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture again in early spring of the following year; After spraying, if there are still a few diseased leaves, they should be removed in time and burned centrally.

2. pear moth

(pear fruit borer)

Also known as the peach and plum heartbreaker. The generations of algebra vary from place to place every year, and larvae harm young branches and fruits. After the young branches were killed, they withered and dried up, and the fruit gradually rotted and turned black, forming a circle of black scars around the invasion hole. Prevention and control methods: when establishing plum gardens, try to stay away from orchards such as peaches, plums and pears; Trim the damaged tips and fruits of lodging insects in time; Spraying dimethoate plus trichlorfon1:1:800-1000 times on the larvae during the initial incubation period.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

Fruiting began about 3 years after colonization. Most fruits are harvested from mid-May to early June, when they are bright red. Pick with fruit scissors to avoid broken branches and fallen leaves.

(2) Processing

After harvesting, the fruit is stacked in a damp place, and when the pulp is rotten, the fruit core is taken out, impurities are removed, dried for a period of time, and the fruit core is crushed and shelled to obtain the seed kernel. The seeds are full, complete and pale yellow and white.

Five, seeds.

There are more seeds per plant. That is to say, healthy individual plants entering the full fruit stage should be selected, flowers and fruits should be thinned appropriately, and field management should be strengthened to facilitate fruit development. Harvest the fruit when it is fully ripe. Harvest in time. Premature birth; Poor embryo development, low germination rate and weak seedling growth; It's too late, and the fruit has fallen. After harvesting, pile the fruits on the cool ground, and take out the seeds after the pulp decays. When stacking, it is advisable to prevent the temperature of the pulp from rising when it is fermented, and the temperature should not exceed 40℃ (seeds are easy to lose vitality when stacked above 45℃ for about 10 days, then take out the seeds, wash them, and stratify them after drying in the shade. Through stratification, seed maturity is promoted, pectin substances are transformed into permeable substances, water absorption is enhanced, fat is transformed into fatty acids, and protein is transformed into soluble protein such as amino acids. The acidity of cell sap increases, which is beneficial to water absorption and enzyme formation. In addition, stratification treatment is also beneficial to core-shell cracking, accelerating germination and improving germination rate.