First, the material itself is nano-scale, and its modification is generally structural adjustment, such as crystal doping, shape change of nanoparticles, spherical, potato-shaped, rod-shaped or capsule-shaped, nano-tubular and so on. In addition, these nanoparticles are piled up in a certain way to form dense or porous materials. , depending on the purpose.
The second is to deposit or coat nanoparticles on the surface of non-nanoparticles, so that the material has some characteristics unique to nanomaterials. In fact, some examples of most applications now use this method, such as self-cleaning tablecloths, which are made of nano-materials. That's sky-high, but a small amount of nano-TiO2 is deposited on the fiber surface. As for the deposition methods, there are too many, whether by forming chemical bonds between them or by using the physical surface energy between two phases.