Mushroom (scientific name: mushroom) consists of mycelium and fruiting body. Mycelium is a vegetative organ, and fruiting body is a reproductive organ. Mushrooms are different from plants. Plants can carry out photosynthesis, but mushrooms can't. Mushrooms are fungi, which can be divided into large fungi and small fungi (including epiphytic fungi). There are as many as 36,000 kinds of mushrooms, which germinate from mature spores into hyphae. The hyphae are multicellular, with septa, elongated growth at the top, white, slender, fluffy and gradually filamentous. Mycelia combine with each other to form a dense mass called mycelium. After the mycelium saprophytes, the thick brown culture turns light brown. The fruiting body of a mushroom is like an open umbrella when it matures. It consists of cap, stalk, fold, ring and pseudomycorrhiza. Most mushrooms can be used as food and medicine, but poisonous mushrooms will do harm to people's health and even endanger their lives. Mushrooms are divided into about 1 domain, 2 kingdoms, 5 phyla, 12 class, 14 subclass, 800 orders, 1400 family, about 8,500 genera and about 36,000 species.
Cultivate mushrooms
The first is the formula of the culture medium. (1) Rice straw, vegetable cake, urea, mushroom essence, calcium superphosphate and lime. The culture material is piled outdoors for about 15 days, during which it is turned over for 3-4 times, then put into a mushroom house or shed, heated to about 65℃ for 6-8 hours, then cooled to 52℃ for 3 days, and then post-fermented.
Second, the management of sowing and germination period. The method of secondary sowing is adopted. That is to say, first sprinkle 2/3 of the strain on the surface of the material, then transfer the strain into the material, and then sprinkle the remaining 1/3 strain on the surface of the material layer, and gently pat it flat with a wooden board. The sowing amount is 2 bottles of wheat seeds or 3 bottles of cotton seeds per square meter. The fungus after sowing is mainly caused by closed windows, so proper ventilation is needed when the temperature is high.
Third, cover the soil. When the mycelium basically grows to the bottom of the material layer, cover the soil. The covering material is fine mud, rice bran ash or river mud and rice bran ash, and the ratio of dragon bran ash to soil is 20∶ 1. Spray formaldehyde before disinfection, let the water squeeze and spread, and the pH value is about 8. Cover with 3-4 cm thick soil, spray 2.25 kg of clean water per square meter, close the window, and fill the soil when hyphae emerge from the cracks in the soil layer.
Fourth, mushroom management. After covering the soil for about 15 days, the hyphae began to twist into primordia. At this time, ventilation and water spraying are carried out to keep the bed surface moist all the time, and at the same time, the air humidity in the mushroom house (mushroom shed) is kept high, reaching 85%-90%.
Five, pest control. After the mushroom tide is over, spray 4 ml fenvalerate and 25 kg water on the bed surface, and at the same time increase the ventilation rate, so that water does not accumulate on the mushroom body and cause discoloration and rotten spots.
Potting system evolved from the traditional garden art in China. Cultivation of ornamental plants.
Fruit cultivation techniques
Selection of flowerpot and configuration of nutrient soil
The container for potted flowers is called a flowerpot. Due to the different raw materials and manufacturing methods, it can be divided into pottery pots, purple sand pots, glaze pots, pots, cement pots, plastic pots and so on. Generally, pottery pots are used to grow flowers. Tile basin is also called clay basin and plain burning basin. The flowerpot made of clay has fine pores, good air permeability, light weight and convenient use, which is beneficial to flower growth. However, it is fragile and cheap, so it is still widely used. Choose clay pots, wooden barrels and wooden cases with drainage holes, with a diameter of 40cm, a bottom diameter of 35cm and a height of 30cm. Prepare nutrient soil: 6 parts of fertile ripe soil, 2 parts of river sand, decomposed sheep manure 1 part, fermented leaves 1 part, and horseshoe fertilizer, mix them evenly in proportion, and sieve.
Shangpen
Select seedlings with strong plants, full buds and no pests and diseases, and pot them in the first half of April. When planting, soak the roots with 5-degree lime-sulfur mixture for disinfection, and cut off the necrotic roots. First, put a small amount of nutrient soil at the bottom of the basin, put in seedlings, control the roots evenly, stabilize the soil and bury it, and water it in time to ensure survival.
Fertilizer and water management
Apply 0.2% available nitrogen fertilizer 1 time before and after germination. Since May, liquid fertilizer 1 time has been applied every 10 day, with 200 times of liquid organic cake fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented by 0.2% urea, diammonium, ammonium sulfate and other inorganic liquid fertilizers. When fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves during fruit expansion, 0.3%-0.5% urea and 3%-5% plant ash extract can be sprayed. Autumn shoots are luxuriant, fruits are close to maturity, and organic liquid fertilizer is topdressing every half month 1 times and 200 times. The new buds stop growing and the fruit ripens. According to the plant growth, topdressing 1 time every 10 day, with 200 times of organic liquid fertilizer as the main fertilizer and 0.2% of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.
The soil of potted apples should be thoroughly dried and watered, and water should be replenished in time during germination, flowering and fruit expansion. In June, in order to promote flower bud differentiation, water should be properly controlled, and less water should be watered in the rainy season from July to August.
Plastic trimming
Potted fruit trees can be pruned into bonsai trees according to personal hobbies. Pay attention to the opening angle to make them ventilated and transparent, which is conducive to the formation of flower buds and high yield.
The crown of potted apples should be controlled from 1 year-old seedlings, and the dry height should be equal to or higher than twice the height of the pot. The method of coiling and pulling branches should be used to inhibit the growth and promote the growth of branches, or to pick the required height of 1 year-old seedlings and strengthen the trunk before sending new branches. By adopting new technology to cultivate tree shape and twisting the tips of overgrown branches and competing branches between 5-7 leaves of branches, the height of trees can be effectively controlled, overgrowth can be prevented and flower bud growth can be promoted. It is necessary to make full use of schools with vigorous branches and fierce competition, and twist the branches, pick the core, carve and girdle them, which can cultivate a large number of fruiting branches, promote them to form flower buds, and achieve the goal of early fruiting and more fruiting. Potted apples have entered the fruiting period, and the tree shape has been basically established. The branches should be selected and reserved reasonably according to the varieties, so that the whole crown space can be occupied and utilized reasonably. The long branches with space can cultivate new skeletons, and the short branches can be cultivated into fruiting branches to keep the crown stable, alternate in length and suitable in leaf-fruit ratio.
Guo Hua management
1. Artificial pollination: In order to ensure the fruit setting rate of potted apples, the pollinated flower varieties are taken out from orchards with similar phenological periods 2-3 days before the flowering of apples, and artificial pollination is carried out at the early flowering stage and the morning of flowering of potted apples.
2. Spraying boron at flowering stage: spraying 0.25% borax at flowering stage to improve fruit setting rate.
3. Bagging: In order to improve the fruit quality and prevent the damage of pests and diseases to the fruit after physiological fruit drop, the fruit is bagged, and the fruit bag is removed before the fruit matures 15-30 days, so that the fruit is colored.
4. Color and paste words: potted apples have the characteristics of convenient management. Turn over the pots in the later stage of fruit growth to make the fruit fully colored. Remove the fruit bag before the fruit ripens/0/5-30 days, and paste the words "Fu", "Shou", "Lu", "Fa" and "Auspicious" on the sunny side of the fruit. When the fruit is colored and ripe, remove the sticker, and words and various beautiful patterns will appear on the apple fruit, making the potted apple more beautiful.
Nursing fruit
25-40 days before the fruit ripens, NAA is sprayed twice every 65,438+00-6 (-6 is superscript)-50× 65,438+00-6 (-6 is superscript), and NAA 30×65 65,438+00 is sprayed continuously before the fruit ripens.
Pour the pot and change the soil
In order to fertilize and prune the roots of potted apples, improve the nutritional conditions, and make the trees grow healthily, the pots are changed every year before dormancy in winter or germination in spring, and the original soil is replaced with newly configured cultivation soil (including applied organic fertilizer and chemicals for killing underground pests). When changing the soil, first wrap the bamboo pieces around the inner wall of the pot, then turn the pot upside down, hold the apple plants and soil with your hands and pour it out under the action of gravity. Then use a sharp knife to cut off the 3-4cm thick old soil and roots around the soil, then put it into a new pot filled with cultivated soil, fill in the new cultivated soil around it, tamp it, and pour enough water.
Most of the raw materials for mushroom cultivation can be used for potted plants. We choose some raw materials for mushroom cultivation, which is beneficial to the growth and development of potted plants, and these raw materials can still be used. This can not only save resources, but also recycle and promote the growth and development of potted plants.